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Singa PK, Rajamohan N, Isa MH, Azner Abidin CZ, Ibrahim AH. Remediation of carcinogenic PAHs from landfill leachate by Electro-Fenton process - Optimization and modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142248. [PMID: 38710412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PAHs is the group of emerging micro-pollutants present in most environmental matrices that has the tendency to bioaccumulate and cause carcinogenic effects to human health. The present research involved the quantification and treatment of leachate produced from secured landfill, to eliminate the PAHS. Electro-Fenton process, a class of advanced oxidation process, is adopted to degrade the PAHs using titanium electrodes as both anode and cathode. Artificial intelligence based statistical tool "Central Composite Design" a module of JMP -19 software was used to design the experiments and optimize the critical parameters involved in the research. It was observed that the value of P is significant (P < 0.05) for all the independent variables evidencing the significant correlation between experimental values and predicted values of the software. The value of R2 obtained was 0.96 and 0.97 for COD and PAHs respectively. The maximum removal efficiency of COD and PAH was found to be 84.24% and 90.78% respectively. The optimized conditions obtained from the central composite design were: pH = 5; Fe2+ = 0.1 g/L; H2O2 = 2 g/L; reaction time = 60 min; and electric intensity = 0.2 A. Additionally, optimized experimental conditions were used to study the removal efficiencies of individual 16 PAHs and are also reported. From the close proximity of experimental and predicted results of the software it can be proved that central composite design is efficient enough to be used as a statistical tool in design and analysis for treatment of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guru-Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, 585403, Karnataka, India; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Malaysia.
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, PC-311, Oman.
| | - Mohamed Hasnain Isa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
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2
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Zhang C, Peng J, Zhang S, Chen B, Qiu P. Modified activated carbon material-assisted electrochemical disinfection effectively inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38780483 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2356225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe production and widespread transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) pose an emerging threat to global public health. Electrochemical disinfection (ED) is an environmentally friendly disinfection technology widely utilized to inactivate ARB. This study explored the effect of modified activated carbon material (MACM) assisted ED on multi-ARB inactivation and the regeneration ability. The established ED technique was proven to be effective in inactivating multi-resistant ARB. Specifically, a 5-log ARB removal was achieved within 30 min treatment of MACM-assisted ED at 2.5 V. Additionally, no ARB regrowth was observed, indicating a permanent inactivation of ARB. The high level of reactive chlorine induced by MACM electrolysis was stressful to the ARB. Reactive chlorine led to overproduction of reactive oxygen species and damage of cell membranes in cells, accelerating the inactivation of ARB. Conclusively, the MACM-assisted ED method demonstrated efficient performance for ARB inactivation, implying this method is a promising alternative to traditional disinfection methods in countering ARB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingze Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxiang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Li Z, Yang D, Li S, Yang L, Yan W, Xu H. Advances on electrochemical disinfection research: Mechanisms, influencing factors and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169043. [PMID: 38070567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection, a vital barrier against pathogenic microorganisms, is crucial in halting the spread of waterborne diseases. Electrochemical methods have been extensively researched and implemented for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms from water and wastewater, primarily owing to their simplicity, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. This review succinctly outlined the core mechanisms of electrochemical disinfection (ED) and systematically examined the factors influencing its efficacy, including anode materials, system conditions, and target species. Additionally, the practical application of ED in water and wastewater treatment was comprehensively reviewed. Case studies involving various scenarios such as drinking water, hospital wastewater, black water, rainwater, and ballast water provided concrete instances of the expansive utility of ED. Finally, coupling ED with other technologies and the resulting synergies were introduced as pivotal foundations for subsequent engineering advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Duowen Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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4
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Torres-Pinto A, Velo-Gala I, Ribeirinho-Soares S, Nunes OC, Silva CG, Faria JL, Silva AMT. Novel photoelectrochemical 3D-system for water disinfection by deposition of modified carbon nitride on vitreous carbon foam. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117019. [PMID: 37652219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) is an optical semiconductor with excellent photoactivity under visible light irradiation. It has been widely applied for organic micropollutant removal from contaminated water, and less investigated for microorganisms' inactivation. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism using GCN is attributed to a series of reactions with reactive oxygen species and photogenerated holes that can be boosted by modifying its physical-chemical structure. This work reports a successful improvement of the overall photocatalytic and electrocatalytic activities of the pristine material by thermal and chemical modification by a copolymerisation synthesis method. The copolymerisation of dicyandiamide as a precursor with barbituric acid strongly reduced photoluminescence due to the enhanced charge separation thus improving the catalyst efficiency under visible light irradiation. The material with 1.6 wt% of barbituric acid showed the best photocatalytic performance and electrochemical properties. This photocatalyst was selected for immobilisation on a conductive carbon foam, which promotes a higher electrochemical active surface area and enhanced mass transfer. This three-dimensional metal-free electrode was employed for the photoelectrochemical inactivation of two different microorganisms, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis, obtaining removals below the detection limit after 30 min in simulated faecal-contaminated waters. This photoelectrochemical reactor was also applied to treat polluted river and urban waste waters, and the faecal contamination indicators were vastly reduced to values below the detection limit in 60 min in both cases, showing the wide applicability of this innovative photoelectrode for different types of polluted aqueous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Torres-Pinto
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inmaculada Velo-Gala
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Jaén University, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Sara Ribeirinho-Soares
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga C Nunes
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia G Silva
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim L Faria
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Jin Y, Chen Z, Chen X, Huang P, Chen X, Ding R, Liu J, Chen R. The drinking water disinfection performances and mechanisms of UVA-LEDs promoted by electrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129099. [PMID: 35650736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the UVA (Ultraviolet A) drinking water disinfection was promoted by electrolysis. The influences of the UVA, electrolysis current, bubbling and temperature were investigated. The disinfection mechanisms and bacterial reactivation had been studied. The results revealed that the treatment time needed to reach the DL (detection limit, about 5.4 log removal) was shortened from 180 to 80 min by the electrolysis. The total electricity consumption decreased from about 126-57.0 kJ/L. Compared with increasing the UVA irradiation, increasing the electrolysis current in a certain range was more preferred to improve the disinfection rate. Oxygen bubbling or higher temperature could enhance the E. coli inactivation. The quenching experiment and EPR (Electron paramagnetic resonance) detection confirmed that ROSs (1O2, ·O2- and ·OH) played important roles for the disinfection. Compared with the treatment with UVA alone, the cell membrane damage was more severe by the promoting method. In addition to the dramatically reduced enzyme activity, the synergistic process degraded most of the bacterial genomic DNA, and the bacteria were completely killed. Therefore, hybrid with electrolysis is a better way for the application of the UVA-LED disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China
| | - Xiongjian Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China
| | - Peiwen Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jianxi Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Riyao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China.
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6
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Akbari Jonoush Z, Rezaee A, Ghaffarinejad A. Electrocatalytic disinfection of E. coli using Ni-Fe/Fe3O4 nanocomposite cathode: Effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticle, humic acid, and nitrate. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Rathinavelu S, Divyapriya G, Joseph A, Nambi IM, Muthukrishnan AB, Jayaraman G. Inactivation behavior and intracellular changes in Escherichia coli during electro-oxidation process using Ti/Sb-SnO 2/PbO 2 anode: Elucidation of the disinfection mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112749. [PMID: 35123966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the behavior and intracellular changes in Escherichia coli (model organism) during electro-oxidation with Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 anode in a chlorine free electrochemical system. Preliminary studies were conducted to understand the effect of initial E. coli concentration and applied current density on disinfection. At an applied current density 30 mA cm-2, 7 log reduction of E. coli was achieved in 75 min. The role of reactive oxygen species' (ROS) in E.coli disinfection was evaluated, which confirmed hydroxyl (•OH) radical as the predominant ROS in electro-oxidation. Observations were carried out at cell and molecular level to understand E.coli inactivation mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed oxidative damage of the cell wall and irreversible cell death. Intracellular and extracellular protein quantification and genetic material release further confirmed cell component leakage due to cell wall rupture and degradation due to •OH radical interaction. Change in cell membrane potential suggests the colloidal nature of E. coli cells under applied current density. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid degradation study confirmed fragmentation and degradation of released genetic material. Overall, effective disinfection could be achieved by electro-oxidation, which ensures effective inactivation and prevents regrowth of E. coli. Disinfection of real wastewater was achieved in 12 min at an applied current density 30 mA cm-2. Real wastewater study further confirmed that effective disinfection is possible with a low cost electrode material such as Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2. Energy consumed during disinfection was determined to be 4.978 kWh m-3 for real wastewater disinfection at applied current density 30 mA cm-2. Cost of operation was estimated and stability of the electrode was studied to evaluate the feasibility of large scale operation. Relatively low energy and less disinfection time makes this technology suitable for field scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikaladevi Rathinavelu
- Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India; Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Govindaraj Divyapriya
- Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Angel Joseph
- Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Indumathi M Nambi
- Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India.
| | - Anantha Barathi Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Guhan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
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An J, Feng Y, Zhao Q, Wang X, Liu J, Li N. Electrosynthesis of H 2O 2 through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction by carbon based catalysts: From mechanism, catalyst design to electrode fabrication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100170. [PMID: 36158761 PMCID: PMC9488048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an efficient oxidant with multiple uses ranging from chemical synthesis to wastewater treatment. The in-situ H2O2 production via a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) will bring H2O2 beyond its current applications. The development of carbon materials offers the hope for obtaining inexpensive and high-performance alternatives to substitute noble-metal catalysts in order to provide a full and comprehensive picture of the current state of the art treatments and inspire new research in this area. Herein, the most up-to-date findings in theoretical predictions, synthetic methodologies, and experimental investigations of carbon-based catalysts are systematically summarized. Various electrode fabrication and modification methods were also introduced and compared, along with our original research on the air-breathing cathode and three-phase interface theory inside a porous electrode. In addition, our current understanding of the challenges, future directions, and suggestions on the carbon-based catalyst designs and electrode fabrication are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun An
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and Ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Fang H, Liu Y, Qiu P, Song HL, Liu T, Guo J, Zhang S. Simultaneous removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by molybdenum carbide assisted electrochemical disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128733. [PMID: 35334270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considering conventional disinfection methods are not effective in simultaneously removing ARB and ARGs, a novel electrochemical disinfection (ED) process assisted by molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) electrodes was developed in this study. The established ED process was proved to effectively inactivate multi-resistant ARB (i.e. Escherichia coli K-12 LE392 with resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline) and to degrade ARGs (including tetA and blaTEM in the form of both intracellular (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs)). Specifically, within 15 min treatment by the Mo2C-assisted ED under 2.0 V, a 5-log ARB removal was realized, without any ARB regrowth observed, indicating a permanent inactivation of ARB by the process. Moreover, degradation of the iARGs (0.4-log reduction of the blaTEM and 3.1-log reduction of the tetA) and the eARGs (4.2-log reduction of the blaTEM and 1.1-log reduction of the tetA) were achieved within 60 min, further underpinning the viability of the Mo2C-based ED. While e-, H2O2, and •O2- played leading roles in the entire process of ED, H+ and •OH contributed to bacterial inactivation in the early and late stages of ED, respectively. The reactive species induced by electrolysis posed pressure to the ARB strains, which enhanced oxidative stress response, triggered higher reactive oxygen species generation, induced membrane damage and changed cellular structure. Collectively, the Mo2C-assisted ED demonstrated in the present study represents an attractive alternative to the traditional disinfection methods in combating the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yinghan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Pengxiang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hai-Liang Song
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Lu S, Zhang G. Recent advances on inactivation of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms by (photo) electrochemical oxidation processes: Design and application strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128619. [PMID: 35359104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with other conventional water disinfection processes, (photo) electrochemical oxidation (P/ECO) processes have the characteristics of environmental friendliness, convenient installation and operation, easy control and high efficiency of inactivating waterborne pathogenic microorganisms (PMs), so that more and more research work has been focused on this topic, but there is still a huge gap between the research and practical application. Here, the research network of inactivating PMs by P/ECO processes has been comprehensively summarized, and the electrode/reactor/process design strategies based on strengthening direct and indirect oxidation, enhancing mass transfer efficiency and electron transfer efficiency, and improving the effective dose of electrogenerated oxidants are discussed. Furthermore, the factors affecting the inactivation of PMs and the issues regarding to stability and lifetime of the electrode are discussed respectively. Finally, the important research priorities and possible research challenges of P/ECO processes are put forward to make significant progress of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Guan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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An J, Feng Y, Wang N, Zhao Q, Wang X, Li N. Amplifying anti-flooding electrode to fabricate modular electro-fenton system for degradation of antiviral drug lamivudine in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128185. [PMID: 35032957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advanced oxidation based on in-situ hydrogen peroxide production using carbon air cathode is very potential for wastewater treatment. However, catalyst flooding and complex assembly patterns are the bottleneck limiting the air cathode to the long-term and large-scale application. In this work, a novel anti-flooding air-breathing cathode (ABC) was prepared by a simple rolling-spraying method with relatively low price commercial materials. The novel method changed the morphology of gas diffusion layer as well as adjusted the hydrophobicity of air side of the catalyst layer. As a result, water-air distribution management was achieved and TPI disequilibrium was prevented. Compare with traditional ABC, the H2O2 yield and current efficiency (CE) of optimized anti-flooding ABC (ABC0.9) increased by 13.5% (941 ± 10 mg·L-1·h-1 with CE of 84% at 30 mA·cm-2), the material cost and fabrication time decreased by 10.1% (2.32 ¥·dm-2, ~0.36 $·dm-2) and 40%. Amplified ABC coupled with Ti/IrO2 anodes were integrated into a modular electrode used for H2O2generation. When the current density (j) increased from 10 to 30 mA·cm-2, the energy cost increased from 0.19 to 0.43 ¥·mol-1 H2O2 (from 0.03 to 0.07 $·mol-1 H2O2). The modular electrode was utilized in a 2 L pre-pilot scale reactor for antiviral drug lamivudine degradation by electro-Fenton (EF) process. 100% of lamivudine and 78.1% of total organic carbon (TOC) were removed within 60 min at 20 mA·cm-2. The susceptible sites on the lamivudine toward hydroxyl radicals were investigated and transformation products (TP) as well as degradation pathway were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun An
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Naiyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
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12
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Chen X, Jin Y, Zhou Z, Huang P, Chen X, Ding R, Chen R. Spontaneous nutrient recovery and disinfection of aquaculture wastewater via Mg-coconut shell carbon composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128119. [PMID: 34953255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture wastewater contained large amounts of pathogenic microorganisms, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In this study, the nutrient recoveries and wastewater disinfection were simultaneously achieved using Mg-coconut shell carbon (Mg-CSC). The composites were prepared by a ball milling method. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was in-situ generated by the dissolved oxygen reduction driven by Mg corrosion on the CSC surface, which inactivated the microorganisms. Besides that, Mg corrosion provided sufficient Mg ions and appropriate pH conditions for struvite formation. The results show that 5.4-log E.coli removal was achieved under different conditions. Improving the Mg/CSC ratio and composite dosage could shorten the time required for disinfection. In addition to H2O2, singlet oxygen played a critical role. Reactive oxygen species destroyed the cellular structure and killed the bacteria. The recoveries of NH4+-Nand P under certain conditions were about 60% and 91%, respectively. An increased composite dosage could improve the recovery ratio of P. Excessive dosages were not beneficial for removing NH4+-N. The characterization result revealed that struvite crystals were the main precipitates on the CSC surface. The Mg-CSC composites also revealed satisfied nutrient recovery and disinfection performances in the real aquaculture wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjian Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yanchao Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Zijing Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Peiwen Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Riyao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China.
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13
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Budil J, Szabó O, Lišková P, Štenclová P, Izsák T, Potocký Š, Kromka A. Impact of electrolyte solution on electrochemical oxidation treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 by boron-doped diamond electrodes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:924-931. [PMID: 35239229 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the disinfection efficacy of boron-doped electrodes on Escherichia coli-contaminated water-based solutions in three different electrolytes, physiological solution (NaCl), phosphate buffer (PB), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The effect of the electrochemical oxidation treatment on the bacteria viability was studied by drop and spread plate cultivation methods, and supported by optical density measurements. We have found that bacterial suspensions in NaCl and PBS underwent a total inactivation of all viable bacteria within 10 min of the electrochemical treatment. By contrast, experiments performed in the PB showed a relatively minor decrease of viability by two orders of magnitude after two hours of the treatment, which is almost comparable with the untreated control. The enhanced bacterial inactivation was assigned to reactive chlorine species (RCS), capable of penetrating the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and killing bacteria from within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Budil
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Szabó
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lišková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Štenclová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Izsák
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štěpán Potocký
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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14
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Tuning band structure of graphitic carbon nitride for efficient degradation of sulfamethazine: Atmospheric condition and theoretical calculation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Shi Y, Ma J, Chen Y, Qian Y, Xu B, Chu W, An D. Recent progress of silver-containing photocatalysts for water disinfection under visible light irradiation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150024. [PMID: 34517318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has emerged as an environmentally friendly approach for microbial disinfection. The development of visible-light-driven (VLD) photocatalysts for water pollution remediation is imperative, considering that visible light constitutes a substantial fraction of the solar spectrum. The modification of photocatalysts by Ag/AgX (X = Cl, Br, I) deposition can be used to improve photocatalytic efficiencies. This is achieved by preventing photogenerated electron-hole pairs recombination through electron trapping mechanisms. With the introduction of silver NPs, visible light absorption can also be increased through its SPR enhancement. Silver also possesses excellent antimicrobial properties. Consequently, a novel class of Ag/AgX-containing hybrid materials has recently emerged as a promising candidate for water disinfection. This review summarizes the latest advances in the synthesis of Ag/AgX-containing photocatalysts using various synthetic methods. The microbial disinfection efficiencies of the as-prepared materials, the main reactive oxygen species and disinfection mechanisms are also reviewed in detail. Finally, some areas that need to be improved are discussed along with new insights as perspectives for future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Shi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Yunkun Qian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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16
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Fang H, Wang Q, Jiang S, Zhang C, Qiu P. Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacterium Escherichia coli by electrochemical disinfection on molybdenum carbide electrode. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132398. [PMID: 34597647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) pose a substantial threat to public health worldwide. Electrochemistry, as a low energy consumption and environmentally friendly technique, is ideal for inactivating ARB. This study explored the utility of electrochemical disinfection (ED) for inactivating ARB (Escherichia coli K-12 LE392 resistant to kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin) and the regrowth potential of the treated ARB. The results revealed that 5.12-log ARB removal was achieved within 30 min of applying molybdenum carbide as the anode and cathode material under a voltage of 2.0 V. No ARB regrowth was observed in the cathode chamber after 60 min of incubation in unselective broth, demonstrating that the process in the cathode chamber was more effective for permanent inactivation of ARB. The mechanisms underlying the ARB inactivation were verified based on intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, membrane integrity detection, and genetic damage assessment. Higher ROS production and membrane permeability were observed in the cathode and anode groups (p < 0.001) compared to the control group (0 V). In addition, the DNA was more likely to be damaged during the ED process. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ED is a promising technology for disinfecting water to prevent the spread of ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Hao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shan Jiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Pengxiang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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17
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Vasconcelos VM, Santos GOS, Eguiluz KIB, Salazar-Banda GR, de Fatima Gimenez I. Recent advances on modified reticulated vitreous carbon for water and wastewater treatment - A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131573. [PMID: 34303050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, modifications on reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) have attracted attention as a promising strategy to produce low-cost, stable, and highly active electrodes leading to significant advances in the water/wastewater treatment field compared with raw RVC. Modified RVC materials have been used as cathode, anode, and membrane. Improvements on physical and electrocatalytic properties are achieved by RVC modification via diverse strategies, including the deposition of metal oxides, the introduction of surface functional groups, and the formation of composites, which were used to remove organic contaminants and pathogens from water matrices, as summarized in this mini-review. This mini-review mainly focused on papers published from 2015 to 2020 that reported modified RVC electrodes to eliminate pollutants and pathogens from water matrices by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Likewise, news challenges and opportunities are discussed, and perspectives for the ongoing and future studies in this research field are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Géssica O S Santos
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Katlin I B Eguiluz
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Giancarlo R Salazar-Banda
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia - LEN, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Processos, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Iara de Fatima Gimenez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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18
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Lin CJ, Zhang R, Waisner SA, Nawaz T, Center L, Gent DB, Johnson JL, Holland S. Effects of process factors on the performance of electrochemical disinfection for wastewater in a continuous-flow cell reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36573-36584. [PMID: 33704635 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although electrochemical disinfection has been shown to be an effective approach to inactivate bacteria in saline water, the effects of process parameters and reactor design for its application in low-salinity water have not been well understood. In this study, factorial experiments were performed to investigate the direct and confounded effects of applied current (5-20 mA), contact time (2.5-20 min), anode surface area (185-370 cm2), and chloride concentration (50-400 mg L-1) on the disinfection efficiency in fresh water and the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater. An electrochemical disinfection reactor cell with an internal volume of 75 cm3 was designed and fabricated. Residence time distribution analysis showed that the internal mixing of the reactor is similar to that of a dispersed plug-flow reactor. All studied process parameters showed significant effect on the kill efficiency, with the applied current and contact time having the most dominant effect. Although the effect of chloride concentration, which is responsible for electrochemical production of free chlorine in water, is statistically significant, it is not as prominent as those reported for high salinity water. A synergistic effect between chloride concentration and anode surface area was identified, leading to high kill efficiency (99.9%, 3 log kill) at low current density (0.0135 mA cm-2). Response surface modeling results suggested that a scaled-up disinfection reactor can be designed using large anode surface area with long contact time for high chloride water (400 mg L-1) or high current density with short contact time for low chloride water (50 mg L-1). The power requirement of a portable system treating 37.85 m3 day-1 (10,000 gpd) of municipal wastewater was estimated to be 1.9 to 8.3 kW to achieve a 3 log kill, depending on the reactor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jen Lin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
- Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Scott A Waisner
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Tabish Nawaz
- Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Lori Center
- Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - David B Gent
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sabin Holland
- Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
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19
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Nair KM, Kumaravel V, Pillai SC. Carbonaceous cathode materials for electro-Fenton technology: Mechanism, kinetics, recent advances, opportunities and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129325. [PMID: 33385665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electro-Fenton (EF) technique has gained significant attention in recent years owing to its high efficiency and environmental compatibility for the degradation of organic pollutants and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The efficiency of an EF reaction relies primarily on the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via 2e─ oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the generation of hydroxyl radicals (●OH). This could be achieved through an efficient cathode material which operates over a wide pH range (pH 3-9). Herein, the current progresses on the advancements of carbonaceous cathode materials for EF reactions are comprehensively reviewed. The insights of various materials such as, activated carbon fibres (ACFs), carbon/graphite felt (CF/GF), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, carbon aerogels (CAs), ordered mesoporous carbon (OMCs), etc. are discussed inclusively. Transition metals and hetero atoms were used as dopants to enhance the efficiency of homogeneous and heterogeneous EF reactions. Iron-functionalized cathodes widened the working pH window (pH 1-9) and limited the energy consumption. The mechanism, reactor configuration, and kinetic models, are explained. Techno economic analysis of the EF reaction revealed that the anode and the raw materials contributed significantly to the overall cost. It is concluded that most reactions follow pseudo-first order kinetics and rotating cathodes provide the best H2O2 production efficiency in lab scale. The challenges, future prospects and commercialization of EF reaction for wastewater treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi M Nair
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland; Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Vignesh Kumaravel
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland; Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Suresh C Pillai
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland; Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland.
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20
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Rahmani AR, Nematollahi D, Poormohammadi A, Azarian G, Zamani F. Electrodisinfection of bacteria-laden in surface water using modified Ti electrode by antimony-and nickel-doped tin oxide composite. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127761. [PMID: 33296999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Providing clean and safe drinking water by point of use (POU) disinfection methods has become a critical issue, especially in crises and epidemics. In this study, antimony-and nickel-doped tin oxide electrode (Ni-Sb-SnO2) was employed as an electrode for electro-catalytic disinfection of surface water. The synthetized electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscope, linear sweep voltammetry and X-Ray diffraction techniques. The results revealed that the highest electrochemical disinfection efficiency was achieved by the Ni-Sb-SnO2 electrode under weak acidic conditions and its performance decreased with increasing pH towards alkaline environment. Based on the results, total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) were completely removed at current density of 0.67 mA cm-2. Moreover, the electrochemical disinfection of microorganisms showed that the process efficiency was directly proportional to increasing time and at 0.6 C cm-2 of charge passed, 3-log removal of the both indicators occurred after 15 min. The highest removal efficiency of TC and FC was also achieved at 8 mmol of NaCl concentration at <10 min of detention time. The results of this study depicted that the Ti/Ni-Sb-SnO2 electrode provides higher disinfection efficiency for the removal of TC and FC compared with Ti and SS/PbO2 electrodes. Moreover, the proposed system was able to completely eliminate heterotrophic, Streptococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aerogenes indicators under optimal conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed electrochemical system can be efficiency applied as a POU disinfection system for disinfection of water contaminated with microbial indicators, especially for crises and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Rahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Poormohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Fahime Zamani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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21
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Li L. Toxicity evaluation and by-products identification of triclosan ozonation and chlorination. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128223. [PMID: 33297179 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has attracted increasing concern due to its ubiquitous occurrence in aquatic environments as well as its potential adverse effects on human health. This study investigated the toxicity and transformation characteristics of triclosan ozonation and chlorination. The results showed that two hydroxylated by-products were formed via nucleophilic substitution during ozonation, while three chlorinated compounds were generated via electrophilic substitution during chlorination. The toxicity results demonstrated that the parent compound, triclosan, exhibited mild genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity. The chlorination of triclosan resulted in a 30-fold increase in anti-estrogenic activity owing to the generation of toxic polychlorinated transformation by-products. In addition, the chlorination by-products were found to be genotoxic like the parent compound. Fortunately, in contrast to chlorination, ozonation could mitigate the genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of triclosan-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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22
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Ni XY, Liu H, Wang C, Wang WL, Xu ZB, Chen Z, Wu YH, Hu HY. Comparison of carbonized and graphitized carbon fiber electrodes under flow-through electrode system (FES) for high-efficiency bacterial inactivation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115150. [PMID: 31606556 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection performance of a flow-through electrode system (FES) was systematically evaluated using different carbonized (C1, C2, and C3) and corresponding graphitized (G1, G2, and G3) carbon fiber felt (CFF) electrodes. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties were characterized to identify the differences among CFFs. Graphitized CFFs (gCFFs) can achieve complete inactivation of Escherichia coli (>6 log) at the voltage of 3 V and flux of 120-3600 L/(m2 h) for high conductivity and chemical stability, while carbonized CFFs (cCFFs) only achieved around 1 log removal with obvious carbon corrosion. For the gCFFs, G1 (>6 log removal) with higher conductivity, better graphite structure, and larger surface area (related to fiber diameter and density) presented better disinfection performance at the flow rate of 30 mL/min than G2 (∼3 log) and G3(∼1 log). Furthermore, no regrowth and reactivation of bacteria occurred during the storage under visible light illumination after FES treatment. Three parallel FESs with G1 were operated continuously for one week (24 h per day, 7 days) treating the solution with an E. coli concentration ranging from 106 to 107 CFU/mL at the applied voltage of 3 V and the flow rate of 20 mL/min. No live bacteria were detected in the effluent of any of these three FESs. In-situ sampling experiments demonstrated that the inactivation of bacteria on anode was the dominant mechanism for FES treatment, which can be attributed to the sequential adsorption, direct-oxidation and desorption process on anode, instead of indirect oxidation by generating chemical oxidants. In addition, hydroxide ion generated from cathode reaction enhanced anode adsorption and inactivation of bacteria by providing alkaline environment. Combining the analysis results of material properties and disinfection performance, the gCFF-based FES was suggested to be a low-cost, high-efficiency, and safe alternative for future water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ye Ni
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Hai Liu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zi-Bin Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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