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Xie WQ, Wang ZY, Xie YG, Hao JJ, Cao XD, Xiang ZY, Lou LP, Ding GH. Integrated biomarker-based ecological risks assessment of tadpole responses to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and their combined environmental exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124494. [PMID: 38968982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) are common chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) used in industry. They have been frequently detected together in aquatic environments and associated with various hazardous effects. However, the ecological risks of prolonged exposure to these OPFRs at environmentally relevant concentrations in non-model aquatic organisms remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of long-term exposure (up to 25 days) to TCEP and TCPP on metamorphosis, hepatic antioxidants, and endocrine function in Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. Exposure concentrations were set at 3, 30, and 90 μg/L for each substance, conducted independently and in equal-concentration combinations, with a control group included for comparison. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) method developed an optimal linear model for predicting the overall ecological risks of TCEP and TCPP to tadpoles in potential distribution areas of Polypedates species. Results showed that: (1) Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP and TCPP elicited variable adverse effects on tadpole metamorphosis time, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and related gene expression, and endocrine-related gene expression, with their combined exposure exacerbating these effects. (2) The IBR value of TCEP was consistently greater than that of TCPP at each concentration, with an additive effect observed under their combined exposure. (3) The ecological risk of tadpoles exposed to the combined presence of TCEP and TCPP was highest in China's Taihu Lake and Vietnam's Hanoi than in other distribution locations. In summary, prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP and TCPP presents potential ecological risks to amphibian tadpoles, offering insights for the development of policies and strategies to control TCEP and TCPP pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the methodology employed in establishing the IBR prediction model provides a methodological framework for assessing the overall ecological risks of multiple OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi-Ge Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xin-Dan Cao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Yong Xiang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Lou
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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Kanda K, Iwata H. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) exposure inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mesoderm differentiation, and cardiovascular development in early chicken embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171242. [PMID: 38417504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant used worldwide and has been detected in the tissues and eggs of wild birds. Our previous study reported that exposure to TCEP induced developmental delay and cardiovascular dysfunction with attenuated heart rate and vasculogenesis in early chicken embryos. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of TCEP on chicken embryos using cardiac transcriptome analysis and to examine whether TCEP exposure affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TCEP exposure decreased the expression of cardiac conduction-related genes and transcription factors on day 5 of incubation. In extraembryonic blood vessels, the expression levels of genes related to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly reduced by TCEP exposure and vasculogenesis was suppressed. TCEP exposure also attenuated Snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2) and T-box transcription factor T (TBXT) signaling in the chicken primitive streak, indicating that TCEP inhibits EMT and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation at the early developmental stage. These effects on EMT and mesoderm differentiation may be related to subsequent phenotypic defects, including suppression of heart development and blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanda
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Sutha J, Gayathri M, Ramesh M. Chronic exposure to tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) induces brain structural and functional changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio): A comparative study on the environmental and LC50 concentrations of TCEP. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16770-16781. [PMID: 38321284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a crucial organophosphorus flame retardant widely used in many industrial and commercial products. Available reports reported that TCEP could cause various toxicological effects on organisms, including humans. Unfortunately, toxicity data for TCEP (particularly on neurotoxicity) on aquatic organisms are lacking. In the present study, Danio rerio were exposed to different concentrations of TCEP for 42 days (chronic exposure), and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity, and histopathological changes were evaluated in the brain. The results showed that TCEP (100 and 1500 µg L-1) induced oxidative stress and significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GR) in the brain tissue of zebrafish. In contrast, the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was increased compared to the control group. Exposure to TCEP inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na+,K+-ATPase activities in the brain tissue. Brain histopathology after 42 days of exposure to TCEP showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammatory cell infiltration, degenerated neurons, degenerated purkinje cells and binucleate. Furthermore, TCEP exposure leads to significant changes in dopamine and 5-HT levels in the brain of zebrafish. The data in the present study suggest that high concentrations of TCEP might affect the fish by altering oxidative balance and inducing marked pathological changes in the brain of zebrafish. These findings indicate that chronic exposure to TCEP may cause a neurotoxic effect in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesudass Sutha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesh Gayathri
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ai S, Chen X, Zhou Y. Critical review on organophosphate esters in water environment: Occurrence, health hazards and removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123218. [PMID: 38147949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are phosphoric acid ester derivatives, are anthropogenic substances that are widely used in commerce. Nevertheless, there is growing public concern about these ubiquitous contaminants, which are frequently detected in contaminated water sources. OPEs are mostly emitted by industrial operations, and the primary routes of human exposure to OPEs include food intake and dermal absorption. Because of their negative effects on both human health and the environment, it is clear that innovative methods are needed to facilitate their eradication. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing characteristics and origins of OPEs, their possible impacts on human health, and the merits, drawbacks, and future possibilities of contemporary sophisticated remediation methods. Current advanced remediation approaches for OPEs include adsorption, degradation (advanced oxidation, advanced reduction, and redox technology), membrane filtration, and municipal wastewater treatment plants, degradation and adsorption are the most promising removal technologies. Meanwhile, we proposed potential areas for future research (appropriate management approaches, exploring the combination treatment process, economic factors, and potential for secondary pollution). Collectively, this work gives a comprehensive understanding of OPEs, providing useful insights for future research on OPEs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Ai
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Zhang P, Meng F, Xia Y, Leng Y, Cui J. Deriving seawater quality criteria of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate for ecological risk assessment in China seas through species sensitivity distributions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119482. [PMID: 37939474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), one of the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), has been frequently detected in the marine environment in the seas off China. The existing freshwater biotoxicity data are not suited to derivation of the seawater quality criteria of TCEP and evaluating the associated ecological risks. This study aimed at deriving water quality criteria (WQC) of TCEP for marine organisms based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach using the acute toxicity data generated from multispecies bioassays and chronic toxicity data by converting acute data with the acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs); the derived WQC were then used to evaluate the ecological risk for TCEP in China Seas. According to median effective concentration (EC50) and median lethal concentration (LC50), TCEP had a moderate or low toxicity to eight marine species selected, among which mysid Neomysis awatschensis (96h-LC50 of 39.65 mg/L) and green alga Platymonas subcordiformis (96-h EC50 of 395.42 mg/L) were the most sensitive and the most tolerant, respectively. The acute and chronic hazardous concentrations of TCEP for 5% of marine species (HC5) were estimated to be 29.55 and 2.68 mg/L, respectively. The short-term and long-term WQC were derived to be 9.85 and 0.89 mg/L, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) values indicated that TECP at current levels poses a negligible risk to marine ecosystems in China. These results will provide valuable reference for the government to establish a seawater quality standard for TCEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yufan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Leng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiali Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Violaki K, Castro-Jiménez J, Nenes A, Sempere R, Panagiotopoulos C. Spatial and temporal patterns of organophosphate Esters flame retardants and plasticizers in airborne particles over the Mediterranean sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140746. [PMID: 37984647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
We studied the co-occurrence of OPEs and other constituents in atmospheric particles at the two edges of the Mediterranean Sea, under the influence of the transport of polluted air from Europe and dust from the Sahara. The highest OPE concentrations were observed during the summer period in the East Mediterranean and in spring for the NW Mediterranean. The total average atmospheric concentration of Σ6OPEs in the NW Mediterranean was 2103 ± 2020 pg m-3 (n = 23) with EHDPP and TCPP to be the predominant OPEs, accounting on average for 46% and 37% of the total Ʃ6OPEs concentrations, respectively. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in East Mediterranean was 156.4 ± 170.3 pg m-3 (n = 67) with TCPP showing the highest concentration (116.1 ± 92.8 pg m-3), followed by TCEP (67.5 ± 55.8 pg m-3). In both areas, OPEs were mostly associated with fossil fuel combustion and road traffic, while the air masses from Saharan desert influenced the concentration of EHDPP, TCEP in NW Mediterranean and the TCEP concentration levels in the East Mediterranean. The total annual deposition of reported OPEs to the Mediterranean basin was estimated to be 584 tonnes, accounting for about 8.5% of the total deposited anthropogenic phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Violaki
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France.
| | - Javier Castro-Jiménez
- IFREMER, Chemical Contamination of Marine Ecosystems (CCEM), Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Richard Sempere
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Christos Panagiotopoulos
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Aix-Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
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Yang J, Luo Y, Chen M, Lu H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Guo C, Xu J. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and potential risks of organic micropollutants in urban surface waters from qinghai, northwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137819. [PMID: 36640988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lack of knowledge on the destiny of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the Tibetan Plateau region of China prevents the public from being aware of the need for protecting these unique aquatic ecosystems that are precious water resources and source areas of the Yellow River. To address this knowledge gap, this study systematically investigated the multi-residue analysis, distribution, and potential risks of six types of OMPs, namely, neonicotinoid pesticides (NEOs), fungicides, organophosphate esters (OPEs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), psychoactive substances (PSs), and antidepressants (ADs), in surface waters of major cities in Qinghai. A total of 31 compounds, consisting of 8 NEOs, 1 fungicide, 12 OPEs, 2 OPPs, 5 PSs, and 3 ADs, were detected in >50% of the sites, showing their ubiquitous nature in the study area. Results showed that the total OMP concentration in surface water was 28.3-908 ng/L, and OPEs were the dominant composition (48.6%-97.4%). The risk quotient values of the detected diazinon and dursban regularly exceeded 1 for aquatic organisms at all sampling sites, indicating moderate-high chronic ecological risk. The joint probability curves showed that dursban and NEOs have higher risk levels than other OMPs. Although the results of the non-carcinogenic total hazard quotient of the OMPs in the surface water was less than 1 in all age groups and the carcinogenic risk was lower than the negligible risk level, the potential risks to children and infants were considerably greater and should not be underestimated. In addition to pollutant concentration and exposure duration, ingestion rate and body weight (BW) are also important factors affecting health risk, with BW having a negative effect. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this report is the first to describe OMP pollution in Qinghai, and the results provide new insight into the ecological security of the water resources of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Hu F, Zhao Y, Dong F, Wang H, Zheng M, Zhang W, Chen X. Insights into the mechanisms of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate-induced growth inhibition in juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 247:106170. [PMID: 35468409 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual elimination of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), the production and application of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), as a substitute of BFRs, has increased greatly. The objective of the present study was to comprehensively explore the potential adverse effects of TCEP on fish growth and the possible underlying mechanisms. To this end, juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP (0, 1, 10 and 100 µg/L) for 30 days. The results showed that exposure to high concentrations of TCEP (10 and 100 µg/L) significantly decreased body weight, body length and specific growth rate (SGR). Plasma IGF-I levels and hepatic mRNA levels of igf1 and igf1r were all reduced, while the transcriptional levels of IGFBPs (igfbp2, igfbp3, igfbp5) were significantly up-regulated in the liver of yellow catfish under exposure to 10 and 100 µg/L TCEP. TCEP-induced growth inhibition might be related to somatostatin (SS) signaling system, as evidenced by elevated mRNA transcriptions of ss in brain and its receptors (sstr2, sstr3, sstr5) in liver. In addition, fish exposed to high concentrations of TCEP displayed multiple histological alterations in liver. Taken together, these findings suggested that TCEP (>10 µg/L) might exert its inhibitory effect on fish growth through interfering with the GH/IGF axis and SS signaling system, and by impairing hepatic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Qi Y, Yao Z, Ma X, Ding X, Shangguan K, Zhang M, Xu N. Ecological risk assessment for organophosphate esters in the surface water from the Bohai Sea of China using multimodal species sensitivity distributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153172. [PMID: 35063513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) as the foremost substitutes of brominated flame retardants have been ubiquitously found in the aquatic environment around the world. However, the information on the community-level risks induced by OPEs to the marine ecosystem remains scarce. This study adopted ten commonly used species sensitivity distribution (SSD) parametric statistical approaches coupled with the acute-to-chronic transformation for the toxicity data to fit the sensitivity distributions of different species to four major OPE congeners including triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) in the surface water of the Bohai Sea. All SSD models except Exponential for TnBP, TCEP, and TCPP fitted well the chronic toxicity data for the four OPE congeners. Discrepancies appeared among the best fitting models for different congeners, which also happened to the fitting results from the multiple SSD models for each congener. Based on the best fitting models, the hazard concentrations corresponding to the cumulative probability of 5% were 3.58 mg/L, 0.116 mg/L, 1.30 mg/L, and 1.44 mg/L for TEP, TnBP, TCEP, and TCPP, respectively. The risks induced by the four OPE congeners to the Bohai Sea ecosystem were negligible during the monitoring period because of both the risk quotients and the hazard indexes far <0.1. This study drew a clear picture of the joint ecological risks of TEP, TnBP, TCEP, and TCPP to the Bohai Sea environment. The application of multimodal SSD statistical methods will benefit the accurate derivation of water quality criteria and the community-level ecological risk assessment for pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolin Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Kuixing Shangguan
- Ecological Civilization Construction Service Center of Linyi, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Alleviation of Tris(2-chloroethyl) Phosphate Toxicity on the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis by Polystyrene Microplastics: Features and Molecular Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094934. [PMID: 35563328 PMCID: PMC9102492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) and organophosphorus esters (OPEs) coexist in the aquatic environment, posing a potential threat to organisms. Although toxicological studies have been conducted individually, the effects of combined exposure are unknown since MPs can interact with OPEs acting as carriers. In this study, we assessed the response of marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, to co-exposure to polystyrene MPs and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at different concentrations, including population growth, oxidative status, and transcriptomics. Results indicated that 0.1 μm and 1 μm MPs were accumulated in the digestive system, and, even at up to 2000 μg/L, they did not exert obvious damage to the stomach morphology, survival, and reproduction of B. plicatilis. The presence of 1 μm MPs reversed the low population growth rate and high oxidative stress induced by TCEP to the normal level. Some genes involved in metabolic detoxification and stress response were upregulated, such as ABC and Hsp. Subsequent validation showed that P-glycoprotein efflux ability was activated by combined exposure, indicating its important role in the reversal of population growth inhibition. Such results challenge the common perception that MPs aggravate the toxicity of coexisting pollutants and elucidate the molecular mechanism of the limited toxic effects induced by MPs and TCEP.
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Yu X, Jin X, Wang N, Yu Y, Zhu X, Chen M, Zhong Y, Sun J, Zhu L. Transformation of sulfamethoxazole by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron activated persulfate: Mechanism and risk assessment using environmental metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128244. [PMID: 35032952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The threat caused by the misuse of antibiotics to ecology and human health has been aroused an extensive attention. Developing cost-effective techniques for removing antibiotics needs to put on the agenda. In current research, the degradation mechanism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) driven persulfate, together with the potential risk of intermediates were studied. The degradation of SMX followed a pseudo-first order kinetics reaction with kobs at 0.1176 min-1. Both SO4•- and •OH were responsible for the degradation of SMX, and SO4•- was the predominant free radical. XPS analysis demonstrated that reduced sulfide species promoted the conversion of Fe (III) to Fe (II), resulting in the higher transformation rate of SMX. Six intermediates products were generated through hydroxylation, dehydration condensation, nucleophilic reaction, and hydrolysis. The risk of intermediates products is subsequently assessed using E. coli as a model microorganism. After E.coli exposure to intermediates for 24 h, the upmetabolism of carbohydrate, nucleotide, citrate acid cycle and downmetabolism of glutathione, sphingolipid, galactose by metabolomics analysis identified that SMX was effectively detoxified by oxidation treatment. These findings not only clarified the superiority of S-nZVI/persulfate, but also generated a novel insight into the security of advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xifen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiqin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongming Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Fu J, Fu K, Chen Y, Li X, Ye T, Gao K, Pan W, Zhang A, Fu J. Long-Range Transport, Trophic Transfer, and Ecological Risks of Organophosphate Esters in Remote Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10192-10209. [PMID: 34263594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been a focus in the field of environmental science due to their large volume production, wide range of applications, ubiquitous occurrence, potential bioaccumulation, and worrisome ecological and health risks. Varied physicochemical properties among OPE analogues represent an outstanding scientific challenge in studying the environmental fate of OPEs in recent years. There is an increasing number of studies focusing on the long-range transport, trophic transfer, and ecological risks of OPEs. Therefore, it is necessary to conclude the OPE pollution status on a global scale, especially in the remote areas with vulnerable and fragile ecosystems. The present review links together the source, fate, and environmental behavior of OPEs in remote areas, integrates the occurrence and profile data, summarizes their bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and ecological risks, and finally points out the predominant pollution burden of OPEs among organic pollutants in remote areas. Given the relatively high contamination level and bioaccumulation/biomagnification behavior of OPEs, in combination with the sensitivity of endemic species in remote areas, more attention should be paid to the potential ecological risks of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kehan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Institute of Grain Science, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Kanda K, Ito S, Koh DH, Kim EY, Iwata H. Effects of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure on chicken embryos in a shell-less incubation system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111263. [PMID: 32916532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that used in textiles, industrial materials, and furniture to delay the spread of fire after ignition. TCEP has been detected in the tissues and eggs of fish and birds. However, there are no studies regarding the effects of TCEP on avian embryos. In the present study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of TCEP exposure on chicken embryos in a shell-less incubation system, which enables in situ observation. Chicken embryos were treated with graded doses of TCEP (50, 250, and 500 nmol/g egg) on incubation day 0. The survival rate, morphological biometrics, heart rate, and length and branch number of extraembryonic blood vessels were measured on incubation days 3-9. Survival rates were reduced from incubation day 3 and were significantly decreased until day 9. Body length, head + bill length and eye diameter were significantly reduced by TCEP exposure. Regarding skeletal effects, spine length was decreased in a dose-dependent manner on day 9. Body weight on day 9 significantly reduced in all TCEP treatment groups. These results suggest that TCEP exposure to >50 nmol/g egg retards development in chicken embryos. TCEP exposure to 500 nmol/g egg significantly increased heart weight to body weight ratio in the embryos. More than 250 nmol/g egg of TCEP significantly reduced the heart rate of embryos in the early developmental stage. The formation of extraembryonic blood vessels and the number of erythrocytes were significantly reduced even with 50 nmol/g egg of TCEP. These findings suggest that TCEP exposure specifically affects the cardiovascular system in chicken embryos, which leads to developmental delay. The results of this study also demonstrate that the shell-less incubation system can be used to continuously monitor the effects of chemicals on developing avian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanda
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shohei Ito
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Dong-Hee Koh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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Maddela NR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, a pervasive flame retardant: critical perspective on its emissions into the environment and human toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1809-1827. [PMID: 32760963 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulations and the voluntary activities of manufacturers have led to a market shift in the use of flame retardants (FRs). Accordingly, organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) have emerged as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). One of the widely used OPFRs is tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), the considerable usage of which has reached 1.0 Mt globally. High concentrations of TCEP in indoor dust (∼2.0 × 105 ng g-1), its detection in nearly all foodstuffs (max. concentration of ∼30-300 ng g-1 or ng L-1), human body burden, and toxicological properties as revealed by meta-analysis make TCEP hard to distinguish from traditional FRs, and this situation requires researchers to rethink whether or not TCEP is an appropriate choice as a new FR. However, there are many unresolved issues, which may impede global health agencies in framing stringent regulations and manufacturers considering the meticulous use of TCEP. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to highlight the factors that influence TCEP emissions from its sources, its bioaccessibility, threat of trophic transfer, and toxicogenomics in order to provide better insight into its emergence as an FR. Finally, remediation strategies for dealing with TCEP emissions, and future research directions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador and Facultad la Ciencias la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Sutha J, Anila PA, Umamaheswari S, Ramesh M, Narayanasamy A, Poopal RK, Ren Z. Biochemical responses of a freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34369-34387. [PMID: 32557019 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala were exposed to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) with three different concentrations (0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/L) for a period of 21 days. During the study period, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in gills, liver, and kidney tissues, whereas glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (except liver tissue) activities were inhibited when compared to the control group. Likewise, exposure to TCEP significantly (p < 0.05) altered the biochemical (glucose and protein) and electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and chloride) levels of fish. Light microscopic studies exhibited series of histopathological anomalies in the gills, liver, and kidney tissues. The present study reveals that TCEP at tested concentrations causes adverse effects on fish and the studied biomarkers could be used for monitoring the ecotoxicity of organophosphate esters (OPEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesudass Sutha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Pottanthara Ashokan Anila
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Sathisaran Umamaheswari
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India.
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteiomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Li D, Zhong Y, Zhu X, Wang H, Yang W, Deng Y, Huang W, Peng P. Enhanced reactivity of iron monosulfide towards reductive transformation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114282. [PMID: 32155549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a widely found emerging pollutant due to its heavy usage as a flame retardant. It is chemically stable and is very difficult to removal from water. The goal of this study was to explore whether iron monosulfide (FeS) can be used for reductive transformation of TCEP as FeS can react with a variety of halogenated organic contaminants. We used batch reactor systems to quantify the transformation reactions in the absence and presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, a common surfactant in aquatic environments). The results showed that, in the presence of CTAB (100 mg L-1), FeS exhibited much greater reactivity towards TCEP as 93% of initial TCEP had been transformed within 14 d of reaction. In the absence of CTAB, it required 710 d of reaction to achieve 97.3% reduction of initial TCEP. The enhancement of CTAB on TCEP transformation rate could be due to the facts that CTAB could stabilize FeS suspension against aggregation, protect FeS from rapid oxidation, and increase surface adsorption of TCEP on FeS. XPS analysis showed that both Fe(II) and S(-II) species on the FeS surface were involved in the reductive transformation of TCEP. Analysis of transformation products revealed that TCEP was reductively transformed into bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), Cl- and C2H4. These findings showed that FeS may play an important role in the reductive transformation of TCEP when TCEP coexisting with CTAB in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xifen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Heli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yirong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Lee JS, Morita Y, Kawai YK, Covaci A, Kubota A. Developmental circulatory failure caused by metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants in zebrafish, Danio rerio. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125738. [PMID: 31918085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters are used worldwide as additives in flame retardants and plasticizer as a replacement of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Increasing evidence on human exposure to and environmental contamination with organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) requires an adequate toxicity assessment for this class of chemicals. While developmental toxicity of several OPFRs has been reported, developmental effects of OPFR metabolites have still to be understood. The present study aimed at characterizing developmental effects of OPFR metabolites using zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and two of its metabolites, 3-hydroxylphenyl diphenyl phosphate and 4-hydroxylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, were most potent for inducing pericardial edema and reduction in blood flow in trunk vessels. Other TPHP metabolites, such as diphenyl phosphate and 4-hydroxylphenyl phenyl phosphate, showed no substantial increase in circulatory failure at concentrations up to 30 μM. Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate showed circulatory failure at 30 μM, but its metabolite bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate did not. Neither tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate nor its metabolite bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, induced circulatory failure. The circulatory failure appeared to be enhanced with the increase in the octanol-water partition coefficients of OPFRs and their metabolites, suggesting that developmental circulatory failure posed by these chemicals could be estimated by their bioaccumulative potential. The present study demonstrated developmental circulatory failure of hydroxylated TPHP metabolites, which was almost equipotent to TPHP. Diester OPFR metabolites showed no major developmental toxicity at the concentrations used in this study. The current results establish the foundation for further understanding the similarities and differences in the toxic mechanisms between OPFRs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro, 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuri Morita
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro, 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke K Kawai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro, 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Akira Kubota
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada-cho Nishi, Obihiro, 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Yu X, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Liu Z, Li H, Dang Z. Degradation mechanism, intermediates and toxicology assessment of tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate using ultraviolet activated hydrogen peroxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124991. [PMID: 31590022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), one kind of emerging flame retardants, have received prevalent attention owing to their ubiquity in aquatic matrices and their characteristics of being refractory to biodegradation. In current research, the degradation mechanism of tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), one of OPFRs, and its toxicological evaluation using UV-driven hydroxyl radical oxidation were investigated. A pseudo-first order reaction was fitted with an apparent rate constant (Kobs) of 0.1328 min-1 on transformation of TCPP in the case of CH2O2 0.1 mM, pH 6.6-7.1 and 4.7 mW cm-2 UV irradiation. High resolution mass spectroscopy analyses identified nine degradation products (eg., C6H13Cl2O4P (m/z 251.0002), C9H17Cl2O5P (m/z 307.0266), C9H17Cl2O6P (m/z 323.0217), C9H18Cl3O5P (m/z 343.0033)) during transformation of TCPP. The removal efficiency dropped by inhibitory effect of natural organic matters and anions, implying that the complete mineralization of TCPP may be difficult in actual water treatment process. The toxicity assessment has shown an decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, membrane potential (MP) elevation of Escherichia coli, and biological molecular function revision (eg., metabolism and DNA biosynthesis), indicating that toxicity of degradation products were conspicuously decreased in comparison with intact TCPP. To sum up, effective detoxification of TCPP can be realized by a UV driving radical-based oxidation, which will provide an alternative safe treatment method to control TCPP in water matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanyong Li
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Ma J, Zhu H, Kannan K. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Breast Milk from the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:525-531. [PMID: 31534982 PMCID: PMC6740186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used in consumer products as flame retardants and plasticizers. Little is known, however, about the occurrence and profiles of OPEs in human milk. In this study, 14 OPEs were measured in 100 breast milk samples collected from the United States during the period of 2009-2012, using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The sum concentrations of 14 OPEs in human milk ranged from 0.670 to 7.83 ng/mL, with a mean value of 3.61 ng/mL. The highest mean concentration was found for tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP, 1.44 ± 0.789 ng/mL), followed by tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TIBP, 0.569 ± 0.272 ng/mL) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, 0.539 ± 0.265 ng/mL), which were the dominant OPEs found in breast milk at detection frequencies of >80%. No significant differences were observed between various maternal/infant characteristics and OPE concentrations (p > 0.05), except for TBOEP, for which the median concentrations in Hispanic mothers (0.765 ng/mL) were 2 times lower than those in non-Hispanic mothers (1.48 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). On the basis of the recommended daily milk ingestion rate, the average and the highest daily intakes of total OPEs were calculated to be in the range of 300-542 and 504-911 ng (kg of body weight)-1 day-1, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of OPEs did not exceed the current reference doses. Our study establishes baseline data for OPE exposure in breast-fed American children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Telephone: 518-474-0015. Fax: 518-473-2895. E-mail:
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Li R, Wang H, Mi C, Feng C, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhou B. The adverse effect of TCIPP and TCEP on neurodevelopment of zebrafish embryos/larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:811-817. [PMID: 30612050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris (2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) are two widely used chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (ClOPFRs), and have been frequently detected in various environmental media. Concern is now growing whether TCIPP and TCEP can cause neurotoxicity since they have similar chemical structure with organophosphorus pesticide. Therefore, in this study, zebrafish embryos (2-120 h post-fertilization [hpf]) were exposed to TCIPP or TCEP (0, 100, 500 or 2500 μg/L) or a model neurotoxicant, chlorpyrifos (CPF, 100 μg/L) to investigate the adverse effects and possible mechanisms of TCIPP and TCEP on neurodevelopment. Our results showed that CPF exposure resulted in developmental toxicity including decreased hatching, survival rates and increased malformation rates (e.g., spinal curvature) as well as behavior changes such as decreased locomotive activity in dark stimulation. In contrast, TCIPP and TCEP showed no significant effects on developmental parameters, but caused similar effects on locomotive activity at high concentration, indicating that although not as potent as CPF, TCIPP and TCEP may still cause adverse effects on neurodevelopment. Furthermore, our results suggest that TCIPP and TCEP showed no effects on acetylcholine content or AChE activity, which were considered as the main targets of CPF. However, TCIPP and TCEP exposure can significantly down-regulate the expression of selected genes and proteins related to neurodevelopment (e.g., mbp, syn2a, and α1-tubulin) similar as CPF did. Besides that, TCIPP and TCEP can also affect the transcription of shha and gap43, which were not affected by CPF, pointing out a complex mechanism underlying TCIPP and TCEP's neurodevelopmental toxicity. Overall, our results demonstrated that TCEP and TCIPP may have adverse effect on the neurodevelopment of zebrafish embryos/larvae, but the underlying mechanism is not via the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hengqi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Chuang Mi
- China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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