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Vale M, Barrocas BT, Serôdio RMN, Oliveira MC, Lopes JM, Marques AC. Robust Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS ® with Interconnected Macropores for Sustainable Solar-Driven Water Purification. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5958. [PMID: 38892146 PMCID: PMC11172857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes, including photocatalysis, have been proven effective at organic dye degradation. Tailored porous materials with regulated pore size, shape, and morphology offer a sustainable solution to the water pollution problem by acting as support materials to grafted photocatalytic nanoparticles (NPs). This research investigated the influence of pore and particle sizes of photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® on the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution (10 mg/L). Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® are made of binder-less supported P25 TiO2 NPs within MICROSCAFS®, which are silica-titania microspheres with a controlled size and interconnected macroporosity, synthesized by an adapted sol-gel method that involves a polymerization-induced phase separation process. Photocatalytic experiments were performed both in batch and flow reactors, with this latter one targeting a proof of concept for continuous transformation processes and real-life conditions. Photocatalytic degradation of 87% in 2 h (batch) was achieved, using a calibrated solar light simulator (1 sun) and a photocatalyst/pollutant mass ratio of 23. This study introduces a novel flow kinetic model which provides the modeling and simulation of the photocatalytic MICROSCAFS® performance. A scavenger study was performed, enabling an in-depth mechanistic understanding. Finally, the transformation products resulting from the MO photocatalytic degradation were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments and subjected to an in silico toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Vale
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.); (B.T.B.); (R.M.N.S.)
| | - Beatriz T. Barrocas
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.); (B.T.B.); (R.M.N.S.)
| | - Rita M. N. Serôdio
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.); (B.T.B.); (R.M.N.S.)
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Produto e Transferência de Tecnologia (CDP2T), Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.O.); (J.M.L.)
| | - José M. Lopes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.O.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Ana C. Marques
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.); (B.T.B.); (R.M.N.S.)
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Barrocas BT, Osawa R, Oliveira MC, Monteiro OC. Enhancing Removal of Pollutants by Combining Photocatalysis and Photo-Fenton Using Co, Fe-Doped Titanate Nanowires. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2051. [PMID: 36903166 PMCID: PMC10004198 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to improve their photocatalytic performance, titanate nanowires (TNW) were modified by Fe and Co (co)-doping, FeTNW, CoTNW and CoFeTNW samples, using a hydrothermal methodology. XRD characterization agrees with the existence of Fe and Co in the lattice structure.and the existence of Co2+ together with the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the structure was confirmed by XPS. The optical characterization of the modified powders shows the impact of the d-d transitions of both metals in the absorption properties of TNW, mainly in the creation of additional 3d energetic levels within the prohibited zone. The effect of the doping metal(s) in the recombination rate of photo-generated charge carriers suggests a higher impact of Fe presence when compared to Co. The photocatalytic characterization of the prepared samples was evaluated via the removal of acetaminophen. Furthermore, a mixture containing both acetaminophen and caffeine, a well-known commercial combination, was also tested. CoFeTNW sample was the best photocatalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen in both situations. A mechanism for the photo-activation of the modified semiconductor is discussed and a model proposed. It was concluded that both Co and Fe are essential, within the TNW structure, for the successful removal of acetaminophen and caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. T. Barrocas
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Osawa
- FT-ICR and Structural Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - O. C. Monteiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Lu S, Li X, Liao Y, Zhang Z, Luo H, Zhang G. Boosting generation of reactive oxygen and chlorine species on TNT photoanode and Ni/graphite fiber cathode towards efficient oxidation of ammonia wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137363. [PMID: 36423725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) process combining the merits of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis is considered as a promising ammonia oxidation technology for water treatment. However, some key issues, such as the limited in situ generation of oxidants on photoanode, slow mass transfer problem and generation of nitrate/nitrite by-products hinder the further application of PEC process in the treatment of ammonia pollutant. In this study, the graphite felt (GF) cathodes modified by different transition metals (Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu) were screened by physicochemical and photoelectrochemical characterizations. The results show that the Ni-GF cathode with more Ni0 uniformly distributed on the GF surface had the best electrocatalytic activity to generate H2O2. The PEC system composed of 10.0 wt% Ni-GF cathode and optimized titania nanotubes (TNTs) photoanode selectively converted about 96.1% ammonia to N2 within 90 min. Compared with the single TNTs photoanode system, the ammonia oxidation reaction rate constant of the synergistic PEC oxidation system was increased by about two times, which demonstrated the role of the oxidants simultaneously generated on both anode and cathode. The in situ generated reactive oxygen-based oxidants and chlorine-based oxidants interacted together, and ClO• acted a leading role in the ammonia oxidation which were confirmed by quenching and probe experiments. In addition, the contributions of •OH and ClO• were significantly improved in the synergistic PEC oxidation system, compared with the single TNTs photoanode system. Furthermore, the nitrate by-products generated by the ammonia oxidation were further reduced on the Ni-GF cathode. The large amount of active chlorine and active oxygen generated on the electrode diffused into the bulk, effectively overcoming the mass transfer limitation of direct oxidation. Therefore, the developed TNTs photoanode/Ni-GF cathode system can continuously and efficiently convert ammonia to N2 without the formation of nitrate/nitrite by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xuechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yunkai Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Haijian Luo
- Education Center of Experiments and Innovations, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Guan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Polyethylene glycol in the sol–gel synthesis of zinc titanate for the improved photocatalytic degradation of an azo dye. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Immediate Oxidative Desulfurization via Fe-Containing Ti-Nanotube Triggered Combined-Radical Mechanism. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Zhou L, Lei D, Yang J, Zhang W. The effects of ZSM-5 zeolite on ofloxacin degradation on Sm2Ti2O7 photocatalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cheng Z, Li S, Nguyen TT, Gao X, Luo S, Guo M. Biochar loaded on MnFe2O4 as Fenton catalyst for Rhodamine B removal: Characterizations, catalytic performance, process optimization and mechanism. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li H, Huang Y, Liu J, Duan H. Hydrothermally synthesized titanate nanomaterials for the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from water: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131046. [PMID: 34102493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous heavy metals and radionuclides in water and wastewater are of drastic concern owing to their detrimental impacts on the organisms as well as the circumambient ecosystem. To remove them as much as we can, both technique and materials were studied in the past years. The adsorption technique as superior water remediation method with the simplicity of design, environmental friendliness and high efficiency was well established. Consequently, it is practically important to explore advanced and economically feasible absorbents for removing these poisonous pollutants from aqueous solutions. So far, large numbers of experiments proved hydrothermally synthesized titanate nanomaterials (TNMs) could be a prospectively excellent adsorbent extracting heavy metals and radionuclides from water due to the high specific surface area, tunable pore size, abundant surface active sites, favorable hydrophilic properties. The objective of this work is to give an overview of hydrothermal synthesis, adsorption performance of TNMs for heavy metals and radionuclides, as well as the various influencing factors for water purification. It comprehensively reviews the structural changes and regenerability of TNMs after adsorption, and different modification methods adopted for improving removal capacity. Additionally, it uniquely highlights the efficient decontamination of the pollutants through a synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by TNMs. This review provides detailed information for the development, application, and research challenges faced by hydrothermally synthesized TNMs for the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from aqueous solutions, which will serve as a reference guide for scientists in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuan, 610059, China
| | - Yi Huang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuan, 610059, China; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, College of Geosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, China.
| | - Jianing Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuan, 610059, China
| | - Haoran Duan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuan, 610059, China
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Fernandes TA, Mendo SG, Ferreira LP, Neng NR, Oliveira MC, Gil A, Carvalho MD, Monteiro OC, Nogueira JMF, Calhorda MJ. Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen and caffeine using magnetite-hematite combined nanoparticles: kinetics and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:17228-17243. [PMID: 33394452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has contributed to the contamination of water systems and put pressure on the development of new techniques to deal with this problem. Acetaminophen (paracetamol), a common analgesic and antipyretic drug, and caffeine, a known central nervous system stimulant, are being used frequently by many people and found in large amounts in wastewater systems. In this work, their removal, by photocatalytic degradation, was promoted using magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) based on iron oxides. Besides being obtained from cheap and plentiful source, the magnetic properties of these NPs provide an easy way to separate them from the solution when the reaction is complete. Three types of hematite-based NPs, one pure (1) and two of them composed by a magnetite core partially (2) or completely (3) covered by a hematite shell, were synthesized and characterized. Sample 2 was the best photocatalyst for both pollutants' photo-assisted degradation. Under UV-vis irradiation and using a 0.13 g catalyst/L solution, the total acetaminophen and caffeine degradation (20 ppm/150 mL) was achieved in 45 min and 60 min, respectively. The identification of some of the intermediate products was carried out by liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A complementary Density Functional Theory (DFT) study revealed the relative stability of several species formed during the acetaminophen and caffeine degradation processes and gave some insight about the most favorable degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A Fernandes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia G Mendo
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liliana P Ferreira
- Physics Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno R Neng
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adrià Gil
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Maria Deus Carvalho
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Olinda C Monteiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José M F Nogueira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Moradi M, Vasseghian Y, Khataee A, Harati M, Arfaeinia H. Ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of FeTiO3/GO nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of phenol under visible light irradiation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhou X, Wang T, Liu H, Gao X, Wang C, Wang G. Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:492-511. [PMID: 33166072 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fuel oil, the most important strategic resource, has been widely used in industrial applications. However, the sulfur-containing compounds in fuel oil also present humanity with huge environmental issues and health concerns due to the hazardous combustion waste. To address this problem, the low vulcanization of fuel production technology has been intensively explored. Compared with traditional hydrodesulfurization technology, the newly emerged photocatalytic desulfurization has the advantages of milder operating conditions, lower energy consumption, and higher efficiency, holding great prospect to achieve deep desulfurization. Though great efforts have been made, the desulfurization catalysts still suffer from inferior light absorption, fast recombination of photocarriers, and poor structure modification. This Review summarizes recent development of photocatalytic desulfurization, including the desulfurization principle, current desulfurization challenges, and corresponding solutions. Particularly, the roles of defect engineering, hybrid coupling, and structure modifications in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance are emphasized. In addition, the photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism is also introduced with the . OH and . O2 - radicals as main active species. Finally, some perspectives on the photocatalytic desulfurization are provided, which can further optimize the desulfurization efficiency and guide future photocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney City Campus, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Hang Liu
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Gao
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney City Campus, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chengyin Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney City Campus, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Osawa RA, Monteiro OC, Oliveira MC, Florêncio MH. Comparative study on photocatalytic degradation of the antidepressant trazodone using (Co, Fe and Ru) doped titanate nanowires: Kinetics, transformation products and in silico toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127486. [PMID: 32634724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanate nanomaterials have been outstanding in the removal of emerging contaminants by the photocatalysis process. These photocatalysts, when modified through techniques such as doping with metals, they have advantages over TiO2, especially in the region of visible light. In this work, the photocatalytic performance of four recent reported catalysts, pristine titanate nanowires, cobalt-doped titanate nanowires, iron-doped titanate nanowires and ruthenium-doped titanate nanowires, for the removal of the antidepressant trazodone under visible light radiation was compared. The iron-doped titanate nanowires presented the best catalytic activity by the catalyst surface area. Additionally, thirteen transformation products (TPs) were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and, to the best of our knowledge, nine of them have never been described in the literature. It was shown that for each catalyst different TPs were formed with distinct time profiles. Finally, toxicity assessment by computational methods showed that TPs were not readily biodegradable and they presented toxicity to aquatic organisms with mutagenic potential. These findings reinforce the importance of taking into consideration the TPs formed during the removal of pollutants since many of them may be toxic and can be produced during photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Osawa
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, ULisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, ULisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Olinda C Monteiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, ULisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Helena Florêncio
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, ULisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, ULisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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