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Lexén J, Gallampois C, Bernander M, Haglund P, Sebastian A, Andersson PL. Concentrations of potentially endocrine disrupting chemicals in car cabin air and dust - Effect of temperature and ventilation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174511. [PMID: 38972411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Materials in car cabins contain performance-enhancing semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). As these SVOCs are not chemically bound to the materials, they can emit from the materials at slow rates to the surrounding, causing human exposure. This study aimed at increasing the understanding on abundance of SVOCs in car cabins by studying 18 potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in car cabin air (gas phase and airborne particles) and dust. We also studied how levels of these chemicals varied by temperature inside the car cabin along with ventilation settings, relevant to human exposure. A positive correlation was observed between temperature and SVOC concentration in both the gas and the particle phase, where average gas phase levels at 80 °C were a factor of 18-16,000 higher than average levels at 25 °C, while average particle phase levels were a factor of 4.6-40,000 higher for the studied substances. This study also showed that levels were below the limit of detection for several SVOCs during realistic driving conditions, i.e., with the ventilation activated. To limit human exposure to SVOCs in car cabins, it is recommended to ventilate a warm car before entering and have the ventilation on during driving, as both temperature and ventilation have a significant impact on SVOC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lexén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Materials Engineering Centre, Volvo Car Corporation, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Bernander
- Materials Engineering Centre, Volvo Car Corporation, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Elehinafe FB, Aondoakaa EA, Akinyemi AF, Agboola O, Okedere OB. Separation processes for the treatment of industrial flue gases - Effective methods for global industrial air pollution control. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32428. [PMID: 38933980 PMCID: PMC11200353 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of flue gases has become a crucial area of interest with the increasing air emissions into the atmosphere from industries involved in combustion of fossil fuels in their operations. In essence, there is a critical need for effective methods of treatment more than ever. Treatment and separation are now a demand for the overall industrial operations to control the rate of flue gas emissions. The major culprit in this wise is power generating industry. The major associated air pollutants are carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, trace metals, volatile organic compounds, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides. However, the choice of technologies to be utilized requires more than just knowledge of the separation process, but also a good understanding of the properties of the pollutants. This review explored and evaluated the various separation processes and technologies for the treatment of industrial flue gases for the control of the associated air pollutants. It also analyzed the performance with references to cost and efficiency, the advantages and disadvantages, principles for selection, research direction, and/or potential opportunities in existing separation processes and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis B. Elehinafe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim A. Aondoakaa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Akinnike F. Akinyemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluranti Agboola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oyetunji B. Okedere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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3
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Ma L, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Zhang H. Computational Insights into Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with the Organophosphorus Flame Retardant DOPO. Molecules 2024; 29:2244. [PMID: 38792106 PMCID: PMC11124075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used as green char promoters in the formulation of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) for polymeric materials, and they could reduce the amount of usage of OPFRs and their release into the environment by forming [host:guest] inclusion complexes with them. Here, we report a systematic study on the inclusion complexes of natural CDs (α-, β-, and γ-CD) with a representative OPFR of DOPO using computational methods of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The binding modes and energetics of [host:guest] inclusion complexes were analyzed in details. α-CD was not able to form a complete inclusion complex with DOPO, and the center of mass distance [host:guest] distance amounted to 4-5 Å. β-CD and γ-CD allowed for a deep insertion of DOPO into their hydrophobic cavities, and DOPO was able to frequently change its orientation within the γ-CD cavity. The energy decomposition analysis based on the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (sobEDAw) indicated that electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion contributions favored [host:guest] complexation, while the exchange-repulsion term showed the opposite. This work provides an in-depth understanding of using CD inclusion complexes in OPFRs formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang X, Song F. The neurotoxicity of organophosphorus flame retardant tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP): Main effects and its underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123569. [PMID: 38369091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As a major alternative to the brominated flame retardants, the production and use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasing. And tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), one of the most widely used OPFRs, is now commonly found in a variety of products, such as building materials, furniture, bedding, electronic equipment, and baby products. TDCPP does not readily degrade in the water and tends to accumulate continuously in the environment. It has been detected in indoor dust, air, water, soil, and human samples. Considered as an emerging environmental pollutant, increasing studies have demonstrated its adverse effects on environmental organisms and human beings, with the nerve system identified as a sensitive target organ. This paper systematically summarized the progress of TDCPP application and its current exposure in the environment, with a focus on its neurotoxicity. In particular, we highlighted that TDCPP can be neurotoxic (including neurodevelopmentally toxic) to humans and animals, primarily through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and epigenetic regulation. Additionally, this paper provided an outlook for further studies on neurotoxicity of TDCPP, as well as offered scientific evidence and clues for rational application of TDCPP in daily life and the prevention and control of its environmental impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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Shi T, Li R, Fu J, Hou C, Gao H, Cheng G, Zhang H, Jin S, Kong L, Na G. Fate of organophosphate esters from the Northwestern Pacific to the Southern Ocean: Occurrence, distribution, and fugacity model simulation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:347-357. [PMID: 37980021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the air and seawater were investigated from the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the Southern Ocean during the 2018 Chinese 34th Antarctic Scientific Expedition. The concentration of total OPEs ranged from 164.82 to 3501.79 pg/m3 in air and from 4.54 to 70.09 ng/L in seawater. Two halogenated OPEs, tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), were generally more abundant than the non-halogenated OPEs. A level III fugacity model was developed to simulate the transfer and fate of seven OPEs in the air and seawater regions of the central Ross Sea. The model results indicate that OPEs are transferred from the air to the seawater in the central Ross Sea in summer, during which the Ross Sea acts as a final OPE sink. Dry and wet deposition dominated the processes involving OPE transfer to seawater. The OPE degradation process was also found to be more pervasive in the atmosphere than in the seawater region. These findings highlights the importance of long-range transport of OPEs and their air-seawater interface behavior in the Antarctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengda Shi
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Fu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chao Hou
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; NCS Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 10081, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guanjie Cheng
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liang Kong
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Laboratory for coastal marine eco-environment process and carbon sink of Hainan province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
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Shi S, Feng Q, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhao L, Fan Y, Hu P, Wei P, Bu Q, Cao Z. Global patterns of human exposure to flame retardants indoors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169393. [PMID: 38104845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
To fill the knowledge gaps regarding the global patterns of human exposure to flame retardants (FRs) (i.e., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs)), data on the levels and distributions of FRs in external and internal exposure mediums, including indoor dust, indoor air, skin wipe, serum and urine, were summarized and analysed. Comparatively, FR levels were relatively higher in developed regions in all mediums, and significant positive correlations between FR contamination and economic development level were observed in indoor dust and air. Over time, the concentration of BFRs showed a slightly decreasing trend in all mediums worldwide, whereas OPFRs represented an upward tendency in some regions (e.g., the USA and China). The occurrence levels of FRs and their metabolites in all external and internal media were generally correlated, implying a mutual indicative role among them. Dermal absorption generally contributed >60% of the total exposure of most FR monomers, and dust ingestion was dominant for several low volatile compounds, while inhalation was found to be negligible. The high-risk FR monomers (BDE-47, BDE-99 and TCIPP) identified by external exposure assessment showed similarity to the major FRs or metabolites observed in internal exposure mediums, suggesting the feasibility of using these methods to characterize human exposure and the contribution of indoor exposure to the human burden of FRs. This review highlights the significant importance of exposure assessment based on multiple mediums for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qian Feng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Lin Y, Lin R, Wang W, Xie M, Li Y, Zhang Q. Association between urinary organophosphate ester metabolite exposure and thyroid disease risk among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1329247. [PMID: 38405137 PMCID: PMC10884265 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1329247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate esters (OPEs) may interfere with thyroid function, but the relationship between OPEs and thyroid disease remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between OPEs exposure and thyroid disease risk in the general population in the United States. Method Data were obtained from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle. All participants were tested for seven OPE metabolites in their urine and answered questions about whether they had thyroid disease through questionnaires. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the association between exposure to individual OPE metabolites and thyroid disease. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression modeling was utilized to assess exposure to mixed OPE metabolites and risk of thyroid disease. Bayesian kernel machine regression(BKMR) models to analyze the overall mixed effect of OPE metabolites. Result A total of 2,449 participants were included in the study, 228 of whom had a history of thyroid disease. Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phos (BDCPP), Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) were the top three metabolites with the highest detection rates of 91.75%, 90.77% and 86.57%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression models, after adjustment for confounding variables, individuals with the highest tertile level of BCEP were significantly and positively associated with increased risk of thyroid disease (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.04-2.36), using the lowest tertile level as reference. In the positive WQS regression model, after correcting for confounding variables, mixed exposure to OPE metabolites was significantly positively associated with increased risk of thyroid disease (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.06), with BCEP and DPHP having high weights. In the BKMR model, the overall effect of mixed exposure to OPE metabolites was not statistically significant, but univariate exposure response trends showed that the risk of thyroid disease decreased and then increased as BCEP exposure levels increased. Conclusion The study revealed a significant association between exposure to OPE metabolites and an increased risk of thyroid disease, with BCEP emerging as the primary contributor. The risk of thyroid disease exhibits a J-shaped pattern, whereby the risk initially decreases and subsequently increases with rising levels of BCEP exposure. Additional studies are required to validate the association between OPEs and thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ruipeng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Manling Xie
- Laboratory Center, The Major Subject of Environment and Health of Fujian Key Universities, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun Li
- Food and Chemical Institute, Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Ding J, He W, Sha W, Shan G, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling of Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in mice accounting for multiple exposure routes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115976. [PMID: 38232524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure routes are important for health risk assessment of chemical risks. The application of physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models to predict concentrations in vivo can determine the effects of harmful substances and tissue accumulation on the premise of saving experimental costs. In this study, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an organophosphate ester (OPE), was used as an example to study the PBTK model of mice exposed to different exposure doses by multiple routes. Different routes of exposure (gavage and intradermal injection) can cause differences in the concentration of chemicals in the organs. TCEP that enters the body through the mouth is mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. However, the concentrations of chemicals that enter the skin into the mice are higher in skin, rest of body, and blood. In addition, TCEP was absorbed and accumulated very rapidly in mice, within half an hour after a single exposure. We have successfully established a mouse PBTK model of the TCEP accounting for multiple exposure Routes and obtained a series of kinetic parameters. The model includes blood, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, skin, and rest of body compartments. Oral and dermal exposure route was considered for PBTK model. The PBTK model established in this study has a good predictive ability. More than 70% of the predicted values deviated from the measured values by less than 5-fold. In addition, we extrapolated the model to humans. A human PBTK model is built. We performed a health risk assessment for world populations based on human PBTK model. The risk of TCEP in dust is greater through mouth than through skin. The risk of TCEP in food of Chinese population is greater than dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ding
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanyu He
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanxiao Sha
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Liu B, Ding L, Lv L, Yu Y, Dong W. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor dust: A systematic review on concentration, spatial distribution, sources, and human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140560. [PMID: 37898464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the indoor exposure of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) has received widespread attention worldwide. Using published data on 6 OPEs in 23 countries (n = 1437) and 2 NBFRs in 18 countries (n = 826) in indoor dust, this study systematically reviewed the concentrations, spatial distribution, sources and exposure risk of 8 flame retardants (FRs) worldwide. Tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP) is the predominant FR with a median concentration of 1050 ng g-1 ΣCl-OPEs are significantly higher than Σnon-Cl-OPEs (p < 0.05). ΣOPEs in indoor dust from industrially-developed countries are higher than those from the countries lacking industrial development. Household appliances, electronics and plastic products are the main sources of non-Cl-OPEs and NBFRs, while interior decorations and materials contribute abundant Cl-OPEs in indoor dust. The mean hazard index (HI) of TCIPP for children is greater than 1, possibly posing non-cancer risk for children in some countries. The median ILCRs for 3 carcinogenic OPEs are all less than 10-6, suggesting no cancer risk induced by these compounds for both adults and children. This review helps to understand the composition, spatial pattern and human exposure risk of OPEs and NBFRs in indoor dust worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lingjie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Geographical Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
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Wu L, Li X, Fan J, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Lu H, Guo C, Xu J. Distribution characteristics, source attribution, and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in indoor and outdoor dust from various microenvironments in Beijing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115713. [PMID: 37995619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and profiles of organophosphate esters (OPEs) were studied in indoor and outdoor dusts from various microenvironments, including forty-seven outdoor dusts from green belts, roads, parks and residence areas, seventy-seven indoor dusts from private cars, print shops, taxis, furniture shops, offices, dormitories, shopping malls and residences house in different districts in Beijing. The total concentrations (Σ12OPEs) were eighteen times higher in indoor dusts (7.14 ×102 to 2.24 ×104 ng/g) than in outdoor dusts (36.0-1.56 ×103 ng/g). OPEs concentrations in samples from taxi and private cars were obviously higher than other indoor microenvironments. Both indoor and outdoor microenvironments also showed different compositional profiles of OPEs, indicating that polyurethane foam/building materials and hydraulic fluids/plastics were the greatest contributions in different microenvironments, with chlorinated alkyl phosphates (Cl-OPEs) being the predominant compound in both indoor dust (52.1-86.5%) and outdoor dust samples (42.6-81.3%). The uncertainty was reduced by Monte Carlo simulation, and the pollution levels of 50th and 95th percentiles were employed to calculate the average daily dosage, which was then used to calculate hazard quotient (HQ) for assessing the health risks to adults and children. Results showed that OPEs were safe even at extremely consumed concentration percentile (95th) in all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jingpu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yangwei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Basin Research Center for Water Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Jia T, Gao L, Liu W, Guo B, He Y, Xu X, Mao T, Deng J, Li D, Tao F, Wang W. Screening of organophosphate esters in different indoor environments: Distribution, diffusion, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121576. [PMID: 37028786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
of air conditioner (AC) filter dust can reveal the level of organophosphate ester (OPE) pollution in indoor environments, but comprehensive research on this topic remains lacking. This study combined non-targeted and targeted analysis to screen and analyze 101 samples of AC filter dust, settled dust, and air obtained in 6 indoor environments. Phosphorus-containing organic compounds account for a large proportion of the organic compounds found in indoor environments, and OPEs might be the main pollutants. Using toxicity data and traditional priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for toxicity prediction of OPEs, 11 OPEs were prioritized for further quantitative analysis. The concentration of OPEs in AC filter dust was highest, followed in descending order by that in settled dust and that in air. The concentration of OPEs in AC filter dust in the residence was two to seven times greater than that in the other indoor environments. More than 56% of the OPEs in AC filter dust showed significant correlation, while those in settled dust and air were weakly correlated, suggesting that large amounts of OPEs collected over long periods could have a common source. Fugacity results showed that OPEs were transferred easily from dust to air, and that dust was the main source of OPEs. The values of both the carcinogenic risk and the hazard index were lower than the corresponding theoretical risk thresholds, indicating low risk to residents through exposure to OPEs in indoor environments. However, it is necessary to remove AC filter dust in a timely manner to prevent it becoming a pollution sink of OPEs that could be rereleased and endanger human health. This study has important implications for comprehensive understanding of the distribution, toxicity, sources, and risks of OPEs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Bobo Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Fang Tao
- China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100102, China
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12
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Huang Q, Mao X, Pan F, Hu X, He Z, Wang Y, Wan Y. Organophosphate esters in source, finished, and tap water in Wuhan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138288. [PMID: 36871801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As important plasticizers and flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have resulted in the contamination of various water bodies worldwide. However, their removal efficiency by different tap water treatment processes and seasonal variations in drinking water in China are not fully understood. In this study, source (n = 20), finished (n = 20), and tap (n = 165) water samples sourced from the Hanshui and the Yangtze River were collected in Wuhan, central China from July 2018 to April 2019 to measure selected OPE concentrations. The OPE concentrations in the source water samples ranged 10.5-113 ng/L (median: 64.6 ng/L). Most OPEs were not removed effectively by conventional tap water treatment, except for tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP). Interestingly, trimethyl phosphate content was found to increase significantly during chlorination for water sourced from the Yangtze River. The OPEs could be removed more effectively by advanced processes with ozone and activated carbon (maximum removal efficiency of specific OPE was 91.0%). Similar cumulative OPE concentrations (ΣOPEs) values were found for the finished water and tap water in February rather than in July. The ΣOPEs (ng/L) in the tap water ranged 21.2-365 (median: 45.1). TCIPP and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant OPEs in the studied water samples. Significant seasonal variations in the OPE residues in tap water were observed in this study. OPE exposure via tap water ingestion posed low health risks to human beings. This is the first study reporting the removal efficiencies of OPEs and the seasonal variations in tap water from central China. This is also the first study documenting the occurrence of cresyl diphenyl phosphate and 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis (2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate in tap water. Based on currently available data, the contamination of tap water by OPEs is in the order of Korea > eastern China > central China > New York State, the United States. Additionally, this study provides a method involving a trap column, to eliminate OPE contamination from the liquid chromatography system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Huang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Xiang Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Feng Pan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Xun Hu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
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13
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Yan Z, Feng C, Leung KMY, Luo Y, Wang J, Jin X, Wu F. Insights into the geographical distribution, bioaccumulation characteristics, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130517. [PMID: 36463749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), as flame retardants and plasticizers, have been numerously explored regarding the occurrence and ecotoxicology. Given their toxicity, persistency and bio-accumulative potential, however, they may pose negative effects on ecosystems, regarding which is a growing global concern. Accordingly, the present review systematically analyses the recent literature to (1) elucidate their worldwide distribution, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification potential, (2) determine their interim water quality criteria (i.e., effect thresholds), and (3) preliminarily assess the ecological risks for 32 OPEs in aquatic ecosystems. The results showed that the spatiotemporal distribution of OPEs was geographically specific and closely related to human activities (i.e., megacities), especially halogenated-OPEs. We also found that precipitation of airborne particulates could affect the concentrations of OPEs in soil, and there was a positive correlation between the bioaccumulation and hydrophobicity of OPEs. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate may exhibit high bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. A substantial difference was found among interim water quality criteria for OPEs, partly attributable to the variation of their available toxicity data. Tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate with the lowest predicted no-effect concentration showed the strongest toxicity of growth and reproduction. Through the application of the risk quotient and joint probability curve, TPHP and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate tended to pose moderate risks, which should receive more attention for risk management. Future research should focus on knowledge gaps in the mechanism of biomagnification, derivation of water quality criteria, and more precise assessment of ecological risks for OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jindong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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14
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Li W, Yuan Y, Wang S, Liu X. Occurrence, spatiotemporal variation, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River and its important tributaries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130153. [PMID: 36244105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) is very imperative. In this study, 12 targeted OPEs in the water and sediment samples collected from the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River (YR) and its tributaries during the dry, normal, and wet season were analyzed, to reveal their concentration, spatiotemporal variations, and ecological risks. The results indicated that the total concentration of OPEs (ΣOPE) ranged from 97.66 to 2433.30 ng/L in water, and from 47.33 to 234.08 ng/g in sediment. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were the most abundant OPEs in the surface water and sediment. The OPEs levels in river water were ranked as the order of dry > normal > wet season. The ΣOPE concentrations in water and sediment were relatively high in the central and lower sections of the YR. The resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (RDP) effectively transferred from the overlying water to the sediment. TCEP and RDP posed relatively higher ecological risk than other OPEs. Municipal and chemical industrial discharge might be sources of OPEs in the middle and lower streams of the YR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
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15
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Dou M, Wang L. A review on organophosphate esters: Physiochemical properties, applications, and toxicities as well as occurrence and human exposure in dust environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116601. [PMID: 36326529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in the world. The use of OPEs has increased rapidly due to the prohibition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. However, OPEs are mainly added to various materials by physical mixing, they are therefore easy to be released into the environment through volatilization, leaching, and abrasion during their production, use, transportation, and after disposal. Dust, as an important medium for human exposure to OPEs, has attracted extensive attention. Here, this article reviewed the current knowledge on the physiochemical properties, consumptions and applications, and ecotoxicities of OPEs, also synthesized the available data on the occurrence of 13 OPEs in outdoor and indoor dust environments around the world over the past decade. The results showed that the sum of OPEs (ΣOPEs) was the highest in outdoor dust from an e-waste disposal area in Tianjin of China (range: 1390-42700 ng/g dw; mean: 11500 ng/g dw). The highest ΣOPEs was found in Japan for home dust (range: 9300-11000000 ng/g dw; mean: 266543 ng/g dw), Sweden for office dust (range: 14000-1600000 ng/g dw; mean: 360100 ng/g dw) and daycare center dust (range: 40000-4600000 ng/g dw; mean: 1990800 ng/g dw), and Brazil for car dust (range: 108000-2050000 ng/g dw; mean: 541000 ng/g dw). The use pattern of OPEs differed in different regions and countries. The exposure and risk assessment based on the data of OPEs in home dust indicated that the average daily intakes of OPEs via dust ingestion for children and adults were lower than the corresponding reference doses; and that the current human exposure to OPEs through indoor dust ingestion were not likely to pose risks to human health. Finally, the review pointed out the gaps of current research and provided the directions for further study on OPEs in dust environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Dou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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16
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Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Kadokami K. An overview of organic contaminants in indoor dust, their health impact, geographical distribution and recent extraction/analysis methods. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:677-713. [PMID: 34170457 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
People spend a substantial proportion of their time indoors; therefore, exposure to contaminants in indoor dust is persistent and profuse. According to the findings of recent studies, contaminants such as flame retardants (FRs), organochlorines (OCs), and phthalate esters (PAEs) are more prevalent in indoor dust. The discrepancy in the geographical distribution of these chemicals indicates country-specific applications. However, many studies have revealed that chlorophosphates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate are frequently detected in indoor dust throughout the world. Although some chemicals (e.g., OCs) were banned/severely restricted decades ago, they have still been detected in indoor dust. These organic contaminants have shown clear evidence of carcinogenic, neurotoxic, immunogenic, and estrogenic activities. Recent extraction methods have shown their advantages, such as high recoveries, less solvent consumption, less extraction time and simplicity of use. The latest separation techniques such as two-dimensional gas/liquid chromatography, latest ionization techniques (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)), and modern techniques of mass spectrometry (e.g., tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), time-of-flight (TOF) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)) improve the detection limits, accuracy, reproducibility and simultaneous detection of organic contaminants. For future perspectives, it is suggested that the importance of the study of dust morphology for comprehensive risk analysis, introducing standard reference materials to strengthen the analytical methods, adopt common guidelines for comparison of research findings and the importance of dust analysis in the developing world since lack of records on the production and usage of hazardous substances. Such measures will help to evaluate the effectiveness of prevailing legislations and to set up new regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thennakoon M Sampath U Gunathilake
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Hibikino 1-1, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
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17
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Zhang L, Meng L, Wang H, Lu D, Luo X. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for comprehensive detection of organophosphate esters and their degradation products in sediment. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Ching YC, Kadokami K. Occurrence and exposure risk assessment of organic micropollutants in indoor dust from Malaysia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132340. [PMID: 34826953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is an important source of human exposure to hazardous organic micropollutants (OMPs) because humans spend about 90 % of their time in the indoor environments. This study initially analyzed the concentrations and compositions of OMPs in the dust of different indoor environments from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A total of 57 OMPs were detected and assigned to 7 chemical classes in this study. The total concentration of OMPs ranged from 5980 to 183,000 ng/g, with the median concentration of 46,400 ng/g. Personal care products, organophosphate esters, and pesticides were the dominant groups, with their median concentrations at 12,000, 10,000, and 5940 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations and compositions of influential OMPs varied in different microenvironments, suggesting different sources and usage patterns in the house. Then, the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of exposure to these substances for diverse age groups were assessed based on the median concentration. Cumulative noncarcinogenic risks of these OMPs via ingestion pathway were estimated to be negligible (1.41 × 10-4 - 1.87 × 10-3). The carcinogenic risks of these OMPs were higher than 10-6 (1.63 × 10-6 - 6.17 × 10-6) and should be noted. Theobromine accounted for more than 89 % of the cumulative cancer risk, implying that the carcinogenic risk of theobromine needs further monitoring in the future. Toddler was the most affected group for cancer risk among all the age groups, regardless of the microenvironments. These findings from this study may provide a benchmark for future efforts to ensure the safety of indoor dust for the local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
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19
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Lexén J, Bernander M, Cotgreave I, Andersson PL. Assessing exposure of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in car cabins: Current understanding and future challenges in developing a standardized methodology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106847. [PMID: 34479137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can be found in air, dust and on surfaces in car cabins, leading to exposure to humans via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. This review aims at describing current understanding concerning sampling, levels, and human exposure of SVOCs from car cabin environments. To date, several different methods are used to sample SVOCs in car cabin air and dust and there are no standard operating procedures for sampling SVOCs in cars detailed in the literature. The meta-analysis of SVOCs in car cabin air and dust shows that brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been most frequently studied, primarily focusing on concentrations in dust. In dust, detected concentrations span over three to seven orders of magnitude, with highest median concentrations for OPFRs, followed by BFRs and, thereafter, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In air, the variation is smaller, spanning over one to three orders of magnitude, with phthalates and siloxanes having the highest median concentrations, followed by OPFRs, fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and BFRs. Assessments of human exposures to SVOCs in cars have, so far, mainly focused on external exposure, most often only studying one exposure route, primarily via dust ingestion. In order to perform relevant and complete assessments of human exposure to SVOCs in cars, we suggest broadening the scope to which SVOCs should be studied, promoting more comprehensive external exposure assessments that consider exposure via all relevant exposure routes and making comparisons of external and internal exposure, in order to understand the importance of in-car exposure as a source of SVOC exposure. We also suggest a new sampling approach that includes sampling of SVOCs in both car cabin air and dust, aiming to reduce variability in data due to differences in sampling techniques and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lexén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Sustainability Centre, Volvo Cars, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Ian Cotgreave
- Bioeconomy and Health, Department Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Unit Chemical and Pharmaceutical Safety, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden
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20
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Xie J, Tao L, Chen D, Tan H, Sun F, Yang L, Yu Y, Huang Y. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) in indoor dust: Implication for tracking indoor source accumulation of organic pollutant exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106848. [PMID: 34467876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust has been used as a proxy for estimating human indoor pollutant exposure risks, yet source identification remains challenging. This study tentatively investigated whether quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) of dust, could be applied to indicate sources and their respective contributions for a major class of indoor organic pollutants organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). We observed significant correlations between OPFR concentrations and lipid content (p < 0.05) in house dusts. Using 15 signature fatty acids (FAs) in various indoor sources and the QFASA model, we found that clothing (39.1% in Australia and 36.5% in China) was the predominant contributing vector of dust OPFR followed by cooking oil and pet hair. Among these sources, clothing materials were proposed to be important vectors introducing organic pollutants to the indoor environment. Our QFASA contribution estimation analyses allowed for accurate prediction of most OPFR concentrations in clothing, validating our findings that clothing materials may serve as important carrier for OPFRs in indoor migration. This is the first study attempting to identify sources of organic pollutants using QFASA in an indoor setting and will provide important insight into the transfer of organic pollutants in indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Xie
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin Tao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fengjiang Sun
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Minister of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Yichao Huang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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21
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Ding J, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Liver-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Dust Ingestion Using a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312469. [PMID: 34886193 PMCID: PMC8657049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and harmful to organisms and human health. Dust ingestion is an important exposure route for OPEs to humans. In this study, by integrating ToxCast high-throughput in vitro assays with in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) via physiologically based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling, we assessed the hepatocyte-based health risk for humans around the world due to exposure to two typical OPEs (TPHP and TDCPP) through the dust ingestion exposure route. Results showed that the health guidance value of TPHP and TCDPP obtained in this study was lower than the value obtained through animal experiments. In addition, probabilistic risk assessment results indicate that populations worldwide are at low risk of exposure to TPHP and TDCPP through dust ingestion due to low estimated daily intakes (EDIs) which are much lower than the reference dose (RfDs) published by the US EPA, except in some regional cases. Most margin of exposure (MOE) ranges of TDCPP for children are less than 100, which indicates a moderately high risk. Researchers should be concerned about exposure to TDCPP in this area. The method proposed in this study is expected to be applied to the health risk assessment of other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.F.)
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22
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Li YW, Ma WL. Photocatalytic oxidation technology for indoor air pollutants elimination: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130667. [PMID: 34162075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As more people are spending the majority of their daily lives indoors, indoor air quality has been acknowledged as an important factor influencing human health, with increasing research attention in recent decades. Indoor air pollutants (IAPs), such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), can cause acute irritation and chronic diseases. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) technology is an efficient approach for eliminating IAPs. In this review, the development of PCO technology was explained and discussed to promote future development of PCO technology for IAP elimination. First, the health effects and the measured concentrations of typical VOCs and SVOCs in indoor environments worldwide were briefly introduced. Subsequently, the development and limitations of some typical photocatalytic reactors (including packed-bed reactors, monolithic reactors, optical fiber reactors, and microreactors) were summarized and compared. Then, the influences of operating parameters (including initial concentration of contaminants, relative humidity, space velocity, light source and intensity, catalyst support materials, and immobilization method) and the degradation pathways as well as intermediates of PCO technology were elucidated. Finally, the possible challenges and future development directions regarding PCO technology for IAP elimination were critically proposed and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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23
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Yang J, Chegen RG, Chen J, Mekonen S, Qadeer A. A review of environmental occurrence, analysis, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49507-49528. [PMID: 34378126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ban and restriction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and major brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their confirmed detrimental effects on wildlife and humans have paved the way for the wide application of organophosphate esters (OPEs). OPEs have been extensively used as alternative flame retardants, plasticizer, and antifoaming agents in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to an increase in production, usage, and discharge in the environment. We compile recent information on the production/usage and physicochemical properties of OPEs and discussed and compared the available sample treatment and analysis techniques of OPEs, including extraction, clean-up, and instrumental analysis. The occurrence of OPEs in sediment, aquatic biota, surface, and drinking water is documented. Toxicity, human exposure, and ecological risks of OPEs were summarized; toxicological data of several OPEs shows different adverse health effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Much attention was given to document evidence regarding the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPEs in aquatic organisms. Finally, identified research gaps and avenues for future studies are forwarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Ruth Gebretsadik Chegen
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, High-tech Zone District, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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24
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Sala B, Balasch A, Eljarrat E, Cardona L. First study on the presence of plastic additives in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117108. [PMID: 33866215 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) voluntarily ingest floating plastic debris and hence are chronically exposed to plastic additives, but very little is known about the levels of these compounds in their tissues. This work studied the presence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) on sea turtles collected from two different areas in the western Mediterranean, some of their prey and some floating plastic debris. OPEs were detected in all the samples analysed and ∑OPEs ranged from 12.5 to 384 ng/g wet weight (ww) in the turtles from the Catalan coasts, with a mean value of 21.6 ng/g ww, and from 6.08 to 100 ng/g ww in the turtles the Balearic Islands, with a mean value of 37.9 ng/g ww. Differences in ∑OPEs were statistically significant, but turtles from the two regions did not differ in their OPE profiles. As per turtle's prey, ∑OPEs ranged from 4.55 to 90.5 ng/g ww. Finally, marine plastic litter showed ∑OPEs concentrations between 10.9 and 868 ng/g. Although most compounds were present in both potential sources of contamination, prey and plastic debris, the OPE profiles in loggerhead turtles and these sources were different. Some OPEs, such as tris(2-isopropylphenyl) phosphate (T2IPPP), tripropyl phosphate (TPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), were detected in plastic debris and turtle muscle but not in their prey, thus suggesting that ingestion of plastic debris was their main source. Contrarily, the levels of triethyl phosphate (TEP), diphenyl cresyl phosphate (DCP), 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP) and 4-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4IPPDPP) in turtle muscle were much higher than in jellyfish, their main prey, thus indicating a biomagnification potential. Regular ingestion of plastic debris and contamination from their prey may explain why ∑OPEs in loggerhead turtles is much higher than the values reported previously for teleost fishes and marine mammals from the western Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Sala
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Balasch
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water, Environment and Food Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis Cardona
- Institute of Biodiversity Research (IRBio) and Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Pasecnaja E, Perkons I, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. Legacy and alternative brominated, chlorinated, and organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust-levels, composition profiles, and human exposure in Latvia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25493-25502. [PMID: 33462688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are additives used in consumer products to reduce flammability, even though they can easily contaminate the indoor environment. Since it is common for people in modern cities to spend up to 85% of time indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is critical for human health. In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs), and dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) were measured in household dust samples (n = 34) from Latvia, followed by human exposure assessment. Among all studied compounds, OPFRs showed the highest concentrations (1380-133,000 ng g-1). Despite the phase-out of PBDEs, they were the second most significant flame retardants in the studied dust samples (468-25,500 ng g-1) and the predominant compound was BDE-209. The concentrations of EBFRs were in the range of 120-7295 ng g-1, with the most abundant contaminant being DBDPE, which is widely used as a substitute for the deca-BDE formulation. DRCs were the least common flame retardants in the Latvian indoor environments, with concentrations ranging 22.4-192 ng g-1. Although the concentrations of specific FRs are known to vary between different countries, the levels and patterns observed in dust samples from Latvia were similar to those reported from Central Europe. Human exposure was evaluated as the estimated daily intake (EDI). The calculated exposure to most of the FRs was several orders of magnitude lower than the available reference dose (RfD) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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26
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Ma J, Yang S, Wu Y, An Y. A review on organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from China: Implications for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127633. [PMID: 32683015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the status of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust in China, published scientific studies were systematically collected and analyzed. The analysis revealed large variations among microenvironments, including offices (median: 14.59 μg/g) and e-waste workshops (median: 13.36 μg/g), with high levels of OPFRs contamination. Chlorinated organophosphate ester flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs) were the dominant OPFRs (52-75%) in most indoor dust samples; however, in e-waste workshops, aryl- and alkyl-OPFRs were the most abundant. As an alternative flame retardant to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), OPFRs concentrations have increased in recent years in indoor environments in China. Urban sources are of greatest concern: Shanghai (mean: 13.54 μg/g), Guangzhou (mean: 10.76 μg/g), and Beijing (mean: 9.37 μg/g) have high ΣOPFRs contamination levels in indoor dust. Compared to other countries, the OPFRs concentrations in indoor dust in all studied microenvironments from China (median: 8.81 μg/g) were low. The estimated daily intakes of ΣOPFRs by dust ingestion for adults and children were 2.12 and 11.06 ng/kg/body weight/day (average), respectively. Human exposure to OPFRs through the accidental intake of indoor dust does not pose a direct health risk to the Chinese population. However, indoor dust ingestion is an important route for human exposure to OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Qiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanfei An
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
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27
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Maddela NR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, a pervasive flame retardant: critical perspective on its emissions into the environment and human toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1809-1827. [PMID: 32760963 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulations and the voluntary activities of manufacturers have led to a market shift in the use of flame retardants (FRs). Accordingly, organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) have emerged as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). One of the widely used OPFRs is tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), the considerable usage of which has reached 1.0 Mt globally. High concentrations of TCEP in indoor dust (∼2.0 × 105 ng g-1), its detection in nearly all foodstuffs (max. concentration of ∼30-300 ng g-1 or ng L-1), human body burden, and toxicological properties as revealed by meta-analysis make TCEP hard to distinguish from traditional FRs, and this situation requires researchers to rethink whether or not TCEP is an appropriate choice as a new FR. However, there are many unresolved issues, which may impede global health agencies in framing stringent regulations and manufacturers considering the meticulous use of TCEP. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to highlight the factors that influence TCEP emissions from its sources, its bioaccessibility, threat of trophic transfer, and toxicogenomics in order to provide better insight into its emergence as an FR. Finally, remediation strategies for dealing with TCEP emissions, and future research directions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador and Facultad la Ciencias la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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28
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Na G, Hou C, Li R, Shi Y, Gao H, Jin S, Gao Y, Jiao L, Cai Y. Occurrence, distribution, air-seawater exchange and atmospheric deposition of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from the Northwestern Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111243. [PMID: 32469743 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air and seawater were investigated from the Northwestern Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. The concentration of Σ11OPEs in air and seawater ranged from 231.56 to 1884.25 pg/m3 and from 8.47 to 143.45 ng/L, respectively. Halogenated OPEs dominated in both two media. The slight decreasing trend was observed for OPEs in gaseous air, no obvious trend for particle-bound OPEs and in seawater. The net air-seawater exchange flux ranged from -792.68 to 590.29 pg/m2/day. The dry deposition flux ranged from 16.4 to 185 ng/m2/day with high value observed at the Bering Strait (64.70 ng/m2/day). The relationship between temperature and OPEs particle-bound fractions suggests that temperature might be a driving factor of OPEs long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). This research highlighted that OPEs are subject to LRAT from the Asian continent to the northwestern Pacific and Arctic Oceans and demonstrated the "sink" in polar regions of OPEs atmospheric transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- College of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Chao Hou
- College of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yunze Gao
- College of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Third Institute Of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, P.R.C, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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29
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Luo Q, Wu Z, Gu L. Distribution Pattern of Organophosphate Esters in Particle-Size Fractions of Urban Topsoils Under Different Land-Use Types and Its Relationship to Organic Carbon Content. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:208-218. [PMID: 32556397 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution pattern of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in particle-size fractions of urban topsoils under different land-use types and its relationship to organic carbon content was investigated. Total OPEs concentrations in different particle-size fractions ranged from 17.07 to 221.77 ng/g. The distribution pattern of total OPEs concentrations and individual OPE concentration in different particle-size fractions were irregular and varied with the land-use type. The mass of OPEs is concentrated in small particles, large particles, or evenly distributed in each particle. This distribution pattern mainly depends on the mass distribution of each fraction to the soil. Tri-iso-butyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, and triphenylphosphine oxide have a relatively higher concentration in most samples, and the concentration of tripropyl phosphate was the lowest in all samples. The correlations between total OPEs concentrations versus total organic carbon (TOC), black carbon (BC), and other carbon (OC) is weak. Their linear regression correlation coefficients were 0.0495, 0.0823, and 0.0097, respectively. The correlation between individual OPE concentrations versus TOC, BC, and OC also are weak. Except for triethyl phosphate, tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, the linear regression correlation coefficients of other OPEs are all less than 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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30
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Samare M, Samareh AN, Safari S, Zaree R, Moghadam D, Azhdarpoor A, Badeenezhad A, Rostami S. A survey of the secondary exposure to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides and the impact of preventive factors in female villagers. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124887. [PMID: 31563724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are two main types of pesticides that are widely used worldwide, and their toxicities have been reported in high-risk individuals, such as farmers and their wives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of mentioned pesticides in farmers' wives (FWs) and compare them with the control group; we also aimed to assess the effect of personal health factors on the biochemical parameters. This case-control study was conducted on two FWs and control groups, consisting of 124 and 62 individuals, respectively. Serum levels of OCPs were measured using gas chromatography (GC) method. In addition, the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in all participants. Additionally, the observance of personal health guidelines was assessed. Serum levels of OCPs in the FWs group were significantly higher than the controls. In addition, AChE activity in FWs was significantly lower than the controls. Moreover, it was found that higher levels of education lead to a better observation of most individual health guidelines, which results in reducing the biological adverse effects of pesticides. The results of this study indicated that the use of OCPs, as an illegal pesticide with known toxic and carcinogenic effects, has spread to southern Iran, which may have biological toxic effects. Also, observing the personal health points significantly reduced these complications and it is, therefore, recommended that more attention should be paid to this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samare
- Department of Biochemistry, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali N Samareh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Soolmaz Safari
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Marvdasht Martyr Motahari Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Zaree
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Delaram Moghadam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Badeenezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Saeid Rostami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
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31
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Brits M, Brandsma SH, Rohwer ER, De Vos J, Weiss JM, de Boer J. Brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in South African indoor dust and cat hair. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:120-129. [PMID: 31302398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs), such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), are diverse groups of compounds used in various products related to the indoor environment. In this study concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two alternative BFRs and ten OPFRs were determined in indoor dust (n = 20) and pet cat hair (n = 11) from South Africa. The OPFRs were the major FRs, contributing to more than 97% of the total FR concentration. The median Ʃ10OPFRs concentrations were 44,800 ng/g in freshly collected dust (F-dust), 19,800 ng/g in the dust collected from vacuum cleaner bags (V-dust), and 865 ng/g in cat hair (C-hair). Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the dominant OPFR in the dust samples with median concentrations of 7,010 ng/g in F-dust and 3,590 ng/g in V-dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the dominant OPFR in C-hair, with a median concentration of 387 ng/g. The concentrations of Ʃ8PBDEs were higher in F-dust than in V-dust. BDE209 was the dominant BFR in all three matrices. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) showed notable contributions to the BFR profile in cat hair. A worst-case dust exposure estimation was performed for all analytes. The estimated TCIPP daily intake through dust ingestion was up to 1,240 ng/kg bw for toddlers. The results indicate that OPFRs are ubiquitous in South African indoor environment. Indoor dust is a major source of human exposure to environmental contaminants. This can for example occur through hand-to-mouth contact of toddlers, and is an important route of exposure to currently used FRs accumulated on dust particles. The presence of FRs, in particular high concentrations of OPFRs, suggests that children and indoor pet cats may have greater exposure to FRs than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brits
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa.
| | - Sicco H Brandsma
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jayne De Vos
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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