1
|
Dong Y, Liu R, Xie L, Pan X, Sun Y, Wu L, Wang Z. Development of an automatic measurement system using atmospheric pressure photoionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and application for on-line analysis of particulate matter. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:516-530. [PMID: 38135417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
On-line chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with soft ionization technique and ultrahigh-resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHRMS) provides molecular information of organic constituents in real time. Here we describe the development and application of an automatic measurement system that incorporates PM2.5 sampling, thermal desorption, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and UHRMS analysis. Molecular formulas of detected organic compounds were deducted from the accurate (±10 ppm) molecular weights obtained at a mass resolution of 100,000, allowing the identification of small organic compounds in PM2.5. Detection efficiencies of 28 standard compounds were determined and we found a high sensitivity and selectivity towards organic amines with limits of detection below 10 pg. As a proof of principle, PM2.5 samples collected off-line in winter in the urban area of Beijing were analyzed using the Ionization Module and HRMS of the system. The automatic system was then applied to conduct on-line measurements during the summer time at a time resolution of 2 hr. The detected organic compounds comprised mainly CHON and CHN compounds below 350 m/z. Pronounced seasonal variations in elemental composition were observed with shorter carbon backbones and higher O/C ratios in summer than that in winter. This result is consistent with stronger photochemical reactions and thus a higher oxidation state of organics in summer. Diurnal variation in signal intensity of each formula provides crucial information to reveal its source and formation pathway. In summary, the automatic measurement system serves as an important tool for the on-line characterization and identification of organic species in PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ling Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Urban Environment, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Urban Environment, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng Y, Zhang A, Yang X, Xing C, Zhai J, Wang Y, Cai B, Shi S, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Fu TM, Zhu L, Shen H, Ye J, Wang C. Internal exposure potential of water-soluble organic molecules in urban PM 2.5 evaluated by non-covalent adductome of human serum albumin. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108492. [PMID: 38350258 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic molecules (WSOMs) in inhaled PM2.5 can readily translocate from the lungs into the blood circulation, facilitating their distribution to and health effects on distant organs and tissues in the human body. Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein carrier in the blood, readily binds exogenous substances to form non-covalent adducts and subsequently transports them throughout the circulatory system, thereby indicating their internal exposure. The direct internal exposure of WSOMs in PM2.5 needs to be understood. In this study, the non-covalent HSA-WSOM adductome was developed as a dosimeter to evaluate the internal exposure potential of WSOMs in urban PM2.5. The WSOM composition was acquired from non-target high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis coupled with multiple ionizations. The binding level of HSA-WSOM non-covalent adducts was obtained from surface plasma resonance. Machine learning combined WSOM composition and the binding level of HSA-WSOM non-covalent adducts to screen bindable (also internalizable) WSOMs. The concentration of WSOM ranged from 4 to 13 μg/m3 during our observation period. Of the 17,513 mass spectral features detected, 9,484 contributed to the non-covalent adductome and possessed the internal exposure potential. 102 major contributors accounted for 90.6 % of the HSA-WSOM binding level. The fraction of internalizable WSOMs in PM2.5 varied from 11.9 % to 61.3 %, averaging 26.2 %. WSOMs that have internal exposure potential were primarily lignin-like and lipid-like substances. The HSA-WSOMs non-covalent adductome represents direct internal exposure potential, which can provide crucial insights into the molecular diagnosis of PM2.5 exposure and precise assessments of PM2.5 health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Antai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chunbo Xing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Manz KE, Feerick A, Braun JM, Feng YL, Hall A, Koelmel J, Manzano C, Newton SR, Pennell KD, Place BJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Prasse C, Young JA. Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA): a review of examining the chemical exposome. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:524-536. [PMID: 37380877 PMCID: PMC10403360 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA) are powerful techniques that rely on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and computational tools to detect and identify unknown or suspected chemicals in the exposome. Fully understanding the chemical exposome requires characterization of both environmental media and human specimens. As such, we conducted a review to examine the use of different NTA and SSA methods in various exposure media and human samples, including the results and chemicals detected. The literature review was conducted by searching literature databases, such as PubMed and Web of Science, for keywords, such as "non-targeted analysis", "suspect screening analysis" and the exposure media. Sources of human exposure to environmental chemicals discussed in this review include water, air, soil/sediment, dust, and food and consumer products. The use of NTA for exposure discovery in human biospecimen is also reviewed. The chemical space that has been captured using NTA varies by media analyzed and analytical platform. In each media the chemicals that were frequently detected using NTA were: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals in water, pesticides and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediment, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air, flame retardants in dust, plasticizers in consumer products, and plasticizers, pesticides, and halogenated compounds in human samples. Some studies reviewed herein used both liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) HRMS to increase the detected chemical space (16%); however, the majority (51%) only used LC-HRMS and fewer used GC-HRMS (32%). Finally, we identify knowledge and technology gaps that must be overcome to fully assess potential chemical exposures using NTA. Understanding the chemical space is essential to identifying and prioritizing gaps in our understanding of exposure sources and prior exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT: This review examines the results and chemicals detected by analyzing exposure media and human samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry based non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Anna Feerick
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth R Newton
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Benjamin J Place
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joshua A Young
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rudziński KJ, Sarang K, Nestorowicz K, Asztemborska M, Żyfka-Zagrodzińska E, Skotak K, Szmigielski R. Winter sources of PM 2.5 pollution in Podkowa Leśna, a Central-European garden town (Mazovia, Poland). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84504-84520. [PMID: 35788483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper analyzes PM2.5 aerosol samples collected in Podkowa Leśna, a garden town in Mazovia, Central Poland, for 15 days in winter 2019. We determined the mass concentrations in the air of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM2.5 ranged from 11 to 51 μg m-3 (mean 31 μg m-3) and contained less than 32% organic carbon, 4% elemental carbon, 1% levoglucosan, and 0.12% total PAHs. The analysis based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated two sources of PM2.5 of similar strength - burning vehicle fuels and biomass burning for residential heating. Levoglucosan originated exclusively from biomass burning, while 90% of elemental carbon was from vehicle emissions. About 62% of organic carbon, 85% of benzo(a)anthracene and 55-65% of the remaining PAHs originated from biomass burning. Compared to many worldwide locations, PM2.5, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and levoglucosan in Podkowa were among the lowest. The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were the highest, while other PAHs were intermediate. However, the mass fractions of PAHs in Podkowa PM2.5 were the highest among the four locations available for comparison. That may indicate the low quality of fuel-burning processes. PAH-related inhalation cancer risk based on PAH carcinogenic potency in Podkowa appeared marginal. This work aims to induce local administrative actions to improve air quality in garden towns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof J Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kumar Sarang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klara Nestorowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Krucza str. 5/11D, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka str. 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hajeb P, Zhu L, Bossi R, Vorkamp K. Sample preparation techniques for suspect and non-target screening of emerging contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132306. [PMID: 34826946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The progress in sensitivity and resolution in mass spectrometers in recent years provides the possibility to detect a broad range of organic compounds in a single procedure. For this reason, suspect and non-target screening techniques are gaining attention since they enable the detection of hundreds of known and unknown emerging contaminants in various matrices of environmental, food and human sources. Sample preparation is a critical step before analysis as it can significantly affect selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility. The lack of generic sample preparation protocols is obvious in this fast-growing analytical field, and most studies use those of traditional targeted analysis methods. Among them, solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used to extract emerging contaminants from solid and liquid sample types, respectively. Sequential solvent extraction and a combination of different SPE sorbents can cover a broad range of chemicals in the samples. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and adsorption chromatography, including acidification, are typically used to remove matrix components such as lipids from complex matrices, but usually at the expense of compound losses. Ideally, the purification of samples intended for non-target analysis should be selective of matrix interferences. Recent studies have suggested quality assurance/quality control measures for suspect and non-target screening, based on expansion and extrapolation of target compound lists, but method validations remain challenging in the absence of analytical standards and harmonized sample preparation approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Hajeb
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
González-Gaya B, Lopez-Herguedas N, Bilbao D, Mijangos L, Iker AM, Etxebarria N, Irazola M, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. Suspect and non-target screening: the last frontier in environmental analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1876-1904. [PMID: 33913946 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) techniques are arising as new analytical strategies useful to disentangle the environmental occurrence of the thousands of exogenous chemicals present in our ecosystems. The unbiased discovery of the wide number of substances present over environmental analysis needs to find a consensus with powerful technical and computational requirements, as well as with the time-consuming unequivocal identification of discovered analytes. Within these boundaries, the potential applications of SNTS include the studies of environmental pollution in aquatic, atmospheric, solid and biological samples, the assessment of new compounds, transformation products and metabolites, contaminant prioritization, bioremediation or soil/water treatment evaluation, and retrospective data analysis, among many others. In this review, we evaluate the state of the art of SNTS techniques going over the normalized workflow from sampling and sample treatment to instrumental analysis, data processing and a brief review of the more recent applications of SNTS in environmental occurrence and exposure to xenobiotics. The main issues related to harmonization and knowledge gaps are critically evaluated and the challenges of their implementation are assessed in order to ensure a proper use of these promising techniques in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nicol E, Xu Y, Varga Z, Kinani S, Bouchonnet S, Lavielle M. SPIX: A new software package to reveal chemical reactions at trace amounts in very complex mixtures from high‐resolution mass spectra dataset. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 35:e9015. [PMID: 33283361 PMCID: PMC7900974 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rationale High‐resolution mass spectrometry based non‐targeted screening has a huge potential for applications in environmental sciences, engineering and regulation. However, it produces large datasets for which full appropriate processing is a real challenge; the development of processing software is the last building‐block to enable large‐scale use of this approach. Methods A new software application, SPIX, has been developed to extract relevant information from high‐resolution mass spectral datasets. Dealing with intrinsic sample variability and reducing operator subjectivity, it opens up opportunities and promising prospects in many areas of analytical chemistry. SPIX is freely available at: http://spix.webpopix.org. Results Two features of the software are presented in the field of environmental analysis. An example illustrates how SPIX reveals photodegradation reactions in wastewater by fitting kinetic models to significant changes in ion abundance over time. A second example shows the ability of SPIX to detect photoproducts at trace amounts in river water, through comparison of datasets from samples taken before and after irradiation. Conclusions SPIX has shown its ability to reveal relevant modifications between two series of large datasets, allowing, for instance, the study of the consequences of a given event on a complex substrate. Most of all – and it is to our knowledge the only software currently available allowing this – it can reveal and monitor any kind of reaction in all types of mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Nicol
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS – IP ParisEcole polytechniqueRoute de SaclayPalaiseau91128France
| | - Yao Xu
- Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées, CNRS – IP ParisEcole polytechniqueRoute de SaclayPalaiseau91128France
- InriaÉcole polytechnique1 Rue Honoré d'Estienne d'OrvesPalaiseau91120France
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS – IP ParisEcole polytechniqueRoute de SaclayPalaiseau91128France
| | - Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et DéveloppementElectricité de France (EDF)6 Quai de WatierChatou Cedex 0178401France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS – IP ParisEcole polytechniqueRoute de SaclayPalaiseau91128France
| | - Marc Lavielle
- Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées, CNRS – IP ParisEcole polytechniqueRoute de SaclayPalaiseau91128France
- InriaÉcole polytechnique1 Rue Honoré d'Estienne d'OrvesPalaiseau91120France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Saini A, Hao C, Harner T. Passive air sampling and nontargeted analysis for screening POP-like chemicals in the atmosphere: Opportunities and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
9
|
Jang KS, Choi M, Park M, Park MH, Kim YH, Seo J, Wang Y, Hu M, Bae MS, Park K. Assessment of PM 2.5-bound nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) during winter at urban sites in China and Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114870. [PMID: 32504978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient fine particles (PM2.5) were collected in two urban cities in China and Korea (Beijing and Gwangju, respectively) simultaneously in January 2018. Analysis of the nonpolar and semipolar organic matter (OM) using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed that compounds containing only C, H, and O (CHO) and those containing C, H, O, and N (CHON) accounted for more than 90% of the total intensity of the OM peaks. Higher proportions of CHON compounds were observed during days with abnormally high PM2.5 concentrations at both sites than on regular or non-event days. The proportion of CHON species at the Beijing site was not correlated with secondary ionic species (i.e., NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+) or gaseous components (i.e., O3, NO2, and SO2). In contrast, the proportion of CHON species at the Gwangju site was positively correlated with the concentrations of particulate nitrate and ammonium ions, assuming that ambient ammonium nitrate plays a role in the atmospheric formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) at the Gwangju site and that Gwangju is more strongly influenced by secondary aerosols than Beijing is. In particular, a significant proportion of the compounds observed at the Beijing site contained only C, H and N (CHN), while negligible amounts of CHN were detected at the Gwangju site. The CHN species in Beijing were identified as quinoline compounds and the corresponding -CH2 homologous series using complementary GC × GC-TOF MS analysis. These results suggest that NOCs and their -CH2 homologous series from primary emissions may be significant contributors to nonpolar and semipolar OM during winter in Beijing, while NOCs with high oxidation states, likely formed via ambient-phase nitrate-mediated reactions, may be the dominant OM constituents in Gwangju.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Choi
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hee Park
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Kim
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungju Seo
- Scientific Instruments Reliability Assessment Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, And Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tapparo A, Di Marco V, Badocco D, D'Aronco S, Soldà L, Pastore P, Mahon BM, Kalberer M, Giorio C. Formation of metal-organic ligand complexes affects solubility of metals in airborne particles at an urban site in the Po valley. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125025. [PMID: 31604190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metals in atmospheric aerosols play potentially an important role in human health and ocean primary productivity. However, the lack of knowledge about solubility and speciation of metal ions in the particles or after solubilisation in aqueous media (sea or surface waters, cloud or rain droplets, biological fluids) limits our understanding of the underlying physico-chemical processes. In this work, a wide range of metals, their soluble fractions, and inorganic/organic compounds contained in urban particulate matter (PM) from Padua (Italy) were determined. Metal solubility tests have been performed by dissolving the PM in water and in solutions simulating rain droplet composition. The water-soluble fractions of the metal ions and of the organic compounds having ligand properties have been subjected to a multivariate statistical procedure, in order to elucidate associations among the aqueous concentrations of these PM components in simulated rain droplets. In parallel, a multi-dimensional speciation calculation has been performed to identify the stoichiometry and the amount of metal-ligand complexes theoretically expected in aqueous solutions. Both approaches showed that the solubility and the aqueous speciation of metal ions were differently affected by the presence of inorganic and organic ligands in the PM. The solubility of Al, Cr, and Fe was strongly correlated to the concentrations of oxalic acid, as their oxalate complexes represented the expected dominant species in aqueous solutions. Oxalates of Al represented ∼98% of soluble Al, while oxalates of Cu represented 34-75% of the soluble Cu, and oxalates of Fe represented 76% of soluble Fe. The oxidation state of Fe can strongly impact the speciation picture. If Fe is present as Fe(II) rather than Fe(III), the amount of Cr and Cu complexed with diacids can increase from 75% to 94%, and from 32% to 53%, respectively. For other metals, the solubility depended on the formation of soluble aquo-complexes, hence with a scarce effect of the organic ligands. An iron-oxalate complex was also directly detected in aerosol sample extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Marco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Badocco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara D'Aronco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lidia Soldà
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Brendan M Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Q, Liggio J, Wu D, Saini A, Halappanavar S, Wentzell JJB, Harner T, Li K, Lee P, Li SM. Experimental Study of OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14398-14408. [PMID: 31756294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks and health impacts associated with particulate organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which are ubiquitous in the global atmosphere, have not been adequately assessed due to the lack of data on the reaction kinetics, products, and toxicity associated with their atmospheric transformations. Here, the importance of such transformations for OPFRs are explored by investigating the reaction kinetics, degradation chemical mechanisms, and toxicological evolution of two OPFRs (2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP)) coated on (NH4)2SO4 particles upon heterogeneous OH oxidation. The derived reaction rate constants for the heterogeneous loss of EHDP and DPhP are (1.12 ± 0.22) × 10-12 and (2.33 ± 0.14) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1, respectively. Using recently developed real-time particle chemical composition measurements, particulate products from heterogeneous photooxidation and the associated degradation mechanisms for particulate OPFRs are reported for the first time. Subsequent cytotoxicity analysis of the unreacted and oxidized OPFR particles indicated that the overall particle cytotoxicity was reduced by up to 94% with heterogeneous photooxidation, likely due to a significantly lower cytotoxicity associated with the oxidized OPFR products relative to the parent OPFRs. The present work not only provides guidance for future field sampling for the detection of transformation products of OPFRs, but also strongly supports the ongoing risk assessment of these emerging chemicals and most critically, their products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Jeremy J B Wentzell
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Kun Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aqueous Reactions of Sulfate Radical-Anions with Nitrophenols in Atmospheric Context. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols, hazardous environmental pollutants, react promptly with atmospheric oxidants such as hydroxyl or nitrate radicals. This work aimed to estimate how fast nitrophenols are removed from the atmosphere by the aqueous-phase reactions with sulfate radical-anions. The reversed-rates method was applied to determine the relative rate constants for reactions of 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol with sulfate radical-anions generated by the autoxidation of sodium sulfite catalyzed by iron(III) cations at ~298 K. The constants determined were: 9.08 × 108, 1.72 × 109, 6.60 × 108, 2.86 × 108, and 7.10 × 107 M−1 s−1, respectively. These values correlated linearly with the sums of Brown substituent coefficients and with the relative strength of the O–H bond of the respective nitrophenols. Rough estimation showed that the gas-phase reactions of 2-nitrophenol with hydroxyl or nitrate radicals dominated over the aqueous-phase reaction with sulfate radical-anions in deliquescent aerosol and haze water. In clouds, rains, and haze water, the aqueous-phase reaction of 2-nitrophenol with sulfate radical-anions dominated, provided the concentration of the radical-anions was not smaller than that of the hydroxyl or nitrate radicals. The results presented may be also interesting for designers of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of nitrophenol.
Collapse
|