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Naha A, Antony S, Nath S, Sharma D, Mishra A, Biju DT, Madhavan A, Binod P, Varjani S, Sindhu R. A hypothetical model of multi-layered cost-effective wastewater treatment plant integrating microbial fuel cell and nanofiltration technology: A comprehensive review on wastewater treatment and sustainable remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121274. [PMID: 36804140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater management has emerged as an uprising concern that demands immediate attention from environmentalists worldwide. Indiscriminate and irrational release of industrial and poultry wastes, sewage, pharmaceuticals, mining, pesticides, fertilizers, dyes and radioactive wastes, contribute immensely to water pollution. This has led to the aggravation of critical health concerns as evident from the uprising trends of antimicrobial resistance, and the presence of xenobiotics and pollutant traces in humans and animals due to the process of biomagnification. Therefore, the development of reliable, affordable and sustainable technologies for the supply of fresh water is the need of the hour. Conventional wastewater treatment often involves physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove solids from the effluent, including colloids, organic matter, nutrients, and soluble pollutants (metals, organics). Synthetic biology has been explored in recent years, incorporating both biological and engineering concepts to refine existing wastewater treatment technologies. In addition to outlining the benefits and drawbacks of the current technologies, this review addresses novel wastewater treatment techniques, especially those using dedicated rational design and engineering of organisms and their constituent parts. Furthermore, the review hypothesizes designing a multi-bedded wastewater treatment plant that is highly cost-efficient, sustainable and requires easy installation and handling. The novel setup envisages removing all the major wastewater pollutants, providing water fit for household, irrigation and storage purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Naha
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla-689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Sherly Antony
- Department of Microbiology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla-689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Soumitra Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Gurucharan College, Silchar-788004, India
| | - Dhrubjyoti Sharma
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382 355 India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Devika T Biju
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Salford, England, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam-690525, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201 002, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam-691 505, Kerala, India.
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Current Challenges for Biological Treatment of Pharmaceutical-Based Contaminants with Oxidoreductase Enzymes: Immobilization Processes, Real Aqueous Matrices and Hybrid Techniques. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101489. [PMID: 36291698 PMCID: PMC9599273 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide access to pharmaceuticals and their continuous release into the environment have raised a serious global concern. Pharmaceuticals remain active even at low concentrations, therefore their occurrence in waterbodies may lead to successive deterioration of water quality with adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human health. To address this challenge, there is currently an evolving trend toward the search for effective methods to ensure efficient purification of both drinking water and wastewater. Biocatalytic transformation of pharmaceuticals using oxidoreductase enzymes, such as peroxidase and laccase, is a promising environmentally friendly solution for water treatment, where fungal species have been used as preferred producers due to their ligninolytic enzymatic systems. Enzyme-catalyzed degradation can transform micropollutants into more bioavailable or even innocuous products. Enzyme immobilization on a carrier generally increases its stability and catalytic performance, allowing its reuse, being a promising approach to ensure applicability to an industrial scale process. Moreover, coupling biocatalytic processes to other treatment technologies have been revealed to be an effective approach to achieve the complete removal of pharmaceuticals. This review updates the state-of-the-art of the application of oxidoreductases enzymes, namely laccase, to degrade pharmaceuticals from spiked water and real wastewater. Moreover, the advances concerning the techniques used for enzyme immobilization, the operation in bioreactors, the use of redox mediators, the application of hybrid techniques, as well as the discussion of transformation mechanisms and ending toxicity, are addressed.
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Bilal M, Lam SS, Iqbal HMN. Biocatalytic remediation of pharmaceutically active micropollutants for environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118582. [PMID: 34856243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of an alarming number of recalcitrant pollutants from various industrial activities presents a serious threat to environmental sustainability and ecological integrity. Bioremediation has gained immense interest around the world due to its environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature. In contrast to physical and chemical methods, the use of microbial enzymes, particularly immobilized biocatalysts, has been demonstrated as a versatile approach for the sustainable mitigation of environmental pollution. Considerable attention is now devoted to developing novel enzyme engineering approaches and state-of-the-art bioreactor design for ameliorating the overall bio-catalysis and biodegradation performance of enzymes. This review discusses the contemporary and state of the art technical and scientific progress regarding applying oxidoreductase enzyme-based biocatalytic systems to remediate a vast number of pharmaceutically active compounds from water and wastewater bodies. A comprehensive insight into enzyme immobilization, the role of mediators, bioreactors designing, and transformation products of pharmaceuticals and their associated toxicity is provided. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate enzymatic degradation mechanisms, monitor the toxicity levels of the resulting degraded metabolites and optimize the entire bio-treatment strategy for technical and economical affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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Feng S, Hao Ngo H, Guo W, Woong Chang S, Duc Nguyen D, Cheng D, Varjani S, Lei Z, Liu Y. Roles and applications of enzymes for resistant pollutants removal in wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125278. [PMID: 34015565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistant pollutants like oil, grease, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics in wastewater are difficult to be degraded by traditional activated sludge methods. These pollutants are prevalent, posing a great threat to aquatic environments and organisms since they are toxic, resistant to natural biodegradation, and create other serious problems. As a high-efficiency biocatalyst, enzymes are proposed for the treatment of these resistant pollutants. This review focused on the roles and applications of enzymes in wastewater treatment. It discusses the influence of enzyme types and their sources, enzymatic processes in resistant pollutants remediation, identification and ecotoxicity assay of enzymatic transformation products, and typically employed enzymatic wastewater treatment systems. Perspectives on the major challenges and feasible future research directions of enzyme-based wastewater treatment are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Feng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Dongle Cheng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar-382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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Morsi R, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Ashraf SS. Laccases and peroxidases: The smart, greener and futuristic biocatalytic tools to mitigate recalcitrant emerging pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136572. [PMID: 31986384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Various organic pollutants so-called emerging pollutants (EPs), including active residues from pharmaceuticals, pesticides, surfactants, hormones, and personal care products, are increasingly being detected in numerous environmental matrices including water. The persistence of these EPs can cause adverse ecological and human health effects even at very small concentrations in the range of micrograms per liter or lower, hence called micropollutants (MPs). The existence of EPs/MPs tends to be challenging to mitigate from the environment effectively. Unfortunately, most of them are not removed during the present-day treatment plants. So far, a range of treatment processes and degradation methods have been introduced and deployed against various EPs and/or MPs, such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and enzyme-based treatments coupled with membrane filtrations. To further strengthen the treatment processes and to overcome the EPs/MPs effective removal dilemma, numerous studies have revealed the applicability and notable biocatalytic potentialities of laccases and peroxidases to degrade different classes of organic pollutants. Exquisite selectivity and unique catalytic properties make these enzymes powerful biocatalytic candidates for bio-transforming an array of toxic contaminants to harmless entities. This review focuses on the use of laccases and peroxidases, such as soybean peroxidase (SBP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and chloroperoxidase (CPO) as a greener oxidation route towards efficient and effective removal or degradation of EPs/MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Morsi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL CP 64849, Mexico.
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Parra Guardado AL, Belleville MP, Rostro Alanis MDJ, Parra Saldivar R, Sanchez-Marcano J. Effect of redox mediators in pharmaceuticals degradation by laccase: A comparative study. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Enzymatic Bioremediation: Current Status, Challenges of Obtaining Process, and Applications. MICROORGANISMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7462-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Stadlmair LF, Grosse S, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Comprehensive MS-based screening and identification of pharmaceutical transformation products formed during enzymatic conversion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:339-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stadlmair LF, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Enzymes in removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: A critical review of challenges, applications and screening methods for their selection. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:649-661. [PMID: 29723723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, the removal of trace organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants is often incomplete resulting in a continuous discharge into the aqueous environment. To overcome this issue, bioremediation approaches gained significant importance in recent times, since they might have a lower carbon footprint than chemical or physical treatment methods. In this context, enzyme-based technologies represent a promising alternative since they are able to specifically target certain chemicals. For this purpose, versatile monitoring of enzymatic reactions is of great importance in order to understand underlying transformation mechanisms and estimate the suitability of various enzymes exhibiting different specificities for bioremediation purposes. This study provides a comprehensive review, summarizing research on enzymatic transformation of pharmaceuticals in water treatment applications using traditional and state-of-the-art enzyme screening approaches with a special focus on mass spectrometry (MS)-based and high-throughput tools. MS-based enzyme screening represents an approach that allows a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of enzymatic reactions and, in particular, the identification of transformation products. A critical discussion of these approaches for implementation in wastewater treatment processes is also presented. So far, there are still major gaps between laboratory- and field-scale research that need to be overcome in order to assess the viability for real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara F Stadlmair
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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Naghdi M, Taheran M, Brar SK, Kermanshahi-Pour A, Verma M, Surampalli RY. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds in water and wastewater using fungal oxidoreductase enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:190-213. [PMID: 29175684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to recalcitrance of some pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), conventional wastewater treatment is not able to remove them effectively. Therefore, their occurrence in surface water and potential environmental impact has raised serious global concern. Biological transformation of these contaminants using white-rot fungi (WRF) and their oxidoreductase enzymes has been proposed as a low cost and environmentally friendly solution for water treatment. The removal performance of PhACs by a fungal culture is dependent on several factors, such as fungal species, the secreted enzymes, molecular structure of target compounds, culture medium composition, etc. In recent 20 years, numerous researchers tried to elucidate the removal mechanisms and the effects of important operational parameters such as temperature and pH on the enzymatic treatment of PhACs. This review summarizes and analyzes the studies performed on PhACs removal from spiked pure water and real wastewaters using oxidoreductase enzymes and the data related to degradation efficiencies of the most studied compounds. The review also offers an insight into enzymes immobilization, fungal reactors, mediators, degradation mechanisms and transformation products (TPs) of PhACs. In brief, higher hydrophobicity and having electron-donating groups, such as amine and hydroxyl in molecular structure leads to more effective degradation of PhACs by fungal cultures. For recalcitrant compounds, using redox mediators, such as syringaldehyde increases the degradation efficiency, however they may cause toxicity in the effluent and deactivate the enzyme. Immobilization of enzymes on supports can enhance the performance of enzyme in terms of reusability and stability. However, the immobilization strategy should be carefully selected to reduce the cost and enable regeneration. Still, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in enzymatic degradation and the toxicity levels of TPs and also to optimize the whole treatment strategy to have economical and technical competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Naghdi
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Taheran
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-Pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, B3J 1Z1, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mausam Verma
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R Y Surampalli
- Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, P.O. Box 14354, Lenexa, KS 66285, USA
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Stadlmair LF, Letzel T, Graßmann J. Monitoring enzymatic degradation of emerging contaminants using a chip-based robotic nano-ESI-MS tool. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:27-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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