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Byns C, Groffen T, Bervoets L. Aquatic macroinvertebrate community responses to pollution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Can we define threshold body burdens? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170611. [PMID: 38309351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The pollution of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environments is a worldwide concern of which the ecological impact is still not well understood. Especially field-based effect studies in aquatic ecosystems are generally lacking, creating a knowledge gap that goes along with monitoring and regulatory challenges. Therefore, this study examined if bioaccumulated PFAS concentrations could be related to ecological responses assessed by changes in the macroinvertebrate community structure. In addition, threshold body burdens that are protective of ecological damage were estimated. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled in 30 streams across Flanders (Belgium) and 28 PFAS target analytes were measured in three resident taxa (Gammarus sp., Asellus sp. and Chironomus sp.) and translocated zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). The macroinvertebrate community structure was assessed by calculating the Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF). Primarily long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were detected in both resident taxa (passive biomonitoring) and zebra mussels (active biomonitoring). Based on a 90th quantile regression model, safe threshold body burdens could be calculated for PFTeDA (7.1 ng/g ww) and ΣPFAS (2264 ng/g ww) in Gammarus sp. and for PFOA (5.5 ng/g ww), PFDoDA (1.7 ng/g ww), PFTrDA (0.51 ng/g ww), PFTeDA (2.4 ng/g ww), PFOS (644 ng/g ww) and ΣPFAS (133 ng/g ww) in zebra mussel. An additional threshold value was calculated for most compounds and species using the 95th percentile method. However, although these estimated thresholds are pertinent and indicative, regulatory applicability requires further lines of evidence and validation. Nevertheless, this study offers first-time evidence of associations between accumulated PFAS concentrations in invertebrates and a reduced ecological water quality in terms of macroinvertebrate community structure and highlights the potential of Gammarus sp. and zebra mussels to serve as reliable PFAS biomonitoring species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Byns
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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2
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Yun X, Lewis AJ, Stevens-King G, Sales CM, Spooner DE, Kurz MJ, Suri R, McKenzie ER. Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates: Impact of species and sediment organic carbon content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161208. [PMID: 36581279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environments have caused global concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential bioaccumulation of some compounds. As an important compartment of the aquatic ecosystem, sediment properties impact PFAS partitioning between aqueous and solid phases, but little is known about the influence of sediment organic carbon content on PFAS bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. In this study, three freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates - worms (Lumbriculus variegatus), mussels (Elliptio complanata) and snails (Physella acuta) - were exposed for 28 days to PFAS spiked synthetic sediment equilibrated with a synthetic surface water. Using microcosms, sediment organic carbon content - 2%, 5% and 8% - was manipulated to assess its impact on PFAS bioaccumulation. Worms were found to have substantially greater PFAS bioaccumulation compared to mussels and snails. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) in worms were both one to two magnitudes higher than in mussels and snails, likely due to different habitat-specific uptake pathways and elimination capacities among species. In these experiments, increasing sediment organic carbon content decreased the bioaccumulation of PFAS to benthic macroinvertebrates. In worms, sediment organic carbon content was hypothesized to impact PFAS bioaccumulation by affecting PFAS partitioning and sediment ingestion rate. Notably, the BSAF values of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTS) were the largest among 14 PFAS for all species, suggesting that the benthic macroinvertebrates probably have different metabolic mechanisms for fluorotelomer sulfonic acids compared to fish evaluated in published literature. Understanding the impact of species and sediment organic carbon on PFAS bioaccumulation is key to developing environmental quality guidelines and evaluating potential ecological risks to higher trophic level species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Asa J Lewis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Galen Stevens-King
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E Spooner
- Department of Biology, Lock Haven University, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - Marie J Kurz
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Rominder Suri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Burkhard LP, Votava LK. Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:277-295. [PMID: 36398857 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used in commercial products such textiles, firefighting foams, and surface coatings across the globe and some PFAS are known to be bioaccumulative in aquatic species. The ultimate sink for numerous anthropogenic chemicals is the sediments in lakes, rivers, and oceans. To understand the relationship between sediment and aquatic species, a literature search was performed and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) data for 17 taxonomic classes were assembled. The carbonyl and sulfonyl PFAS classes were relatively data rich whereas phosphate (no measurements), ether (one chemical), and fluorotelomer (limited number of chemicals) PFAS classes were data poor. Taxonomic classes of Teleostei and Clitellata had the largest BSAFs whereas Magnoliopsida and Bivalvia had the smallest BSAFs, and BSAF values >1 (kg-OC/kg-wet wt) were very rare. Across all studies, median (±standard deviation) whole-body Teleostei BSAFs for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (kg-OC/kg-wet wt) were 0.0580 (±0.445, n = 60) and 0.00283 (±0.103,24), respectively. Laboratory-measured BSAFs were consistently larger than field-measured BSAFs, that is, 53 of 67 comparisons were larger (80%). Comparing BSAFs across taxonomic classes, 72% of the BSAFs were significantly different (α = 0.05). Comparing BSAFs within a taxonomic class, BSAFs were significantly different for 63% of the taxonomic classes. Elimination kinetics for benthic invertebrates suggests steady-state conditions might be reached in the 28-day uptake portion of a laboratory bioaccumulation test for some test species. The largest data gaps, beyond limited measurements, are understanding the effects of concentration and mixtures on bioaccumulation from sediments, quantifying the difference, if any, in BSAFs between freshwater and brackish/marine ecosystems, and models for predicting BSAFs based on concentrations in sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:277-295. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Burkhard
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lauren K Votava
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities Student Services Contractor to US Environmental Protection Agency, Minnesota, Duluth, USA
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Dulsat-Masvidal M, Bertolero A, Mateo R, Lacorte S. Legacy and emerging contaminants in flamingos' chicks' blood from the Ebro Delta Natural Park. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137205. [PMID: 36368533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ebro Delta is a wetland of international importance for waterbird conservation but severally affected by intensive agriculture, toxic waste discharges from a past chloro-alkali industry and affluence of tourism. The discharge of contaminants associated to these activities pose waterbirds breeding in the Ebro Delta at risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the exposure of 91 emerging and legacy micropollutants in flamingo chicks (Phoenicopterus roseus), an emblematic species of the area. Fifty chicks of 45-60 days were captured, biometric parameters measured and whole blood collected. Compounds analyzed included perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pharmaceuticals, organophosphate esters (OPEs), in-use pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicate a multi-exposure of flamingo's chicks from a very young age. PFASs were the most ubiquitous compounds with ∑PFASs ranging from 9.34 to 576 ng/mL, being PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS detected in all samples. ∑PAHs ranged from 0.19 to 423 ng/mL, ∑PCBs from 0.5 to 15.6 ng/mL and ∑OCs from 1.35 to 37.8 ng/mL. Pharmaceuticals, OPEs and in-use pesticides were not detected. The flamingo's filtering behavior on mud and maternal ovo-transference are the more likely routes of exposure of organic micropollutants to flamingos' chicks. The reported levels of micropollutants were not associated with any alteration in the body condition of chicks. This is the first study to describe flamingos chicks' exposure to multiple contaminants, highlighting the importance of biomonitoring for wildlife conservation and biodiversity preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulsat-Masvidal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bertolero
- Associació Ornitològica Picampall de les Terres de l'Ebre, Trinquet 8, 43580, Deltebre, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Bednarz VN, Choyke S, Marangoni LFB, Otto EI, Béraud E, Metian M, Tolosa I, Ferrier-Pagès C. Acute exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate exacerbates heat-induced oxidative stress in a tropical coral species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119054. [PMID: 35219792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is among the most commonly per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) found in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the effect of this legacy persistent organic contaminant has never been investigated on corals to date. Corals are the keystone organisms of coral reef ecosystems and sensitive to rising ocean temperatures, but it is not understood how the combination of elevated temperature and PFOS exposure will affect them. Therefore, the aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the time-dependent bioconcentration and depuration of PFOS in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata using a range of PFOS exposure concentrations, and (2) to assess the individual and combined effects of PFOS exposure and elevated seawater temperature on key physiological parameters of the corals. Our results show that the coral S. pistillata rapidly bioconcentrates PFOS from the seawater and eliminates it 14 days after ceasing the exposure. We also observed an antagonistic effect between elevated temperature and PFOS exposure. Indeed, a significantly reduced PFOS bioconcentration was observed at high temperature, likely due to a loss of symbionts and a higher removal of mucus compared to ambient temperature. Finally, concentrations of PFOS consistent with ranges observed in surface waters were non-lethal to corals, in the absence of other stressors. However, PFOS increased lipid peroxidation in coral tissue, which is an indicator of oxidative stress and enhanced the thermal stress-induced impairment of coral physiology. This study provides valuable insights into the combined effects of PFOS exposure and ocean warming for coral's physiology. PFOS is usually the most prevalent but not the only PFAS defected in reef waters, and thus it will be also important to monitor PFAS mixture concentrations in the oceans and to study their combined effects on aquatic wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Bednarz
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco.
| | - S Choyke
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - L F B Marangoni
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Ciudad de Panama, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - E I Otto
- Palau International Coral Reef Center, 1 M-Dock Road, P.O. Box 7086, Koror, 96940, Palau
| | - E Béraud
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - M Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - I Tolosa
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - C Ferrier-Pagès
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco, Monaco
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6
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Lewis AJ, Yun X, Spooner DE, Kurz MJ, McKenzie ER, Sales CM. Exposure pathways and bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in freshwater aquatic ecosystems: Key considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153561. [PMID: 35101505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the bioaccumulative behavior, toxicity, and recalcitrance to degradation, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a focus for many researchers investigating freshwater aquatic ecosystems. PFAS are a diverse set of chemicals that accumulate and transport quite differently in the environment depending on the length of their fluoroalkyl chains and their functional groups. This diversity in PFAS chemical characteristics combined with varying environmental factors also impact the bioaccumulation of these compounds in different organisms. In this review, we evaluate environmental factors (such as organic carbon, proteins, lipids, and dissolved cations) as well as PFAS characteristics (head group, chain-length, and concentration) that contribute to the significant variation seen in the literature of bioaccumulation metrics reported for organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Of the factors evaluated, it was found that PFAS concentration, dissolved organic matter, sediment organic matter, and biotransformation of precursor PFAS tended to significantly impact reported bioaccumulation metrics the most. Based on this review, it is highly suggested that future studies provide sufficient details of important environmental factors, specific organism traits/ behavior, and PFAS concentrations/compounds when reporting on bioaccumulation metrics to further fill data gaps and improve our understanding of PFAS in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa J Lewis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Daniel E Spooner
- Department of Biology, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - Marie J Kurz
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Ali AM, Langberg HA, Hale SE, Kallenborn R, Hartz WF, Mortensen ÅK, Ciesielski TM, McDonough CA, Jenssen BM, Breedveld GD. The fate of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in a marine food web influenced by land-based sources in the Norwegian Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:588-604. [PMID: 33704290 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the Arctic, their sources and fate in Arctic marine environments remain unclear. Herein, abiotic media (water, snow, and sediment) and biotic media (plankton, benthic organisms, fish, crab, and glaucous gull) were sampled to study PFAS uptake and fate in the marine food web of an Arctic Fjord in the vicinity of Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic). Samples were collected from locations impacted by a firefighting training site (FFTS) and a landfill as well as from a reference site. Mean concentration in the landfill leachate was 643 ± 84 ng L-1, while it was 365 ± 8.0 ng L-1 in a freshwater pond and 57 ± 4.0 ng L-1 in a creek in the vicinity of the FFTS. These levels were an order of magnitude higher than in coastal seawater of the nearby fjord (maximum level , at the FFTS impacted site). PFOS was the most predominant compound in all seawater samples and in freshly fallen snow (63-93% of ). In freshwater samples from the Longyear river and the reference site, PFCA ≤ C9 were the predominant PFAS (37-59%), indicating that both local point sources and diffuse sources contributed to the exposure of the marine food web in the fjord. concentrations increased from zooplankton (1.1 ± 0.32 μg kg-1 ww) to polychaete (2.8 ± 0.80 μg kg-1 ww), crab (2.9 ± 0.70 μg kg-1 ww whole-body), fish liver (5.4 ± 0.87 μg kg-1 ww), and gull liver (62.2 ± 11.2 μg kg-1). PFAS profiles changed with increasing trophic level from a large contribution of 6:2 FTS, FOSA and long-chained PFCA in zooplankton and polychaetes to being dominated by linear PFOS in fish and gull liver. The PFOS isomer profile (branched versus linear) in the active FFTS and landfill was similar to historical ECF PFOS. A similar isomer profile was observed in seawater, indicating major contribution from local sources. However, a PFOS isomer profile enriched by the linear isomer was observed in other media (sediment and biota). Substitutes for PFOS, namely 6:2 FTS and PFBS, showed bioaccumulation potential in marine invertebrates. However, these compounds were not found in organisms at higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen NO-5817, Norway.
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Ankley GT, Cureton P, Hoke RA, Houde M, Kumar A, Kurias J, Lanno R, McCarthy C, Newsted J, Salice CJ, Sample BE, Sepúlveda MS, Steevens J, Valsecchi S. Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State-of-the Science and a Proposed Path Forward. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:564-605. [PMID: 32897586 PMCID: PMC7984443 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of potential concern to human health and the environment. Based on information for a few relatively well-understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis to suspect that at least a subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable for determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking for the majority of PFAS. In August 2019, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry sponsored a workshop that focused on the state-of-the-science supporting risk assessment of PFAS. The present review summarizes discussions concerning the ecotoxicology and ecological risks of PFAS. First, we summarize currently available information relevant to problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, and hazard/effects of PFAS in the context of regulatory and ecological risk assessment activities from around the world. We then describe critical gaps and uncertainties relative to ecological risk assessments for PFAS and propose approaches to address these needs. Recommendations include the development of more comprehensive monitoring programs to support exposure assessment, an emphasis on research to support the formulation of predictive models for bioaccumulation, and the development of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods to efficiently assess biological effects for potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing the ecological risk of PFAS will require cross-disciplinary approaches that employ both conventional and new methods in an integrated, resource-effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564-605. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Philippa Cureton
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jessy Kurias
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria S. Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue UniversityWest LayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jeffery Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, National Research CouncilBrugherioMonza and BrianzaItaly
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Sima MW, Jaffé PR. A critical review of modeling Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the soil-water environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143793. [PMID: 33303199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their health effects and the recalcitrant nature of their CF bonds, Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are widely investigated for their distribution, remediation, and toxicology in ecosystems. However, very few studies have focused on modeling PFAS in the soil-water environment. In this review, we summarized the recent development in PFAS modeling for various chemical, physical, and biological processes, including sorption, volatilization, degradation, bioaccumulation, and transport. PFAS sorption is kinetic in nature with sorption equilibrium commonly quantified by either a linear, the Freundlich, or the Langmuir isotherms. Volatilization of PFAS depends on carbon chain length and ionization status and has been simulated by a two-layer diffusion process across the air water interface. First-order kinetics is commonly used for physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes. Uptake by plants and other biota can be passive and/or active. As surfactants, PFAS have a tendency to be sorbed or concentrated on air-water or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfaces, where the same three isotherms for soil sorption are adopted. PFAS transport in the soil-water environment is simulated by solving the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) that is coupled to PFAS sorption, phase transfer, as well as physical, chemical, and biological transformations. As the physicochemical properties and concentration vary greatly among the potentially thousands of PFAS species in the environment, systematic efforts are needed to identify models and model parameters to simulate their fate, transport, and response to remediation techniques. Since many process formulations are empirical in nature, mechanistic approaches are needed to further the understanding of PFAS-soil-water-plant interactions so that the model parameters are less site dependent and more predictive in simulating PFAS remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Sima
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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10
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Jeong TY, Simpson MJ. Time-dependent biomolecular responses and bioaccumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Daphnia magna. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100701. [PMID: 32505104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent pollutant which is potentially harmful and bioaccumulative to aquatic organisms. To evaluate the regulatory alteration of select metabolites with PFOS exposure at early and typical acute exposure periods in an aquatic indicator species Daphnia magna, the hourly abundance of the twenty-three metabolites was investigated over 24 h. To evaluate the bioaccumulation potential of PFOS at a sub-lethal concentration in D. magna, the daily accumulation into D. magna for 16 days was also evaluated. Twenty-three targeted metabolites were quantified over 1 to 4 h and 21 to 24 h of PFOS exposure using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Daphnid to water PFOS concentration ratios were monitored separately over different days and life stages at 0 to 76 h and 2 to 16 days of PFOS exposure. The observed metabolite abundance and bioaccumulation in the exposed groups was compared between sampling times. The results reveal that sub-lethal PFOS exposure at 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L alters regulation of arginine, tyrosine and adenosine monophosphate which are directly and indirectly related to energy status. The temporal metabolic responses observed for the early exposure period (4 h), but not for the typical acute exposure period (24 h), suggest the dysregulation potency of PFOS on metabolite regulation of D. magna and the importance of early time-course monitoring approaches. Sixteen days of bioaccumulation monitoring showed that PFOS is more bioaccumulative in younger D. magna. The observation of time-dependent bioaccumulation of PFOS in D. magna requires further studies to define its precise mechanism. Interestingly, the bioaccumulation potential of PFOS was found to be consistent between 72 h and 16 day exposure periods. No difference on the body burden to water concentration ratio during about one third of the life span time (16 days), compared to the 72 h exposure, suggests that the prolonged exposure did not increase the bioaccumulation of PFOS in D. magna. This study demonstrates that the Daphnia metabolites are rapidly responding to sub-lethal PFOS exposure and provides information on life stage and time-dependent bioaccumulation potential of PFOS. As such, metabolite regulation is a sensitive indicator to sub-lethal PFOS exposure and can be informative when combined with other measures of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yong Jeong
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada.
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Chen M, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Xiao B, Liu M, Yang L. Species dependent accumulation and transformation of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters in sediment by three benthic organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105171. [PMID: 31610368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediment is a major sink for 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP) in the environment. In the present study, three representative benthic organisms, including carp (Cyrinus carpio), loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and worm (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri), were exposed to 8:2 diPAP spiked sediment at 300 ng g-1. 8:2 diPAP in the sediment was bioavailable to carp, loach and worm even though the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) (0.137, 0.0273, 0.413 g g-1, respectively) were relatively low due to its large molecular weight and high log KOW value. The worm displayed the greatest enrichment ability among the three species, implying the utility of using worm as a bio-indicator of 8:2 diPAP pollution in sediment. The biotransformation products (e.g. 8:2 FTUCA and 7:3 FTCA) were detected in all the three species, suggesting that they had the ability to transform 8:2 diPAP. Loach displayed the strongest metabolism capacity while worm displayed the weakest. Transformation of 8:2 diPAP also took place in the sediment by microorganisms. Notably, the concentration ratio of 7:3 FTCA and 8:2 FTUCA in the sediment was much lower than that in benthic organisms, suggesting that the aquatic benthic organisms and microorganisms had different transformation activities and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Bowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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12
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Pala A. The effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status in freshwater amphipod: Gammarus pulex (Crustacean). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36869-36877. [PMID: 31745777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study had determined the effect of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status in Gammarus pulex. Firstly, the 96-h LC50 value of glyphosate on G. pulex was determined and calculated as 403 μg/L. Subsequently, the organisms were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (10, 20, and 40 μg/L) of the determined GHB for 24 and 96 h. The samples were taken from control and GBH-treated groups at 24 and 96 h of study and analysed to determine the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, the AChE, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities. In the G. pulex exposed to GBH for 24 and 96 h, the MDA level increased significantly (p < 0.05). The GSH level, the AChE, the CAT, and the GPx activities decreased compared with the control group (p < 0.05). G. pulex exposure to GBH for 24 h showed a temporary reduction in the SOD. GBH exposure led to oxidative stress in the G. pulex as well as affected the cholinergic system of the organism. These results indicated that the parameters measured may be important indicators of herbicide contamination in G. pulex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Pala
- Faculty of Fisheries, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey.
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13
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Simonnet-Laprade C, Budzinski H, Maciejewski K, Le Menach K, Santos R, Alliot F, Goutte A, Labadie P. Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the food web of an urban river: assessment of the trophic transfer of targeted and unknown precursors and implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1864-1874. [PMID: 31524218 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present work examined the trophic transfer of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a typical urban river (Orge River, near Paris, France), and aimed to investigate the potential contribution of precursors to the biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Sixteen PFAAs, twelve of their precursors (pre-PFAAstargeted) and two fluorinated alternatives to long-chain PFASs were analyzed in water, sediments and biota (including biofilm, invertebrates and fish). Twenty two compounds were detected in biological samples (2.0-147 ng g-1 wet weight), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and C12-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) being predominant while ∑pre-PFAAstargeted contributed to 1-18% of ∑PFASs. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were >1 (i.e. denoting biomagnification) for C9-C14 PFCAs, C7-C10 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and several pre-PFAAs (e.g. 8 : 2 and 10 : 2 fluorotelomer sulfonates). The significant decrease in ∑pre-PFCAs/∑PFCAs concentration ratio with trophic level suggested a likely contribution of selected precursors to the biomagnification of PFCAs through biotransformation, while this was less obvious for PFOS. The total oxidizable precursor assay, applied for the first time to sediment and biota, revealed the presence of substantial proportions of extractable unknown pre-PFAAs in all samples (i.e. 15-80% of ∑PFASs upon oxidation). This proportion significantly decreased from sediments to invertebrates and fish, thereby pointing to the biotransformation of unattributed pre-PFAAs in the trophic web, which likely contributes to the biomagnification of some PFAAs (i.e. C9-C12 PFCAs and C7-C10 PFSAs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Santos
- HEPIA, Western Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Ecology and Engineering of Aquatic Systems Research Group, CH-1254 Jussy, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- UMR 7619 METIS, EPHE/UPMC/CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- UMR 7619 METIS, EPHE/UPMC/CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, F-75005, France
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14
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Simmonet-Laprade C, Budzinski H, Babut M, Le Menach K, Munoz G, Lauzent M, Ferrari BJD, Labadie P. Investigation of the spatial variability of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance trophic magnification in selected riverine ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:393-401. [PMID: 31181525 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence at different trophic levels of 17 poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and some of their precursors (e.g., perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA)), was investigated in riverine freshwater food webs in Southeastern France. Two fish species (Barbus barbus and Squalius cephalus) and various invertebrate taxa were collected in five rivers to assess the spatial variability of trophic magnification factors (TMFs). Particular attention was devoted to sample and data processing to minimize potential biases associated with the TMF determination. Fish were significantly more contaminated than invertebrates (ΣPFAS = 7-1811 vs. 0.9-213 ng g-1 wet weight (ww)). Those from the Rhône River presented significantly higher levels due to high concentrations of perfluoroundecanoic acid (406 ng g-1 ww) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (566 ng g-1 ww) ascribed to an industrial point source. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was dominant at the other sites (concentration range = 3.6-134 ng g-1 ww). Two linear regression models were compared (i.e., Kendall regression vs. Generalized Linear Mixed-Effect Model, GLMM). Results showed that TMFs calculated using the non-weighted Kendall regression were higher than those obtained using the GLMM approach. GLMM-based TMFs were consistently >1 for C9-C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), PFOS and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), indicating their apparent biomagnification in the investigated food webs. Comparatively, 6:2 FTSA and N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) were less often detected and were not significantly biomagnified, probably because of metabolization. TMF estimates were generally consistent across sites although some PFASs (in particular C9, C10 and C13 PFCAs) displayed higher variability, due to a unique extreme value that may have resulted from the contribution of unattributed precursor biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC research group, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Marc Babut
- Irstea, Irstea, RIVERLY Research Unit, Lyon-Villeurbanne Center, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karyn Le Menach
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC research group, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC research group, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Mathilde Lauzent
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC research group, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Benoît J D Ferrari
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, EPFL ENAC IIE-GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC research group, F-33400 Talence, France.
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15
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Ratier A, Lopes C, Labadie P, Budzinski H, Delorme N, Quéau H, Peluhet L, Geffard O, Babut M. A Bayesian framework for estimating parameters of a generic toxicokinetic model for the bioaccumulation of organic chemicals by benthic invertebrates: Proof of concept with PCB153 and two freshwater species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:33-42. [PMID: 31059905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetic (TK) models are relevant and widely used to predict chemical concentrations in biological organisms. The importance of dietary uptake for aquatic invertebrates has been increasingly assessed in recent years. However, the model parameters are estimated on limited specific laboratory data sets that are bounded by several uncertainties. The aim of this study was to implement a Bayesian framework for simultaneously estimating the parameters of a generic TK model for benthic invertebrate species from all data collected. We illustrate our approach on the bioaccumulation of PCB153 by two species with different life traits and therefore exposure routes: Chironomus riparius larvae exposed to spiked sediment for 7 days and Gammarus fossarum exposed to spiked sediment and/or leaves for 7 days and then transferred to a clean media for 7 more days. The TK models assuming first-order kinetics were fitted to the data using Bayesian inference. The median model predictions and their 95% credibility intervals showed that the model fit the data well. From a methodological point of view, this paper illustrates that simultaneously estimating all model parameters from all available data by Bayesian inference, while considering the correlation between parameters and different types of data, is a real added value for TK modeling. Moreover, we demonstrated the ability of a generic TK model considering uptake and elimination routes as modules to add according to the availability of the data measured. From an ecotoxicological point of view, we show differences in PCB153 bioaccumulation between chironomids and gammarids, explained by the different life traits of these two organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Ratier
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Christelle Lopes
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Nicolas Delorme
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Quéau
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Peluhet
- CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Marc Babut
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
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16
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Cao X, Wang C, Lu Y, Zhang M, Khan K, Song S, Wang P, Wang C. Occurrence, sources and health risk of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil, water and sediment from a drinking water source area. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:208-217. [PMID: 30826547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) enter into environmental metric via various pathways in the process of manufacturing and consuming the products containing PFASs. Yuqiao reservoir (YQR) is a major drinking water source in Tianjin of China, where little attention was given to PFASs. To explore the occurrence, source and risk of 17 PFASs, multi-media environmental including soil, water, and sediment were sampled from this water source area. The ∑PFASs concentrations of surface water, groundwater, soil and sediment ranged from 5.839 to 120.885 ng/L, 1.426 to 17.138 ng/L, 0.622 to 5.089 μg/kg dw, and 0.240 to 1.210 μg/kg dw respectively. Some short-chained (C4-C8) PFASs were detected widely such as PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, PFBS, PFHpA and PFPeA in surface water and groundwater, with the detection frequency of >78%, and PFBA and PFOA dominated in the 17 PFASs. In addition, the correlations between total PFASs and TOC were significant at 0.05 level, especially in surface water with R2 = 0.9165 (p = 0.011). In terms of vertical distribution characteristics of ∑PFASs, the ∑PFASs in four sediment cores showed a decreasing trend at first, and then an increasing trend from the bottom to the top associated with TOC. PFBA/PFOA and PFHpA/PFOA showed better linear correlations with R2 of 0.5541 (p = 0.039), and for PFNA/PFOA and PFHpA/PFOA with R2 of 0.6312 (p = 0.032) at the 0.05 level in the surface water, which indicated that sewage and atmospheric precipitation were the major sources. Though the RQ results based on the measured concentrations and reference values in environmental media revealed lower risks, the potential hazard may occur due to accumulation characteristics and long-distance transmission capability of PFASs. Hence, the corresponding management strategies should be taken, such as control over emission at source, product substitution and strengthening legislation, to eliminate potential risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Salice CJ, Anderson TA, Anderson RH, Olson AD. Ecological risk assessment of perfluooroctane sulfonate to aquatic fauna from a bayou adjacent to former fire training areas at a US Air Force installation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2198-2209. [PMID: 29691889 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) continue to receive significant attention, with particular concern for PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which was a constituent of aqueous film-forming foam used widely as a fire suppressant for aircraft since the 1970s. We were interested in the potential for risk to ecological receptors inhabiting Cooper Bayou, which is adjacent to 2 former fire-training areas at Barksdale Air Force Base (LA, USA). Previous research showed higher PFOS concentrations in surface water and biota from Cooper Bayou compared to reference sites. To estimate risk, we compared surface water concentrations from multiple sites within Cooper Bayou with several PFOS chronic toxicity benchmarks for freshwater aquatic organisms (∼0.4-5.1 μg PFOS/L) and showed probability of exceedances from 0.04 to 0.5, suggesting a potential for adverse effects in the most contaminated habitats. A tissue-residue assessment similarly showed some exceedance of benchmarks but with a lower probability (maximum = 0.17). Both fire-training areas have been inactive for more than a decade, so exposures (and, thus, risks) are expected to decline. Several uncertainties limit confidence in our risk estimates including highly dynamic surface water concentrations and limited chronic toxicity data for relevant species. Also, we have little data concerning organisms higher in the food chain which may receive higher lifetime exposures given the potential for PFOS to bioaccumulate and the longevity of many of these organisms. Overall, the present study suggests that PFOS can occur at concentrations that may cause adverse effects to ecological receptors, although additional, focused research is needed to reduce uncertainties. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2198-2209. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Salice
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Richard H Anderson
- Technical Support Branch, Civil Engineering Center, Lackland Air Force Base, US Air Force, Texas, USA
| | - Adric D Olson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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18
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Bertin D, Ferrari BJD, Labadie P, Sapin A, Da Silva Avelar D, Beaudouin R, Péry A, Garric J, Budzinski H, Babut M. Refining uptake and depuration constants for fluoroalkyl chemicals in Chironomus riparius larvae on the basis of experimental results and modelling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:284-290. [PMID: 29258051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine depuration rates for a range of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) using Chironomus riparius, and to test a concentration-dependency hypothesis for the long-chain perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) for this species. Midge larvae were exposed to field sediments collected downstream of a fluorotelomer plant, and to the same sediment spiked with PFTrDA. Elimination kinetics results indicated complete elimination of all PFASs by chironomids after 42h. These data were used to develop two PFTrDA bioaccumulation models accounting for chironomid growth and for compound concentration dependency or not. There was much better agreement between observed and simulated data under the concentration-dependency hypothesis than under the alternative one (passive diffusion). The PFTrDA uptake rate derived from the concentration-dependency model equaled 0.013 ± 0.008gocgwwh-1, and the depuration rate 0.032 ± 0.009h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bertin
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, 32108 CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Benoît J D Ferrari
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, 32108 CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France; Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL (C entreEcotox), EPFL-ENAC-IIE-GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC (LPTC Research group), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Alexandre Sapin
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, 32108 CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP2, F-60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Péry
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1402 INRA-AgroParisTech EcoSys, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; INRA, UMR 1402 INRA-AgroParisTech EcoSys, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jeanne Garric
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, 32108 CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC (LPTC Research group), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Marc Babut
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, 32108 CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France.
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19
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Munoz G, Labadie P, Botta F, Lestremau F, Lopez B, Geneste E, Pardon P, Dévier MH, Budzinski H. Occurrence survey and spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl surfactants in groundwater, surface water, and sediments from tropical environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:243-252. [PMID: 28692894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of 22 selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water (n=75), groundwater (n=80) and surficial sediment (n=15) were investigated for the first time in the tropical areas constituted by the French Overseas Territories (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Reunion). Descriptive statistics and correlations between PFASs were evaluated through the use of specific statistical treatments to handle left-censored data ("non-detects"). PFASs were ubiquitous in these samples and detection frequencies as high as 79% for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 65% for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were reported in surface waters. ∑PFASs was in the range<LOD-77ngL-1 (median=1.8ngL-1) in surface waters and <LOD-638ngL-1 (median=0.56ngL-1) in groundwater. PFOS and PFOA dominated PFAS composition profiles in surface water, while shorter-chain compounds prevailed in groundwater, highlighting their higher transfer potential through infiltration processes and the possible influence of precursors. Elevated levels of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates were found in groundwater near several industrial facilities such as oil refineries or electricity power plants. This may be related to the existence of firefighting operations involving the use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) that contain precursors to such compounds. These findings would also tend to confirm recent trends regarding the increasing proportion of C4- or C6-based perfluoroalkyl acids, their precursors, or even shorter-chain congeners at PFAS hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Fabrizio Botta
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Lestremau
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Benjamin Lopez
- BRGM, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Emmanuel Geneste
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Patrick Pardon
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France..
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Babut M, Labadie P, Simonnet-Laprade C, Munoz G, Roger MC, Ferrari BJD, Budzinski H, Sivade E. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl compounds in freshwater fish from the Rhône River: Influence of fish size, diet, prey contamination and biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:38-47. [PMID: 28654807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pools of aquatic plants and benthic invertebrates were collected along with 47 individuals from three cyprinid fish species (Barbus barbus, Gobio gobio, Rutilus rutilus) at a site in the Rhône River (France). Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) and a wide range of per- and poly-fluorinated chemicals (PFASs) were analysed in all samples. The sum of PFAS concentrations (ΣPFAS) increased from aquatic plants to fish dorsal muscles; molecular profiles were dominated by C9-C13 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), while perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were detected in all samples at lower concentrations. ΣPFAS and especially ΣPFCAs were higher in barbels (B. barbus) than in other species, while roaches (R. rutilus) were less contaminated by PFOS than barbels and gudgeons (G. gobio). Gudgeons accumulated significantly higher FOSA concentrations. Young (small) barbels displayed significantly higher PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) concentrations than did large specimens; conversely, perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) concentrations were significantly higher in large barbels. Multiple linear regressions were performed on the whole set of fish samples with size, mass and isotopic ratios as explicative variables, and several single compounds as explained variables. Regardless of the compound, the regressions did not explain much of the contamination variability. However, adding species as a qualitative variable, i.e. performing analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) improved the fit greatly, while adding sex did not. Diet (i.e. δ13C and δ15N) was the main factor explaining interspecific differences. Biotransformation was assessed by comparing concentration ratios of PFOS or FOSA to their precursors in the food-web compartments. These ratios increased from invertebrates to fish, and differed among fish species, suggesting that biotransformation occurred but was species-specific. Biomagnification factor calculations showed that C11-C13 PFCAs, PFOS and FOSA were apparently biomagnified in barbels and gudgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Babut
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Labadie
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Caroline Simonnet-Laprade
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Marie-Claude Roger
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, BP 32108, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Benoit J D Ferrari
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Eawag/EPFL, EPFL ENAC IIE-GE, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'environnement (LPTC), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Eve Sivade
- Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency, 2-4 allée de Lodz, 69363 Lyon, France
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Munoz G, Labadie P, Geneste E, Pardon P, Tartu S, Chastel O, Budzinski H. Biomonitoring of fluoroalkylated substances in Antarctica seabird plasma: Development and validation of a fast and rugged method using on-line concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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