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Dong S, Zhang S, Suo D, Wu X, Han X, Liang M, Cao J, Zou Y, Pei X, Wang P. Cattle hair as a bioindicator for short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin monitoring on cattle farms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134759. [PMID: 38823100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) are hazardous industrial chemicals that tend to bioaccumulate in animal-derived foodstuffs through the food supply chain. However, the lack of reliable noninvasive bioindicators hinders the monitoring of farm animal exposure to CPs. In this study, 169 cattle hair samples were collected from beef cattle farms in six Chinese provinces, with further beef, feed, and soil samples being collected in Hebei province. Geographical differences in CP concentrations were observed in the hair samples, and CP concentrations in samples collected from Hebei province decreased in the following order: hair > feed > beef > soil. C10-11Cl6-7 and C14Cl7-8 were the predominant SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively, in all the hair, beef, feed, and soil samples. CP concentrations in hair samples significantly correlated with those in beef, feed, and soil samples, indicating that hair can be used as a bioindicator of cattle exposure to CPs. The possible health risks associated with exposure to CPs through beef consumption, especially for children and high-volume beef consumers, should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingyi Wu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Huhehaote 010100, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Shandong Center for Quality Control of Feed and Veterinary Drug, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyan Pei
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Huhehaote 010100, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR, Baqar M, Qadir A. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins in water and sediments of river Ravi, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171964. [PMID: 38537810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chain chlorinated paraffins being the emerging organic pollutants have raised serious concerns due to their widespread use and related human health risks. However, their occurrence in aquatic bodies like rivers and associated damage to ecological integrity is yet unknown in some regions of the world. The current study is the first ever assessment of SCCPs and MCCPs in sediment and water of river Ravi, Pakistan. Spatial occurrence and associated ecological risks were investigated from sediments (n = 16) and composite water samples (n = 8) collected at eight locations along the stretch of river Ravi. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs varied from below limit of detection (
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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3
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Dong S, Zhang S, Wu X, Cao J, Yan M, Zou Y, Yan H, Tang J, Suo D, Wang P. A preliminary study on short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in duck farms: Concentrations, distribution, and dietary exposure risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118109. [PMID: 38185221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in poultry feed and the farm environment might bioaccumulate in poultry eggs. Unlike chickens, which are mostly raised in cages, ducks are commonly raised free range. This would expose ducks to CPs in the environment. However, information on the presence of CPs on duck farms is scarce. In the present study, samples of duck eggs, duck feathers, poultry feed, and soil were collected from 25 duck farms in South China. Forty-eight congener groups of short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) were detected in the samples. Interestingly, relatively high concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in the duck feathers. The median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in the duck eggs, feathers, feed and soil were: 46 and 18 ng/g wet weight, 2460 and 992 ng/g, 103 and 47 ng/g, and 24 and 10 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The dominant groups of SCCPs and MCCPs were C10Cl6-7 and C14Cl7-8, respectively. The close relationship between duck feathers and poultry feed indicated that the duck feathers might act as a bioindicator for the exposure of ducks to CPs. The margin of exposure approach was used to assess the health risk, with the results showing that the consumption of duck eggs posed a low risk to different age groups from exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingyi Wu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Feed Monitoring Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Han Yan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Feed Monitoring Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Feed Monitoring Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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4
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR. Exposure and human health risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in indoor and outdoor dust from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140687. [PMID: 37952823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in commercial products due to their stability and durability and are subsequently released in the environment posing serious health risks in human population. In this study, dust samples from indoor and outdoor settings of residential, commercial and industrial zones as well as from vehicles were collected from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 83 dust samples were analyzed for short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chained CPs through quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI QToF-MS) mode. The median concentrations of ƩCPs (C10-17) in outdoor dust were higher than indoor dust in industries (0.97 vs 0.48 μg/g), and residential areas (0.70 vs 0.13 μg/g) while lower in commercial areas (0.28 vs 0.44 μg/g) reflecting their higher prevalence in industrial and residential zones. The vehicular dust had median ƩCPs of 0.16 μg/g which was similar to residential indoor dust. Overall, ƩSCCPs were dominant among all zones with C10,12 and Cl7-8 as abundant carbon and chlorine congeners in both indoor and outdoor dusts. No significant correlations were observed between indoor and outdoor dust for ƩSCCPs and ƩMCCPs indicating their varying exposure. Health hazard index and margin of exposure revealed that toddlers were at higher risk compared to adults as a results of CPs exposure from both indoor and outdoor environments. This is the first ever assessment of CPs in Pakistan reflecting higher prevalence of SCCPs than MCCPs in dust of local environment posing some serious health consequences hence needed intensive investigation and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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He C, Thai PK, Bertrand L, Jayarathne A, van Mourik L, Phuc DH, Banks A, Mueller JF, Wang XF. Calibration and Application of PUF Disk Passive Air Samplers To Assess Chlorinated Paraffins in Ambient Air in Australia, China, and Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21061-21070. [PMID: 37939218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples were collected in Brisbane (Australia), Dalian (China), and Hanoi (Vietnam) during Mar 2013-Feb 2018 using polyurethane foam based passive air samplers. A sampling rate calibration experiment was conducted for chlorinated paraffins (CPs, i.e., short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain CPs), where the sampling rates were 4.5 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 0.3, and 4.8 ± 2.1 m3 day-1 for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The atmospheric concentration of CPs was then calculated and the medians of ∑CPs were 0.079, 1.0, and 0.89 ng m-3 in Brisbane, Dalian, and Hanoi, respectively. The concentration of CPs in Brisbane's air remained at low levels, with no significant differences observed between the city background site and the city center site, indicating limited usage and production of CPs in this city. The highest concentration of MCCPs was detected in Dalian, while the highest concentration of SCCPs was detected in Hanoi. A decrease of SCCP concentration and an increase of MCCPs' were found in Brisbane's air from 2016 to 2018, while increasing trends for both SCCPs and MCCPs were observed in Dalian. These results indicated impacts from different sources of CPs in the investigated cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lidwina Bertrand
- CIBICI- CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayomi Jayarathne
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dam Hoang Phuc
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10999, Viet Nam
| | - Andrew Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
- Racing Science Centre, Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, 4010 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Fisher Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
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McGrath TJ, Poma G, Hutinet S, Fujii Y, Dodson RE, Johnson-Restrepo B, Muenhor D, Dervilly G, Cariou R, Covaci A. An international investigation of chlorinated paraffin concentrations and homologue distributions in indoor dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121994. [PMID: 37302785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, very short-, short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively) were measured in 40 indoor dust samples from four countries including Japan (n = 10), Australia (n = 10), Colombia (n = 10) and Thailand (n = 10). Homologues of the chemical formula CxH(2x+2-y)Cly ranging C6-36 and Cl3-30 were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap-HRMS) and integrated using novel custom-built CP-Seeker software. CPs were detected in all dust samples with MCCPs the dominant homologue group in all countries. Overall median ∑SCCP, ∑MCCP and ∑LCCP (C18-20) concentrations determined in dust samples were 30 μg/g (range; 4.0-290 μg/g), 65 μg/g (range; 6.9-540 μg/g) and 8.6 μg/g (range; <1.0-230 μg/g), respectively. Of the quantified CP classes, overall concentrations were generally highest in the samples from Thailand and Colombia, followed by Australia and Japan. vSCCPs with C≤9 were detected in dust from each country with an overall frequency of 48%, while LCCPs (C21-36) were present in 100% of samples. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) calculated for SCCPs and MCCPs relating to ingestion of contaminated indoor dust were considered not to represent health risks based on currently available toxicological data using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. To the authors' knowledge, this study provides the first data on CPs in indoor dust from Japan, Colombia and Thailand, and is among the first reports of vSCCPs in indoor dust, globally. These findings indicate that further toxicological data and the availability of appropriate analytical standards are needed to evaluate the potential for negative health outcomes deriving from exposure to vSCCPs and LCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Yukiko Fujii
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | | | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Dudsadee Muenhor
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Health Impact Assessment Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Li Q, Cheng L, Jin X, Liu L, Shangguan J, Chang S, Sun R, Shang Y, Lv Q, Li J, Zhang G. Chlorinated paraffins in multimedia during residential interior finishing: Occurrences, behavior, and health risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108072. [PMID: 37406371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Though with bioaccumulation and toxicity, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are still high produced and widely utilized in various daily necessities for extender plasticization and flame retardation. CPs can be released during the reprocessing processes of finishing materials and distributed in multi-environmental media. Herein, concentrations and compositions of CPs in four representative media including interior finishing materials, PM10, total suspended particulate (TSP), and dust samples collected from eight interior finishing stages were studied. Unexpectedly, CP concentrations in ceramic tiles was found to be high with a mean value of 7.02 × 103 μg g-1, which could be attributed to the presence of CPs in the protective wax coated on ceramic tiles surfaces. Furthermore, the pollution characteristics of short-chain and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) in those samples were inconsistent. According to the investigation regarding Kdust-TSP and [Formula: see text] , the occurrence and distribution of CPs in indoor atmospheric particles (PM10 and TSP) and dust were highly affected by reprocessing processes (cutting, hot melting, etc.) compared to that in the finishing materials. Moreover, dermal contact was the primary pathway of CP exposure for the occupational population (interior construction workers) for most interior finishing stages, and the interior finishing process is the prime CP exposure period for the occupational groups. As suggested by our assessment, though hardly posing an immediate health risk, CPs exposure still presents unneglected adverse health effects, which calls for adequate personal protections during interior finishing, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinjie Jin
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingfang Shangguan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Shixiang Chang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ruoxi Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yihan Shang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang J, Liao H, Chen Y, Li X, Chen R, Han S, Liu S, Yin S. Concentrations and homologue patterns of SCCPs and MCCPs in the serum of the general population of adults in Hangzhou, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139131. [PMID: 37285971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and humans, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a major environmental and public health concern. CPs are known to persist, bioaccumulate and potentially threaten human health, but reports on their internal exposure in the adult general population are still scarce. In this study, serum samples collected from adults living in Hangzhou, China, were quantified for SCCPs and MCCPs using GC-NCI-MS methods. A total of 150 samples were collected and subjected to analysis. ∑SCCPs were detected in 98% of the samples with a median concentration of 721 ng/g lw. MCCPs were found in all serum samples with a median concentration of 2210 ng/g lw, indicating that MCCPs were the dominant homologous group. For SCCPs and MCCPs, ∑C10 and ∑C14 were found to be the dominant carbon chain length homologues. Our results showed that age, BMI and lifestyle were not found to be significantly associated with internal exposure to CPs for the samples in this study. Based on PCA analysis, an age-specific distribution of CP homologues was observed. This suggests that internal exposure to CPs in the general population is related to exposure scenarios and history. The results of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the internal exposure to CPs in the general population and may provide a direction for the investigation of the source of exposure to CPs in the environment and daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Hanyu Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Division of Health Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shufen Han
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China; Toxicological Centre, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
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9
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Choo G, Ekpe OD, Kim DH, Oh JE. Human exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins and organophosphate flame retardants in relation to paired multiple sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162681. [PMID: 36889397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels and distributions of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 10-88 aged human serum/hair and their paired multiple exposure sources, including one-day composite food, drinking water, and house dust. The average concentration of SCCPs and OPFRs were respectively 6313 and 176 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in serum, 1008 and 108 ng/g dry weight (dw) in hair, 1131 and 27.2 ng/g dw in food, not detected and 45.1 ng/L in drinking water, and 2405 and 864 ng/g in house dust. The levels of SCCPs in serum of adults were significantly higher than those of juvenile (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05), whereas gender showed no statistically significant difference in SCCPs and OPFRs levels. In addition, there were significant relationships of OPFR concentrations between serum and drinking water as well as hair and food using the multiple linear regression analysis, whereas no correlation was observed for SCCPs. Based on the estimated daily intake, the major exposure pathway for SCCPs was food, while for OPFRs, it was food and drinking water with three order magnitude safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Wang XT, Wang CL, Zhou Y, Ren GF, Fu R, An J. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in urban road dust of Shanghai, China: concentrations, source apportionment and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3789-3804. [PMID: 36580188 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants that have been found in various environmental media. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations, spatial distribution, possible sources and potential health risk of SCCPs and MCCPs in urban road dust collected from Shanghai, China. The concentrations ranged from 9.74 to 11,400 ng g-1 for ΣSCCPs, 44.1 to 49,900 ng g-1 for ΣMCCPs and 53.9 to 61,400 ng g-1 for total CPs, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant component in all road dust, averagely accounting for 82.8% of total CPs. The concentrations of CPs in dust collected from traffic and commercial areas were significantly higher than those from campus, industrial, park and residential areas (p < 0.01), which could be attributed to tire wear in heavy traffic. All dust samples were divided into two groups by hierarchical cluster analysis for both SCCPs and MCCPs, and the most abundant homologue groups in most samples were C10Cl7-10 and C13Cl7-9 for SCCPs, and C14Cl7-9 and C15Cl8-9 for MCCPs. Correlation analysis showed that all carbon homologues in road dusts were highly correlated each other, suggesting SCCPs and MCCPs in dust maybe came from similar sources. Three sources for CPs in dust samples were apportioned by the PMF model; their relative contributions to the total CPs burden in dust were 25.6% for factor 1 (commercial CP mixture), 13.7% for factor 2 (long-distance transport) and 60.7% for factor 3 (commercial CP mixture). The median estimated daily intakes of total CPs via road dust were 1.78 × 10-5 for children and 3.0 × 10-6 mg kg-1 day-1 for adults, respectively. Quantitative risk assessment using non-cancer hazard index and total margin of exposure of total CPs indicated that total CPs at the present level in road dust pose no significant risk for both children and adults in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guo-Fa Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rui Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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11
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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12
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Yin S, McGrath TJ, Cseresznye A, Bombeke J, Poma G, Covaci A. Assessment of silicone wristbands for monitoring personal exposure to chlorinated paraffins (C 8-36): A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115526. [PMID: 36813067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a major environmental concern due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. Since human exposure to CPs can significantly differ among individuals, it is essential to have an effective tool for monitoring personal exposure to CPs. In this pilot study, silicone wristbands (SWBs) were employed as a personal passive sampler to measure time-weighted average exposure to CPs. Twelve participants were asked to wear a pre-cleaned wristband for a week during the summer of 2022, and three field samplers (FSs) in different micro-environments were also deployed. The samples were then analyzed for CP homologs by LC-Q-TOFMS. In worn SWBs, the median concentrations of quantifiable CP classes were 19 ng/g wb, 110 ng/g wb, and 13 ng/g wb for ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs, and ∑LCCPs (C18-20), respectively. For the first time, lipid content is reported in worn SWBs, which could be a potential impact factor in the kinetics of the accumulation process for CPs. Results showed that micro-environments were key contributors to dermal exposure to CPs, while a few outliers suggested other sources of exposure. CP exposure via dermal contact showed an increased contribution and thus poses a nonnegligible potential risk to humans in daily life. Results presented here provide proof of concept of the use of SWBs as a cheap and non-invasive personal sampler in exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yin
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adam Cseresznye
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jasper Bombeke
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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13
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Huang J, Zhao L, Shi Y, Zeng X, Sun W, Zhao X, Liu R, Wu Q, Dong G, Chen D, Liu X. Characterization of short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in ambient PM 2.5 from the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 175:107932. [PMID: 37116426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental occurrence of long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is still scarce. In the present study, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and LCCPs were simultaneously quantified and profiled in PM2.5 samples collected from 96 primary or secondary schools in the Pearl River Delta of South China. SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs were detected in higher than 90% samples with concentrations in the range of 0.832-109, 1.02-110, and 0.173-17.4 ng/m3, respectively. The dominant congener groups of SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs were C13Cl6-8, C14Cl7-8, and C18Cl7-9, respectively. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were higher in summer than in winter, while an opposite seasonal trend was observed for LCCPs. Principal components analysis showed there were seasonal variations in the congener group patterns with C13Cl6-7 and C14Cl7 more abundant in summer than in winter. Concentrations of CPs also exhibited slight spatial variations. Exposure risk assessment based on different age groups suggested exposure to PM2.5-associated CPs would not pose significant health risk. The present study expands the existing knowledge of CPs contamination in atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- SCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China
| | | | - Ruqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qizhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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14
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Weng J, Yu H, Zhang H, Gao L, Qiao L, Ai Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu M, Zhao B, Zheng M. Health Risks Posed by Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to High Concentrations of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Soft Poly(vinyl chloride) Curtains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5580-5591. [PMID: 36976867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used in many products, including soft poly(vinyl chloride) curtains, which are used in many indoor environments. Health hazards posed by CPs in curtains are poorly understood. Here, chamber tests and an indoor fugacity model were used to predict CP emissions from soft poly(vinyl chloride) curtains, and dermal uptake through direct contact was assessed using surface wipes. Short-chain and medium-chain CPs accounted for 30% by weight of the curtains. Evaporation drives CP migration, like for other semivolatile organic plasticizers, at room temperature. The CP emission rate to air was 7.09 ng/(cm2 h), and the estimated short-chain and medium-chain CP concentrations were 583 and 95.3 ng/m3 in indoor air 21.2 and 172 μg/g in dust, respectively. Curtains could be important indoor sources of CPs to dust and air. The calculated total daily CP intakes from air and dust were 165 ng/(kg day) for an adult and 514 ng/(kg day) for a toddler, and an assessment of dermal intake through direct contact indicated that touching just once could increase intake by 274 μg. The results indicated that curtains, which are common in houses, could pose considerable health risks through inhalation of and dermal contact with CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Weng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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15
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Wu Y, Gao S, Zeng X, Liang Y, Liu Z, He L, Yuan J, Yu Z. Levels and diverse composition profiles of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust: possible sources and potential human health related concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01524-9. [PMID: 36881246 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a group of mixtures with different carbon chain lengths and chlorine contents, are widely used as plasticizers and flame retardants in various indoor materials. CPs could be released from CP-containing materials into the ambient environment and then enter the human body via inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal absorption, resulting in potential effects on human health. In this study, we collected residential indoor dust in Wuhan, the largest city in central China, and focused on the co-occurrence and composition profiles of CPs as well as the resultant human risk via dust ingestion and dermal absorption. The results indicated that CPs with C9-40 were ubiquity in indoor dust with medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C14-17) as the main components (6.70-495 μg g-1), followed by short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C10-13) (4.23-304 μg g-1) and long-chain (LCCPs, C≥18) CPs (3.68-331 μg g-1). Low levels (not detected-0.469 μg g-1) of very short-chain CPs (vSCCPs, C9) were also found in partial indoor dust. The dominant homolog groups were C9 and Cl6-7 groups for vSCCPs, C13 and Cl6-8 groups for SCCPs, C14 and Cl6-8 groups for MCCPs, and C18 and Cl8-9 groups for LCCPs. Based on the measured concentrations, vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs posed limited human health risks to local residents via dust ingestion and dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Lixiong He
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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16
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Lu R, Xia D, Ma X, Zhao S, Liu Y, Sun Y. Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from a multistory residential building in Beijing, China: Vertical distribution and potential health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160642. [PMID: 36470386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a preliminary investigation of the vertical distribution and potential health risks of short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in indoor dust from a multistory residential building in Beijing, China. Forty-eight SCCP and MCCP congener groups in dust from different floors of the multistory residential building were determined by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The concentration ranges for SCCPs and MCCPs in the dust samples were 0.0239-207 μg/g and 0.135-2903 μg/g, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant group, on average accounting for 76.8 % of ∑CPs. Generally, the concentrations of both SCCPs and MCCPs greatly decreased as the floor level increased, which indicated that the CP contamination was attributed to exogenous atmospheric transport and deposition. C13Cl7-8 and C14Cl7-8 were the dominant SCCP and MCCP congener groups, possibly indicating the use of industrial CP-52 products was the main source of CPs. In the worst-case scenario using the maximum concentrations of CPs, the daily intake of SCCPs for toddlers was of the same order of magnitude as the reference dose. It should be noted that CPs exposure may be more serious when indoor decorations, furniture, and various plastic products are taken into consideration. Overall, more attention should be paid to CPs exposure and control measures in high-rise buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Lu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Xia
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yusong Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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17
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Merel S. Critical assessment of the Kendrick mass defect analysis as an innovative approach to process high resolution mass spectrometry data for environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137443. [PMID: 36464021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing application of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) over the last decades has dramatically improved our knowledge about the occurrence of environmental contaminants. However, most of the compounds detected remain unknown and the large volume of data generated requires specific processing approaches. Therefore, this study presents the concepts of mass defect (MD), Kendrick mass (KM) and Kendrick mass defect (KMD) to the expert and non-expert reader along with relevant examples of applications in environmental HRMS data processing. A preliminary bibliometric overview indicates that the potential benefits of KMD analysis are rather overlooked in environmental science. In practice, a simple calculation allows transforming a mass from the IUPAC system (normalized so that the mass of 12C is exactly 12) to its corresponding KM normalized on a specific moiety such as CH2 (the mass of CH2 is exactly 14). Then, plotting the KMD according to the nominal KM allows revealing groups of compounds that differ only by their number of CH2 moieties. For instance, data processing using KM and KMD was proven particularly useful to characterize natural organic matter in a sample, to reveal the occurrence of polymers as well as poly/perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs), and to search for transformation products (TPs) of a given chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France.
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18
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Yu X, McPhedran KN, Huang R. Chlorinated paraffins: A review of sample preparation, instrumental analysis, and occurrence and distribution in food samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120875. [PMID: 36526055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are released into natural environment during processes of production and utilization with diet being the most important exposure route of CPs for human beings. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have lower molecular weights, higher vapor pressures, and higher water solubilities than medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), making SCCPs more likely to be readily released into the environment. Thus, SCCPs were enlisted as persistent organic pollutants being included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. This review article summarized sample preparation and instrumental analysis methods of CPs for food types such as oil, meat, and aquatic foods. In addition, reported concentrations and profiles, dietary intake and risk assessment of CPs in food samples from various regions, such as China, Japan, and Germany are discussed for studies published between 2005 and 2022. This review is timely given the lack of a recent literature summary of the concentration and distribution of CPs in food. All these studies warranted the necessity to maintain continuous monitoring of CPs concentrations and their potential health risks given the concentrations of CPs in food are increasing worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kerry Neil McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological & Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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19
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McGrath TJ, Christia C, Poma G, Covaci A. Seasonal variation of short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffin distribution in Belgian indoor dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107616. [PMID: 36370602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume plasticizers and flame retardants, which have exhibited bioaccumulative and toxic properties. CPs may be released from treated consumer goods and bind with indoor dust, leading to human exposure via unintentional dust ingestion. In this study, the concentrations and homologue distribution of CPs were measured in 50 indoor dust samples collected in paired winter and summer sampling campaigns from 25 homes in Flanders, Belgium. Short-, medium- and long-chain CPs (SCCPs (C10-13), MCCPs (C14-17) and LCCPs (C18-20), respectively) were each detected in all Belgian indoor dust samples with overall median concentrations of 6.1 µg/g (range 0.61 to 120 µg/g), 45 µg/g (range 4.5 to 520 µg/g) and 4.5 µg/g (range 0.3 to 50 µg/g), respectively. Concentrations were significantly higher in the winter samples than summer for each of the three groups (p < 0.05). LCCPs homologues ranging from C21-32 were also detected in dust samples and accounted for approximately half of the LCCP relative abundance based on instrumental peak area, although a lack of appropriate analytical standards prevented quantification of these homologues. While clear sources of CP contamination in dust could not be identified, significant associations between concentrations of ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and ∑LCCPs (C18-20) (p < 0.05) suggested the combined application within materials or products in homes. Based on typical exposure scenarios, estimated daily intake of ∑CPs (C10-20) for adults and toddlers were 14 and 270 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, though margin of exposure assessments for SCCPs and MCCPs indicated that adverse health effects were unlikely for all exposure scenarios. This study presents the first evidence of seasonal variation in the levels and distribution for each of the SCCP, MCCP and LCCP classes in indoor dust and highlights the urgent need for appropriate analytical standards for LCCP quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Christina Christia
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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20
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Gustafsson Å, Bergman Å, Weiss JM. Estimated daily intake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances related to different particle size fractions of house dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135061. [PMID: 35649447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environmental pollutants are a threat to human health. In the current study, we analysed 25 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in seven different size fraction of house dust including the two relevant for exposure via ingestion and inhalation. The highest PFAS concentration is found in the inhalable particulate fraction which is explained by the increased surface area as the particulate's sizes decrease. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the individual PFAS and exposure pathways were calculated for children and adults. In addition, the total EDI for PFOA and its precursors was estimated. The polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAP), followed by PFOA and PFHxA fluortelomer, showed the highest concentrations of PFAS analysed. The cumulative EDI of PFAS for children was 3.0 ng/kg bw per day, a worst-case scenario, which is 17 times higher than the calculated EDI for adults. For children, ingestion of dust was found to result in 800 times higher PFOA exposure than via inhalation. The contribution from PFOA precursors corresponded to only 1% of the EDI from dust indicating PFOA as the main source of exposure. The EDI's of PFOA and PFOS from dust were lower than the calculated EDI's from food ingestion reported by the Swedish Food Agency. Our data indicate that the EDI for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS from dust intake alone is close to the established tolerable weakly intake of 4.4 ng/kg bw in children, set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2020. The combined EDI levels PFOA and PFOS from both dust and food exceeded the EFSA TWI for both children and adults. This study demonstrates that dust is a relevant exposure pathway for PFAS intake and that analysis of relevant particle size fractions is important for evaluation of dust as an exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafsson
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Chen C, Chen A, Zhan F, Wania F, Zhang S, Li L, Liu J. Global Historical Production, Use, In-Use Stocks, and Emissions of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7895-7904. [PMID: 35536664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen ubiquitous and increasing contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) worldwide. Here, we develop the first global inventories of production, use, in-use stocks, and emissions of total CPs, including the short-, medium- and long-chain components (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) during 1930-2020 using a dynamic substance flow analysis model named Chemical in Products Comprehensive Anthroposhpheric Fate Estimation. The model estimates that a total of ∼33 million metric tons of CPs have been produced and used globally, ∼40% of which still resided in in-use products by 2020 and is available for long-term emissions in the next decades. Global cumulative emissions of CPs have increased to ∼5.2 million metric tons by 2020, with SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs accounting for ∼30, 40, and 30%, respectively. While the production, use, and emissions of CPs started declining in regions such as Western Europe, they remain high in China. The model also suggests that homologues with 10, 14, and 22-23 carbons were predominant in the cumulatively produced and emitted SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The emission estimates were evaluated by generating environmental concentrations that are comparable to literature-reported environmental monitoring data. Our estimates provide opportunities to link the environmental fate and occurrence of CPs to emission sources and lay the basis for future risk-reduction strategies of CPs around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Faqiang Zhan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, 89557-274 Nevada, United States
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Kadokami K. An overview of organic contaminants in indoor dust, their health impact, geographical distribution and recent extraction/analysis methods. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:677-713. [PMID: 34170457 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
People spend a substantial proportion of their time indoors; therefore, exposure to contaminants in indoor dust is persistent and profuse. According to the findings of recent studies, contaminants such as flame retardants (FRs), organochlorines (OCs), and phthalate esters (PAEs) are more prevalent in indoor dust. The discrepancy in the geographical distribution of these chemicals indicates country-specific applications. However, many studies have revealed that chlorophosphates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate are frequently detected in indoor dust throughout the world. Although some chemicals (e.g., OCs) were banned/severely restricted decades ago, they have still been detected in indoor dust. These organic contaminants have shown clear evidence of carcinogenic, neurotoxic, immunogenic, and estrogenic activities. Recent extraction methods have shown their advantages, such as high recoveries, less solvent consumption, less extraction time and simplicity of use. The latest separation techniques such as two-dimensional gas/liquid chromatography, latest ionization techniques (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)), and modern techniques of mass spectrometry (e.g., tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), time-of-flight (TOF) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)) improve the detection limits, accuracy, reproducibility and simultaneous detection of organic contaminants. For future perspectives, it is suggested that the importance of the study of dust morphology for comprehensive risk analysis, introducing standard reference materials to strengthen the analytical methods, adopt common guidelines for comparison of research findings and the importance of dust analysis in the developing world since lack of records on the production and usage of hazardous substances. Such measures will help to evaluate the effectiveness of prevailing legislations and to set up new regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thennakoon M Sampath U Gunathilake
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Hibikino 1-1, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
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23
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Wang K, Gao L, Zhu S, Liu X, Chen Q, Cui L, Qiao L, Xu C, Huang D, Wang S, Zheng M. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil from an urban area of northern China: Levels, distribution, and homolog patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150833. [PMID: 34627908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants that are present in relatively high concentrations in various environmental media in China. Many studies have focused on chlorinated paraffins in soil from agricultural land and contaminated areas. There are limited data on the levels of chlorinated paraffins in soil from urban areas. In this study, to investigate the levels, distribution, and homolog patterns of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in soil from a typical urban area, 130 soil samples were collected and combined to form 26 pooled samples. The samples were analyzed for 50 CP congener groups (C9-17Cl5-10). The concentration ranges for SCCPs, medium-chain CPs (MCCP), and chlorinated nonane paraffin (C9-CP) were 19-1456 ng/g (average: 234 ng/g), <10-385 ng/g (average: 54 ng/g), and 1-39 ng/g (average: 11 ng/g), respectively. The CP concentrations were not significantly correlated with the total organic carbon content (P > 0.05). Compared with other areas worldwide, the SCCP and C9-CP concentrations in soil in this area were at the medium level, and the concentrations of MCCPs were at a low level. The CP concentrations were higher in soil samples collected near factories and domestic garbage disposal sites. C10Cl6-7 were the main SCCP homologs and C14Cl7-8 were the main MCCP homologs. Principal component analysis showed that the sources of C9-CPs, SCCPs, and MCCPs in the soils were similar. Risk assessment showed that the concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in soil in this area did not pose a significant risk to soil organisms or human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment Hangzhou Institute for Advanced study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xia Liu
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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24
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Guida Y, Capella R, Kajiwara N, Babayemi JO, Torres JPM, Weber R. Inventory approach for short-chain chlorinated paraffins for the Stockholm Convention implementation in Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132344. [PMID: 34826954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are chemicals with multipurpose applications. Their global production has increased despite their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. In 2017, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Yet, specific exemptions were granted for their applications despite the recycling prohibition for products containing SCCPs. Therefore, we aimed to produce the first Brazilian inventory of SCCPs following its respective guidance to evaluate the applicability of the SCCP inventory guidance and to provide technical insights regarding SCCPs in the update of the Brazilian National Implementation Plan (NIP). Moreover, we performed a review of SCCP occurrence in Brazil to fulfil data gaps in the inventory development. We identified and consulted nationwide stakeholders and assessed foreign trade data of CPs and products that might contain CPs in relevant amounts. The Brazilian production of CPs was discontinued in 1994. However, CPs are still imported and used in the country. CPs have been mostly applied as plasticizers, flame retardants and lubricants in Brazil. The import of products containing CPs also pose a significant route of CP entrance into Brazil. Thus, the current end-of-life management of CP-containing products is a bottleneck towards the Convention implementation. The guidance application was feasible and useful despite the low engagement of stakeholders. To assess foreign trade of CPs and CP-containing products, we recommend the use of more specific tracking codes. Besides, the review of SCCP occurrence is not a demanded part for an inventory but was a useful complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Capella
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, 73527, Germany
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25
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Ding L, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Zhao N, Yan W, Li Y. Overlooked long-chain chlorinated paraffin (LCCP) contamination in foodstuff from China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149775. [PMID: 34467914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Data on long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) is extremely sparse, despite their use and emission are increasing with the phasing out of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). In this study, we analyzed chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in foodstuff samples (551 pooled samples, 93 items) divided into eight categories collected from Jinan, Shandong Province of China, by atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APCI-qToF-MS), to investigate the occurrence, contamination patterns and homologue patterns of LCCPs in foodstuff commonly consumed in traditional Chinese diet. LCCP intake through diet was estimated as well. LCCPs were detected in all pooled samples with geometric mean (GM) concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 21.9 ng/g wet weight (ng/g ww), contributing to 9-28% of the total CP mass in the studied foodstuff categories. The contamination patterns of LCCPs differed from SCCPs and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), as reflected by the patterns of mass distribution, and by the lack of correlations between LCCP and S/MCCP concentrations in various foodstuff categories. The homologue profiles of LCCPs were extremely complex and diverse, with frequent detection of C30-36Cl2-15 very-long-chain chlorinated paraffin (vLCCP) congeners. The homologue profiles of eggs stood out for their high abundance of C18-22Cl9-13 LCCP congeners. LCCPs contributed 6.0-25.2% (8.9% for median estimation) to the estimated dietary intake (EDI) for total CPs through diet based on estimations using different percentiles of CP concentrations. The median estimate of dietary LCCP intake for adults in Jinan was 287.9 ng/kg_bw/day, reaching ~10- to 100-fold of that in Sweden and Canada. Considering the continuing production, use and emission of LCCPs, as well as the similar toxicity effects induced by LCCPs as SCCPs and MCCPs, attention should be paid to the health risk posed by LCCPs, or all CPs as a class of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Wenbao Yan
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Lanshan Branch of Rizhao Ecological and Environment Bureau, Jiaodingshan Road 539, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Jinan Ecological Environmental Protection Grid Supervision Center, Lvyou Road 17199, Jinan 250098, China
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26
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Nevondo V, Okonkwo OJ. Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52844-52861. [PMID: 34478051 PMCID: PMC8476396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vhodaho Nevondo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria Central, 0001 South Africa
| | - Okechukwu Jonathan Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria Central, 0001 South Africa
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27
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Brandsma SH, Brits M, de Boer J, Leonards PEG. Chlorinated paraffins and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate in spray polyurethane foams - A source for indoor exposure? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125758. [PMID: 34492777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated chemical additives present in new and used spray polyurethane foams (SPFs) and assessed the dermal transfer through direct contact. This first study shows that cured do-it-yourself spray one-component SPFs (OCFs) often contain chlorinated paraffins (C14-C37), and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), ranging 0.2-50%, and 0.9-30% w/w, respectively. Six OCFs contained CP levels ranging 22-50% w/w, whereas nine OCFs used for similar applications only contained CP levels ranging 2-17% w/w. It is unclear if the combination CPs/TCIPP is meant to improve the flame retardancy of products, and could suggest an unnecessary use of high CPs/TCIPP concentrations in OCFs. The two-component SPFs (TCFs) contained only TCIPP with levels ranging from 7.0% to 9.0%. The CPs and TCIPP were easily transferred from cured OCFs to the hands. Levels up to 590 µg per hand for CPs and up to 2.7 µg per hand for TCIPP were found. After end-of-life, it is challenging to recycle used SPFs. They may, therefore, end up at landfills where the TCIPP/CPs may leach into the environment. Therefore, further investigation is needed to assess potential exposure risks associated with general and occupational use, and the impact of landfill leaching on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicco H Brandsma
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Brits
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria 0040, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Liu W, Zhou H, Qiu Z, Liu T, Yuan Y, Guan R, Li N, Wang W, Li X, Zhao C. Effect of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) on lipid membranes: Combination of molecular dynamics and membrane damage experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:144906. [PMID: 33631584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, more attention has been paid to the biological effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP). Studies have shown that SCCPs exposure could cause metabolic damage and lipid metabolic damage. In the present work, based on E. coli membrane damage experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the effects of SCCPs on the membrane structure and membrane properties were studied to explore the possible toxic damage effects of SCCPs on cell membrane. Experiments results showed that SCCPs had a significant inhibitory effect on E. coli. The E. coli cell membrane of the bacteria was broken and the macromolecules of the cell flowed out when exposed to SCCPs. SCCPs would lead to the decrease and depolarization of cell membrane potential, and then affect the integrity and permeability of cell membrane. The further molecular dynamic simulation revealed that SCCP molecules can easily enter the lipid DPPC membranes from the aqueous phase and tended to aggregate inside bilayer stably. The bound of SCCPs could lead to significant variations in DPPC bilayer with a less dense, more disorder and rougher layer, which thus made the damage of cell membrane. In a word, although the overall toxicity of SCCPs to cell was relatively weak, the damage to the cell membrane may be one of the mechanisms of its toxicity. MAIN FINDING OF THE WORK: The exposure of SCCPs could cause structural change of cell membrane in E. coli, which verified the damage to the cell membrane may be one of the mechanisms of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Neurology Department, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongna Yuan
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruining Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ningqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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29
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Mukai K, Fujimori T, Anh HQ, Fukutani S, Kunisue T, Nomiyama K, Takahashi S. Extractable organochlorine (EOCl) and extractable organobromine (EOBr) in GPC-fractionated extracts from high-trophic-level mammals: Species-specific profiles and contributions of legacy organohalogen contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143843. [PMID: 33303197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that unidentified compounds constitute a large proportion of extractable organochlorine (EOCl) and extractable organobromine (EOBr) in the crude extracts without fractionation; however, the proportion of unidentified EOX (X = chlorine, bromine) associated with high-/low-molecular-weight compounds is still unknown. In this study, we applied gel permeation chromatography to fractionate extracts from archived liver samples of high-trophic marine and terrestrial mammals (striped dolphins, cats, and raccoon dogs), for which concentrations of legacy organohalogen contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDEs]) had been previously reported. EOX in high- (>1000 g/mol) and low- (≤1000 g/mol) molecular-weight fractions (EOX-H and EOX-L) were determined by neutron activation analysis. Comparison of EOCl and EOBr enabled the characterization among species. Despite small differences in the concentrations and molecular-weight profiles of EOCl among species, the contribution of chlorine in identified compounds to EOCl-L varied from 1.5% (cats) to 79% (striped dolphins). Considerable species-specific variations were observed in the concentrations of EOBr: striped dolphins exhibited significantly greater concentrations of both EOBr-H and EOBr-L than cats and/or raccoon dogs. Moreover, the contribution of bromine in PBDEs to EOBr-L was >50% in two cats, while it was <6% in other specimens. This is the first report on EOBr mass balance in cetaceans and on EOX mass balance in terrestrial mammals living close to humans. These results suggest the need for analysis of unidentified chlorinated compounds in terrestrial mammals and unidentified brominated compounds in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mukai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukutani
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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30
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Huang X, Ding C, Su Q, Wang Y, Cui Z, Yin Q, Wang X. A simplified method for determination of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins using tetramethyl ammonium chloride as mobile phase modifier. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462002. [PMID: 33735642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of halide adducts ion is an important pathway to improve the sensitivity of analytes in liquid chromatography (LC) combined with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Although adding modifier in mobile phase is generally the simplest way to form anions adducts, the formation of halide adducts ion requires a complex post-column addition strategy since traditional halide ionization enhancement reagents are incompatible with LC systems. To solve this problem, the volatile organochlorine salt tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) was therefore investigated as a potentially non-corrosive mobile phase modifier that was confirmed to be compatible with both LC and MS systems in this study. When short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were determinated simultaneously by ultra-high performance LC combined with ESI high resolution MS (UPLC-ESI-HRMS), all of them tended to ionize by forming [M+Cl]- ions and exhibited excellent sensitivity with the instrumental detection limits of 1-4 pg/μL. Meanwhile, their sensitivities towards CPs were less dependent on their Cl content with the total relative response factors of 0.8-3.5. The method's utility was demonstrated through determination of CPs in surface soil and chicken muscle samples. This was an effective and practical method to enhance the selectivity for [M + Cl]- ions and improve sensitivity towards CPs with various carbon lengths. Importantly, post-column addition was not required, and thus the analytical procedure was simplified. The method has also improved sensitivity towards some other organohalides and may be generally useful in the determination of challenging organic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment For Agro-products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenhong Ding
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiuquan Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zefeng Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiumiao Yin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment For Agro-products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment For Agro-products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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31
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Yuan B, Tay JH, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Papadopoulou E, Haug LS, de Wit CA. Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffins via Inhalation and Dust Ingestion in a Norwegian Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1145-1154. [PMID: 33400865 PMCID: PMC7880561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Very-short- (vSCCPs, C6-9), short- (SCCPs, C10-13), medium- (MCCPs, C14-17), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs, C>17) were analyzed in indoor air and dust collected from the living rooms and personal 24 h air of 61 adults from a Norwegian cohort. Relatively volatile CPs, i.e., vSCCPs and SCCPs, showed a greater tendency to partition from settled indoor dust to paired stationary indoor air from the same living rooms than MCCPs and LCCPs, with median logarithmic dust-air partition ratios of 1.3, 2.9, 4.1, and 5.4, respectively. Using the stationary indoor air and settled indoor dust concentrations, the combined median daily exposures to vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were estimated to be 0.074, 2.7, 0.93, and 0.095 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. Inhalation was the predominant exposure pathway for vSCCPs (median 99%) and SCCPs (59%), while dust ingestion was the predominant exposure pathway for MCCPs (75%) and LCCPs (95%). The estimated inhalation exposure to total CPs was ∼ 5 times higher when the personal 24 h air results were used rather than the corresponding stationary indoor air results in 13 paired samples, indicating that exposure situations other than living rooms contributed significantly to the overall personal exposure. The 95th percentile exposure for CPs did not exceed the reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public
Health, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public
Health, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cynthia A. de Wit
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Pan X, Zhen X, Tian C, Tang J. Distributions, transports and fates of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in a typical river-estuary system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141769. [PMID: 32882559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely employed in a variety of domestic and industrial products, and are ubiquitously detected in the environment. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have been listed in the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), but not medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), even though they exhibit physicochemical properties and environmental behaviors similar to SCCPs. However, very limited data are available regarding their environmental behaviors and fates in river-estuary systems. China is the major producer of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), and Shandong Province is the main producer of CPs in China. Here, we investigated the distribution, transport, and fate of SCCPs and MCCPs in a heavily polluted river in Shandong Province, aiming to explore the distributions of CPs between dissolved and particulate phases, and between water and sediment phases, as well as the transport of CPs from river headwaters to estuaries and the roles of the estuarine turbidity maximum zone (ETM) on the fate of CPs. CP concentrations in sediments were 9.1-16,000 ng/g dw (mean value: 1000 ng/g dw) for SCCPs and 2.4-27,000 ng/g dw (mean value: 4400 ng/g dw) for MCCPs. In the water column, CP concentrations were 7.4-470 ng/L for SCCPs (mean value: 43 ng/L) and 4.0-120 ng/L for MCCPs (mean value: 27 ng/L). CP concentrations in riverine sediments were among the highest worldwide. SCCPs accounted for 95% of CPs (sum of SCCPs and MCCPs) in the dissolved phase. Cities around the river basin were found to be important pollution sources for CPs. Long-chained and more chlorinated congeners with larger LogKow values might be more likely to be 'salted-out', and thus, will be sequestrated in sediments in the ETM, while those lighter congener groups with relatively high water solubility were prone to be transported by water flow to larger distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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33
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Yuan B, Lysak DH, Soong R, Haddad A, Hisatsune A, Moser A, Golotvin S, Argyropoulos D, Simpson AJ, Muir DCG. Chlorines Are Not Evenly Substituted in Chlorinated Paraffins: A Predicted NMR Pattern Matching Framework for Isomeric Discrimination in Complex Contaminant Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:496-503. [PMID: 32685603 PMCID: PMC7365351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) can be mixtures of nearly a half-million possible isomers. Despite the extensive use of CPs, their isomer composition and effects on the environment remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal the isomeric distributions of nine CP mixtures with single-chain lengths (C14/15) and varying degrees of chlorination. The molar distribution of C n H2n+2-m Cl m in each mixture was determined using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Next, the mixtures were analyzed by applying both one-dimensional 1H, 13C and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Due to substantially overlapping signals in the experimental NMR spectra, direct assignment of individual isomers was not possible. As such, a new NMR spectral matching approach that used massive NMR databases predicted by a neural network algorithm to provide the top 100 most likely structural matches was developed. The top 100 isomers appear to be an adequate representation of the overall mixture. Their modeled physicochemical and toxicity parameters agree with previous experimental results. Chlorines are not evenly distributed in any of the CP mixtures and show a general preference at the third carbon. The approach described here can play a key role in understanding of complex isomeric mixtures such as CPs that cannot be resolved by MS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Henryk Lysak
- Environmental
NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental
NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Andrew Haddad
- Environmental
NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Arika Hisatsune
- Environmental
NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Arvin Moser
- ACD/Labs, 8 King Street East, Toronto, ON, Canada M5C 1B5
| | | | | | - Andre J. Simpson
- Environmental
NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Derek C. G. Muir
- Canada
Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7S 1A1
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34
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Wang K, Gao L, Zhu S, Cui L, Qiao L, Xu C, Huang D, Zheng M. Spatial distributions and homolog profiles of chlorinated nonane paraffins, and short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins in soils from Yunnan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125855. [PMID: 31935577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To preliminarily investigate the occurrence, spatial distributions, homolog compositions, and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in Yunnan, China, 110 soil samples were collected from an area part of Yunnan, representative of the whole Yunnan area, where had similar characteristics to most parts of Yunnan and 22 pooled soil samples were analyzed for 50 CP congener groups (C9-17Cl5-10). The chlorinated nonane paraffin (C9-CP), short chain (SCCP), and medium chain chlorinated paraffin (MCCP) concentrations in soil samples were 8-109 ng/g (average 39 ng/g), 79-948 ng/g (average 348 ng/g), and 20-1206 ng/g (average 229 ng/g), respectively. The C9-CP homologs contributed 5%-16% of the C9-13-CP concentrations in soils. No significant correlation was found between CP concentrations and the total organic carbon content (P > 0.05). The CP levels in soils from Yunnan were at a medium level compared with those in other areas worldwide. Human activity and atmosphere deposition would influence the levels and spatial distributions of CPs in this area. The concentrations of CPs in east area were higher than those in west area. C10Cl6-7 were the major SCCP congeners and C14Cl6-7 were the major MCCP congeners. Principal component analysis indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs came from different sources. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that these concentrations of CPs in soil from Yunnan do not pose a significant ecological risk for soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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35
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Zhou Y, Yuan B, Nyberg E, Yin G, Bignert A, Glynn A, Odland JØ, Qiu Y, Sun Y, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Yin D, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Bergman Å. Chlorinated Paraffins in Human Milk from Urban Sites in China, Sweden, and Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4356-4366. [PMID: 32101003 PMCID: PMC7343287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) were analyzed in human milk from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Scandinavia. Individual samples were collected from Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing (China), Stockholm (Sweden), and Bodø (Norway) between 2010 and 2016. Mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from the YRD were 124 [<limit of detection (LOD)-676], 146 (<LOD-1260), and 19.1 (<LOD-184) ng g-1 fat, respectively, all of which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 15.9 (<LOD-120), 45.0 (<LOD-311), and 5.50 (<LOD-29.0) ng g-1 fat, respectively, in samples from Scandinavia. MCCPs predominate in most samples, and LCCP concentrations exceed reported for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the same regions. This study is the first to confirm LCCP exposure via breastfeeding. Principal component analysis showed that the YRD samples were more influenced by SCCPs than the Scandinavian samples, which mirror different exposures to CPs between the regions. Because of a large variation in concentrations among individuals, SCCP intake via breastfeeding indicated a potential health concern in the 90th percentile among Chinese infants. Further, CP concentrations in the YRD samples from first-time mothers were on average three times higher than from second-time mothers. In order to limit the worldwide CP contamination, the inclusion of SCCPs as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention needs to be followed up, with the inclusion of MCCPs and LCCPs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Nyberg
- Department
of Contaminants, Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency, Virkesvägen
2, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ge Yin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Shimadzu
Scientific Instrument Company, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Anders Bignert
- Department
of Environmental Monitoring and Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box
50007, SE-104 15 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department
of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education),
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qianfen Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education),
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education),
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Science and Technology, Örebro
University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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36
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Yuan B, Tay JH, Papadopoulou E, Haug LS, Padilla-Sánchez JA, de Wit CA. Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:198-205. [PMID: 32953926 PMCID: PMC7493225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Up to 18000 ng of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was found in hand wipes of individual adult participants in a Norwegian cohort study (n = 60), with a geometric mean (SD) value of 870 (2700) ng. The CPs covered a wide range of alkane chain lengths from C7 to C48 with variable chlorine substitution. Complex mixtures of very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C<10), short-chain (SCCPs, C10-13), medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-17), and long-chain (LCCPs, C>17) CPs were found, contributing on average 0.3%, 20%, 58%, and 22%, respectively, of the total CPs. Significant positive correlations were found between CP levels and factors related to the indoor environment and product use, including living in a house/apartment built before the ban of SCCPs, having a sofa, the number of TVs in the home, and owning a car, which mirrors CP usage as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in consumer products. Compared to previous studies of other organic contaminants in hand wipe samples from the same cohort, CPs were the most abundant flame retardants. This is the first report of CPs in hand wipes, and dermal exposure based on these data suggested that hand contact could be an important human exposure pathway for LCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joo Hui Tay
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Section
for Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cynthia A. de Wit
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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