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Tang C, Liang W, Xia Z, Ye J, Liang H, Cai J, Tan J, Xie Q. Determination of polyfluoroalkyl substances in cosmetic products using dispersed liquid-liquid extraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6727-6737. [PMID: 38050740 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via cosmetics has been of increasing concern due to the tremendous detrimental health impacts of PFASs. Developing an effective method for extracting and determining PFASs in cosmetics is crucial in accurately assessing their corresponding human exposure risk. Herein, this study developed a new sample pre-treatment method to address the challenges posed by the variety and complexity of cosmetic matrices. Seventeen PFASs in cosmetic products, including 9 perfluoro carboxylic acids and 8 perfluorosulfonic acids, were simultaneously determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The whole pre-treatment process can be divided into three steps. In step 1, cosmetics with diverse matrix types can be effectively dispersed during extraction by using saturated sodium chloride-acetonitrile and saturated sodium chloride-tetrahydrofuran as extraction solvents. In step 2, the pre-purification step employs a potassium ferrocyanide-zinc acetate co-precipitant to remove high molecular weight interferents from the extraction solution, thereby enhancing the efficiency of solid-phase extraction (SPE). In step 3, WAX-SPE is utilized to further eliminate interferents from the extraction solution while concentrating the analytes, meeting the trace analysis requirements for PFASs in cosmetics. The method detection limits were 0.09-0.26 ng g-1. The recoveries ranged from 70.1% to 114.7%, with relative standard deviations in the range of 2.0-19.1%. The method was applied to cosmetic samples in the Guangzhou market, and the total concentration of PFASs ranged from 0 to 10.8 ng g-1. This method has strong anti-interference ability, good applicability, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility, making it suitable for the analysis and detection of perfluorinated acids in cosmetic samples. It provides technical support for cosmetics safety regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Tang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenyao Liang
- National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Cosmetics, Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Zemin Xia
- National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Cosmetics, Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Jinming Ye
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hebin Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjie Cai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Cosmetics, Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Qilai Xie
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Johnson GR, Brusseau ML, Carroll KC, Tick GR, Duncan CM. Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156602. [PMID: 35690215 PMCID: PMC9653090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted of published literature reporting concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater for sites distributed in 20 countries across the globe. Data for >35 PFAS were aggregated from 96 reports published from 1999 to 2021. The final data set comprises approximately 21,000 data points after removal of time-series and duplicate samples as well as non-detects. The reported concentrations range over many orders of magnitude, from ng/L to mg/L levels. Distinct differences in concentration ranges are observed between sites located within or near sources versus those that are not. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), ranging from <0.03 ng/L to ~7 mg/L, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), ranging from 0.01 ng/L to ~5 mg/L, were the two most reported PFAS. The highest PFAS concentration in groundwater is ~15 mg/L reported for the replacement-PFAS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS). Maximum reported groundwater concentrations for PFOA and PFOS were compared to concentrations reported for soils, surface waters, marine waters, and precipitation. Soil concentrations are generally significantly higher than those reported for the other media. This accrues to soil being the primary entry point for PFAS release into the environment for many sites, as well as the generally significantly greater retention capacity of soil compared to the other media. The presence of PFAS has been reported for all media in all regions tested, including areas that are far removed from specific PFAS sources. This gives rise to the existence of a "background" concentration of PFAS that must be accounted for in both regional and site-specific risk assessments. The presence of this background is a reflection of the large-scale use of PFAS, their general recalcitrance, and the action of long-range transport processes that distribute PFAS across regional and global scales. This ubiquitous distribution has the potential to significantly impact the quality and availability of water resources in many regions. In addition, the pervasive presence of PFAS in the environment engenders concerns for impacts to ecosystem and human health.
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Ganesan S, Chawengkijwanich C, Gopalakrishnan M, Janjaroen D. Detection methods for sub-nanogram level of emerging pollutants - Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113377. [PMID: 35995078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are organofluorine compounds has been manufactured for more than five decades and used in different purposes. Among persistent organic pollutants, PFAS are toxic, bioaccumulative in humans, wildlife, and global environment. As per environmental protection agency (EPA) guidelines, the perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate permissible limit was 0.07 ng/L in drinking water. When the concentration exceeds the acceptable limit, it has negative consequences for humans. In such a case, PFAS monitoring is critical, and a quick detection technique are highly needed. Health departments and regulatory agencies have interests in monitoring of PFAS presences and exposures. For the detection of PFAS, numerous highly precise and sensitive chromatographic methods are available. However, the drawbacks of analytical techniques include timely sample preparations and the lack of on-site applicability. As a result, there is an increasing demand for simple sensor systems for monitoring of PFAS in real field samples. In this review, we first describe the sample pre-treatment and analytical techniques for the detection of PFAS. Second, we broadly discussed available sensor system for the quantification of PFAS in different filed samples. Finally, future trends in PFASs sensor are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunantha Ganesan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chamorn Chawengkijwanich
- Research Network of NANOTEC - CU on Environment, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | - Mohan Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Dao Janjaroen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand.
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Zhao Z, Li J, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang J, Lin T. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater: current understandings and challenges to overcome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49513-49533. [PMID: 35593984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been frequently detected in groundwater globally. With the phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanate (PFOA) due to their risk to the ecosystem and human population, various novel PFASs have been used as replacements and detected in groundwater. In order to summarize the current understanding and knowledge gaps on PFASs in groundwater, we reviewed the studies about environmental occurrence, transport, and risk of legacy and novel PFASs in groundwater published from 1999 to 2021. Our review suggests that PFOS and PFOA could still be detected in groundwater due to the long residence time and the retention in the soil-groundwater system. Firefighting training sites, industrial parks, and landfills were commonly hotspots of PFASs in groundwater. More novel PFASs have been detected via nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Some novel PFASs had concentrations comparable to that of PFOS and PFOA. Both legacy and novel PFASs can pose a risk to human population who rely on contaminated groundwater as drinking water. Transport of PFASs to groundwater is influenced by various factors, i.e., the compound structure, the hydrochemical condition, and terrain. The exchange of PFASs between groundwater and surface water needs to be better characterized. Field monitoring, isotope tracing, nontarget screening, and modeling are useful approaches and should be integrated to get a comprehensive understanding of PFASs sources and behaviors in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jie Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Leien Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jamin Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Reclaimed Water Reuse for Groundwater Recharge: A Review of Hot Spots and Hot Moments in the Hyporheic Zone. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative resource, reclaimed water is rich in the various nutrients and organic matter that may irreparably endanger groundwater quality through the recharging process. During groundwater recharge with reclaimed water, hot spots and hot moments (HSHMs) in the hyporheic zones, located at the groundwater–reclaimed water interface, play vital roles in cycling and processing energy, carbon, and nutrients, drawing increasing concern in the fields of biogeochemistry, environmental chemistry, and pollution treatment and prevention engineering. This paper aims to review these recent advances and the current state of knowledge of HSHMs in the hyporheic zone with regard to groundwater recharge using reclaimed water, including the generation mechanisms, temporal and spatial characteristics, influencing factors, and identification indicators and methods of HSHMs in the materials cycle. Finally, the development prospects of HSHMs are discussed. It is hoped that this review will lead to a clearer understanding of the processes controlling water flow and pollutant flux, and that further management and control of HSHMs can be achieved, resulting in the development of a more accurate and safer approach to groundwater recharge with reclaimed water.
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Cao L, Xu W, Wan Z, Li G, Zhang F. Occurrence of PFASs and its effect on soil bacteria at a fire-training area using PFOS-restricted aqueous film-forming foams. iScience 2022; 25:104084. [PMID: 35372804 PMCID: PMC8971937 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire-training areas (FTAs) are an important source of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pollution. However, the effect of PFASs on soil bacterial communities remains limited. Here, we detected the PFASs in soils ranging from 3.4 to 531.7 μg kg−1 dry weight in seven plots at an FTA where PFOS-restricted aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) have been used for 6 years. PFOS was still the dominant homologue despite the restriction by Stockholm Convention, but it was almost three orders of magnitude lower than that in previous studies. PFASs played an important role in shaping the bacterial community, and high levels of PFASs (>100 μg kg−1 dw) reduced the biodiversity and connectivity of soil bacteria. The extreme condition-tolerant bacteria were identified as biomarkers at the FTA. Our study provides valuable insights into the effect of PFOS-restricted AFFFs on soil bacterial communities at the FTA. PFOS was still the dominant PFAS despite the restriction by Stockholm Convention PFASs played an important role in shaping bacterial community High level of PFASs reduced the biodiversity and connectivity of soil bacteria The extreme condition-tolerant bacteria were identified as biomarkers at the FTA
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Rodríguez-Varela M, Durán-Álvarez JC, Jiménez-Cisneros B, Zamora O, Prado B. Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in Mexico City's wastewater: A monitoring study in the sewerage and a mega wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145060. [PMID: 33609836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was validated to quantify five perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA) namely, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), in wastewater produced in a megacity. Sampling was performed on a monthly basis, obtaining samples from the undergrounded sewerage system and the main open-air canal transporting wastewater out the city. Steady levels of the sum of the target PFCA (ƩPFCA) were determined on both sites through the study: 419.4 ± 24.3 ng L-1 in undergrounded sewage and 591.1 ± 39 ng L-1 in the open-air canal. Short-chain PFCA (PFBA, PFHxA, and PFHpA) were abundant, while concentrations of PFOA and PFUnA remained lower in both sampling sites. The open-air canal was transected in four sampling points, which were sampled throughout the monitoring campaign, finding that furtive discharges of municipal and industrial wastewater increased the levels of short-chain PFCA, while those of PFOA and PFUnA were depleted. Relevant concentrations of PFBA (176.9 ± 3.3 ng L-1), PFHxA (133.4 ± 2.5 ng L-1), PFHpA (116.6 ± 3.9 ng L-1), PFOA (133.1 ± 3.5 ng L-1), and PFUnA (23.5 ± 6.5 ng L-1) were found 60 km downstream, where the wastewater transported by the open-air canal is used in irrigation. A fraction of sewage is treated in a conventional wastewater treatment plant. The concentration of short-chain PFCA increased in effluent, adding extra loads of PFBA, PFHxA, and PFHpA to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rodríguez-Varela
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan C Durán-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Blanca Jiménez-Cisneros
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Olivia Zamora
- Instituto de Geología y LANGEM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Blanca Prado
- Instituto de Geología y LANGEM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Zhu Y, Yang D, Duan X, Zhang Y, Chen D, Gong Z, Liu C. Perfluorooctane sulfonate promotes doxycycline-induced liver tumor progression in male Kras v12 transgenic zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110962. [PMID: 33675800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant that has been widely detected in the environment and has caused growing international concern. The liver is the main target organ of PFOS exposure. Animal experiments have shown that PFOS exposure can increase the risk of liver tumorigenesis. However, whether PFOS can accelerate liver tumor progression is still unclear. In this study, transgenic zebrafish Tg(fabp10:rtTA2s-M2; TRE2:EGFP-KRASG12V), a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model that can cause liver tumorigenesis by doxycycline (DOX) induction, was used to investigate the effect of PFOS exposure in HCC progression. The male krasV12 transgenic zebrafish were exposed to 20 mg/L DOX, 500 μg/L PFOS or combined 20 mg/L DOX and 500 μg/L PFOS for 10 d. The results showed that co-treated with PFOS and DOX caused oncogenic Kras-induced liver enlargement, increased the percentages of zebrafish with HCC, and aggravated metabolic reprogramming of liver. To the best of our knowledge, this study for the first proved that PFOS could promote liver tumor progression. Decreased vitamin D level and increased fatty acid intake caused by PFOS might be responsible for the tumor-promoting effects. The results suggest that attention should be paid to the tumor-promoting effects of PFOS when assessing its environmental health risks, and these findings provide new insights into the toxicity of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Dandong Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Li XQ, Hua ZL. Multiphase distribution and spatial patterns of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) associated with catchment characteristics in a plain river network. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128284. [PMID: 33297228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have emerged as global concerning contaminants because of their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicological effects. The transport and fate of PFAAs on dimension of plain river networks (PRNs) are difficult to model due to the unique regional characteristics (i.e., undirectional flows, low slope, complicated structure and connectivity) and the lack of data on PFAAs concentrations and compositions. A typical PRN (Taihu Basin, China) was selected to elucidate the spatial patterns of PFAAs in multi-matrices, including colloidal phase, soluble phase, suspended particles, and sediment. PFAAs were ubiquitously detected in plain rivers with total concentrations of 18.48-1220 ng/L in colloids, 139.07-721.37 ng/L in soluble phase, 97.69-2247 ng/g dw in suspended particles, and <72.04-178.12 ng/g dw in sediment. PFAAs were more likely to transport via dissolved phase and accumulate into sediment. Colloids carried 45.46-62.59% of ∑PFAAs in overlying water, while suspended particles contained <36.63% of ∑PFAAs, suggesting the important role of colloids in preloading PFAAs. Moreover, PFAAs variability was correlated with indicators of the structure and connectivity of river network by gray relational analysis. The mean gray relational degrees can be sorted as edge-node ratio (0.7609) > network connectivity (0.7191) > river density (0.7012) > water surface ratio (0.6887) > river development coefficient (0.6504) > functional connectivity (0.4780). These results suggested that the effects of catchment characteristics should be taken into account in understanding PFAAs fate in the PRNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
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Li F, Yang N, Yang Z, Cao W, Zhou Z, Liao X, Sun W, Yuan B. Biomimetic degradability of linear perfluorooctanesulfonate (L-PFOS): Degradation products and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127502. [PMID: 32650169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reductive degradability and decomposition pathways of linear perfluorooctanesulfonate (L-PFOS) were investigated in a biomimetic system consisting of Ti(III)-citrate and Vitamin B12. Biomimetic degradation of L-PFOS could well be described by a first-order exponential decay model. Accompanied by the release of fluoride ion, technical PFOS could not only be transformed to perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkylsulfonates (PFSAs) with perfluoroalkyl carbon chain length < C8 (thereafter referred as carbon-chain-shortened degradation products), but also be transformed to PFCAs with perfluoroalkyl carbon chain length ≥ C8 (thereafter referred as carbon-chain-lengthened degradation products). Perfluorohexanesulfonate and perfluorotetradecanoate were the most abundant carbon-chain-shortened and -lengthened degradation products of technical PFOS, respectively. Based on the various degradation products detected during biomimetic reduction of linear [1,2,3,4-13C4]-PFOS, the degradation pathways of L-PFOS were proposed as follows: L-PFOS was first reduced to C8F17• radical by cleavage of C-S bond, and then transformed to PFOA through hydrolysis. However, the carbon-chain-shortened products were not generated through the sequential chain-shortening via C8F17• radicals and/or L-PFOS, while the carbon-chain-lengthened products were not formed via C8F17• radicals by stepwise addition of CF2 moiety. In fact, C8F17• radical and/or L-PFOS were further reduced to form CnF2n+1• (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) radicals, and these radicals were chain-lengthened by stepwise addition of C4F8 moiety and eventually transformed to various degradation products via hydrolysis (PFCAs) or combination reaction with sulfonyl hydroxide (PFSAs). All carbon-chain-lengthened chemicals were first reported as the degradation products during the decomposition of L-PFOS, while carbon-chain-shortened compounds were first identified as the biomimetic reduction products of L-PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center of Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA.
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Qiao X, Jiao L, Zhang X, Li X, Hao S, Kong M, Liu Y. Contamination profiles and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:76. [PMID: 31897800 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted attention due to the potential risk they pose to ecosystems and human health. A total of 169 groundwater samples were collected from four representative regions in order to analyze PFASs concentrations in China. The total concentration of PFASs (∑PFASs) in groundwater ranged from 0.05 to 198.80 ng L-1, with an average of 3.97 ng L-1. All targeted PFASs were detected in the studied areas. The detection frequency and average concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the highest (79.29% and 1.61 ng L-1, respectively). The contamination profiles of PFASs in each study area varied due to natural geographical conditions and human activities. According to the results of the potential source identification, the point sources of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were mainly concentrated in Lanzhou, and the distribution of PFASs was slightly affected by atmospheric deposition in all the studied areas. The obtained concentrations of PFOA and PFOS may pose no threat to the residents due to water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lixin Jiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xue Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shuran Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Minghao Kong
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Sun Y, Li G, Wang W, Gu W, Wong PK, An T. Photocatalytic defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid by surface defective BiOCl: Fast microwave solvothermal synthesis and photocatalytic mechanisms. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:69-79. [PMID: 31284918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing cost-effective methods for the treatment of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) due to its global emergence and potential risks. In this study, taking surface-defective BiOCl as an example, a strategy of surface oxygen vacancy modulation was used to promote the photocatalytic defluorination efficiency of PFOA under simulated sunlight irradiation. The defective BiOCl was fabricated by a fast microwave solvothermal method, which was found to induce more surface oxygen vacancies than conventional solvothermal and precipitation methods. As a result, the as-prepared BiOCl showed significantly enhanced defluorination efficiency, which was 2.7 and 33.8 times higher than that of BiOCl fabricated by conventional solvothermal and precipitation methods, respectively. Mechanistic studies indicated that the defluorination of PFOA follows a direct hole (h+) oxidation pathway with the aid of •OH, while the oxygen vacancies not only promote charge separation but also facilitate the intimate contact between the photocatalyst surface and PFOA by coordinating with its terminal carboxylate group in a bidentate or bridging mode. This work will provide a general strategy of oxygen vacancy modulation by microwave-assisted methods for efficient photocatalytic defluorination of PFOA in the environment using sunlight as the energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenquan Gu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Can sustained exposure to PFAS trigger a genotoxic response? A comprehensive genotoxicity assessment in mice after subacute oral administration of PFOA and PFBA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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