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Ma H, Liu D, Deng J, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Hu W, Wu L, Fu P. Compositions and sources of fluorescent water-soluble and water-insoluble organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174627. [PMID: 38986712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), the light-absorbing component of organic aerosols, plays a significant role in climate change and atmospheric photochemistry. However, the water-insoluble fractions of BrC have not been extensively studied, limiting the assessment of the overall climate effects of BrC. In this study, water-soluble and -insoluble organic carbon (i.e., WSOC and WIOC) in wintertime aerosols in Hefei were subsequently fractionated, and their fluorescence properties were comparatively investigated with the excitation-emission matrix method. WIOC contributing 57.1 % was the major component of organic carbon. WSOC with the largest contribution from humic-like regions exhibited a redshift compared to WIOC. Three humic-like substances (HULIS) with different oxidation degrees and one protein-like substances (PRLIS) were identified as the major fluorescent components by the parallel factor analysis. WSOC had more highly oxygenated HULIS, whereas low-oxygenated HULIS dominated WIOC. Nighttime WIOC contained more less-oxygenated species. The positive matrix factorization analysis suggested that biomass burning (43 %) was the largest source of both fluorescent WSOC and WIOC. Coal combustion contributed much more to fluorescent WIOC (40 %), whereas secondary formation contributed more to fluorescent WSOC (12 %). During aerosol pollution episodes, the increase in fluorescence efficiency was much greater for WIOC (25 %) than for WSOC (12 %), and WSOC and WIOC experienced a redshift and blueshift in emission wavelength, respectively. WSOC had more highly oxygenated HULIS, while WIOC had more less-oxygenated HULIS in aerosol episodes than the non-episodic periods. In addition, aerosol pollution was accompanied by the increased contributions of biomass burning and coal combustion to both fluorescent WSOC and WIOC, while the decreased relative contribution of secondary formation to fluorescent WSOC. Our findings highlighted the different fluorescence properties, compositions and sources of fluorescent WSOC and WIOC, providing a comprehensive view of BrC aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiaming Zhao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Material Engineering, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou 036000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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2
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You B, Zhang Z, Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Li Z, Chen C, Zhou W, Xu W, Lei L, Fu P, Hou S, Li P, Sun Y. Seasonal characterization of chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic aerosol in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172508. [PMID: 38642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) plays a crucial role in altering radiative forcing and impacting human health. However, our understanding of the seasonal variations of WSOA in Chinese megacities after the three-year clean air action plan is limited. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 filter samples collected over one year (2020-2021) in Beijing to characterize the seasonal changes in the chemical and optical properties of WSOA using an offline aerosol mass spectrometer along with spectroscopy techniques. The mean mass concentration of WSOA during the observation period was 8.84 ± 7.12 μg m-3, constituting approximately 64-67 % of OA. Our results indicate the contribution of secondary OA (SOA) increased by 13-28 % due to a substantial reduction in primary emissions after the clean air action plan. The composition of WSOA exhibited pronounced seasonal variations, with a predominant contribution from less oxidized SOA in summer (61 %) and primary OA originating from coal combustion and biomass burning during the heating season (34 %). The mass absorption efficiency of WSOA at 365 nm in winter was nearly twice that in summer, suggesting that WSOA from primary emissions possesses a stronger light-absorbing capability than SOA. On average, water-soluble brown carbon accounted for 33-48 % of total brown carbon absorption. Fluorescence analysis revealed humic-like substances as the most significant fluorescence component of WSOA, constituting 82 %. Furthermore, both absorption and fluorescence chromophores were associated with nitrogen-containing compounds, highlighting the role of nitrogen-containing species in influencing the optical properties of WSOA. The results are important for chemical transport models to accurately simulate the WSOA and its climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wang H, Su Y, Liu Y, Xie F, Zhou X, Yu R, Lü C, He J. Water-soluble brown carbon in atmospheric aerosols from the resource-dependent cities: Optical properties, chemical compositions and sources. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:74-87. [PMID: 38135435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
As a vital type of light-absorbing aerosol, brown carbon (BrC) presents inherent associations with atmospheric photochemistry and climate change. However, the understanding of the chemical and optical properties of BrC is limited, especially in some resource-dependent cities with long heating periods in northwest China. This study showed that the annual average abundances of Water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) were 9.33±7.42 and 8.69±6.29 µg/m3 in Baotou and Wuhai and the concentrations, absorption coefficient (Abs365), and mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) of WS-BrC presented significant seasonal patterns, with high values in the heating season and low values in the non-heating season; while showing opposite seasonal trends for the Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE300-400). Comparatively, the levels of WS-BrC in developing regions (such as cities in Asia) were higher than those in developed regions (such as cities in Europe and Australia), indicating the significant differences in energy consumption in these regions. By combining fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra with the parallel factor (PARAFAC) model, humic-like (C1 and C2) and protein-like (C3) substances were identified, and accounted for 61.40%±4.66% and 38.6%±3.78% at Baotou, and 60.33%±6.29% and 39.67%±4.17% at Wuhai, respectively. The results of source apportionment suggested that the potential source regions of WS-BrC varied in heating vs. non-heating seasons and that the properties of WS-BrC significantly depended on primary emissions (e.g., combustion emissions) and secondary formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoji Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Yangzheng Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Fei Xie
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Environmental Monitoring Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Xingjun Zhou
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Ruihong Yu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Changwei Lü
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jiang He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
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Paraskevopoulou D, Bikkina S, Grivas G, Kaskaoutis D, Tsagkaraki M, Tavernaraki K, Mihalopoulos N. A direct method to quantify methanol-soluble organic carbon for brown carbon absorption studies. MethodsX 2023; 11:102313. [PMID: 37663004 PMCID: PMC10470224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research provides a newly developed method to quantify methanol-soluble organic carbon (MeS_OC) in aerosol samples. This analytical procedure allows an accurate separation of MeS-OC component, which is critical for the calculation of mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of ambient Brown Carbon (BrC) and consequently its climate relevant potential. The method includes extraction, filtering and condensation stages, leading to the preparation of a highly concentrated product in which MeS-OC can be precisely quantified by a Sunset Carbon Analyzer in a single analysis step. This method can be applied on aerosol collected using either high or low volume samplers, since a relatively small filter area is required for the determination. Furthermore, it eliminates any misestimation of the MeS-OC mass that may appear in other reported techniques that don't seem to include the precise separation of methanol-soluble fraction in their quantification process.•The mass quantification of methanol-soluble organic carbon is essential, contributing up to 50% to the absorptivity of organic aerosol (BrC) at shorter wavelengths.•The method provides a direct measurement of methanol-soluble aerosol components, resolving any potential uncertainties of previously applied methods.•The adoption of this direct quantification approach leads to a rationalization of past MAE estimates for BrC with implications for radiative transfer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete
| | - S. Bikkina
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow - 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G. Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - D.G. Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani 50150, Greece
| | - M. Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete
| | - K. Tavernaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete
| | - N. Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete
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Fan X, Cheng A, Chen D, Cao T, Ji W, Song J, Peng P. Investigating the molecular weight distribution of atmospheric water-soluble brown carbon using high-performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with diode array and fluorescence detectors. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139517. [PMID: 37454992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) contain amounts of organic species, but their molecular weight (MW) distributions is still poorly understood. This study applied high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) and fluorescence detector (FLD) to characterize the MW distributions of typical chromophores and fluorophores within water-soluble BrC. The investigation focused on the spring season, encompassing both typical urban and rural aerosols. Our results showed that chromophores (at 254 and 365 nm), and humic-like and protein-like fluorophores identified by excitation-emission matrix parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) within BrC were broadly distributed along the MW continuum (∼50-20,000 Da). This suggests that BrC mainly comprises complex chromophores and fluorophores with heterogeneous molecular sizes. High-MW (HMW, >1 kDa) species (66%-74%) dominated the chromophores at 254 and 365 nm. However, the latter chromophores were enriched with more HMW species. This result suggested that the HMW chromophores might contribute more to BrC absorption at longer wavelengths. The PARAFAC-derived fluorescent components also exhibited different MW distributions. Three humic-like substances (HULIS) were all dominated by HMW fractions (51%-74%), but protein-like fluorescent component (PLOM) enriched low-MW (LMW, <1 kDa) species (60%-66%). Furthermore, the molecular size (i.e., weight-averaged and number-averaged MW) and the ratios between HMW and LMW species decreased in the order highly-oxygenated HULIS > less-oxygenated HULIS > PLOM, indicating that the fluorophores with longer Em were generally related to larger MW. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular size of individual fluorescent components within aerosol BrC. The results obtained here enhanced our knowledge of heterogeneous composition, complex physicochemical properties, and potential atmospheric fates of aerosol BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Fan
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biochar and Cropland Pollution Prevention, Bengbu, 233400, PR China.
| | - Ao Cheng
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, PR China
| | - Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Wenchao Ji
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biochar and Cropland Pollution Prevention, Bengbu, 233400, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Pingan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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Yu F, Li X, Zhang R, Guo J, Yang W, Tripathee L, Liu L, Wang Y, Kang S, Cao J. Insights into dissolved organics in non-urban areas - Optical properties and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121641. [PMID: 37100371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon aerosols show obvious light absorption properties in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) range, which has an important impact on photochemistry and climate. In this study, experimental samples originated from the North slope of the Qinling Mountains (at two remote suburb sites) to study the optical properties of water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) in PM2.5. The WS-BrC of TY (a sampling site on the edge of Tangyu of Mei county) has a stronger light absorption ability than CH (a rural sampling site, near the Cuihua Mountains scenic spot). The direct radiation effect of WS-BrC relative to elemental carbon (EC) is 6.67 ± 1.36% in TY and 24.13 ± 10.84% in CH in the UV range, respectively. In addition, two humic-like and one protein-like fluorophore components in WS-BrC were identified by fluorescence spectrum and parallel factor (EEMs-PARAFAC). Humification index (HIX), biological index (BIX) and fluorescence index (FI) together showed that the WS-BrC in the two sites may originate from fresh aerosol emissions. Potential source analysis of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model show that the combustion process, vehicle, secondary formation and road dust are the main contributors to WS-BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jingning Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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Feng W, Shao Z, Wang Q, Xie M. Size-resolved light-absorbing organic carbon and organic molecular markers in Nanjing, east China: Seasonal variations and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:122006. [PMID: 37302787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the potential influence of light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed "brown carbon" (BrC), on the planetary radiation budget, many studies have focused on its absorption in single-sized ranges of particulate matter (PM). However, the size distribution and organic tracer-based source apportionment of BrC absorption have not been extensively investigated. In this study, size-resolved PM samples were collected using multi-stage impactors from eastern Nanjing during each season in 2017. The light absorption of methanol-extractable OC at 365 nm (Abs365, Mm-1) was determined using spectrophotometry, and a series of organic molecular markers (OMMs) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.1 μm (PM2.1) dominated Abs365 (79.8 ± 10.4%) of the total size ranges with maxima and minima in winter and summer, respectively. The distributions of Abs365 shifted to larger PM sizes from winter to spring and summer due to lower primary emissions and increased BrC chromophores in dust. Except for low-volatility (po,*L < 10-10 atm) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the non-polar OMMs, including n-alkanes, PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and steranes, showed a bimodal distribution pattern. Secondary products of biogenic precursors and biomass burning tracers presented a unimodal distribution peaking at 0.4-0.7 μm, while sugar alcohols and saccharides were enriched in coarse PM. Their seasonal variations in average concentrations reflected intense photochemical reactions in summer, more biomass burning emissions in winter, and stronger microbial activity in spring and summer. Positive matrix factorization was used for the source apportionment of Abs365 in fine and coarse PM samples. Biomass burning contributed an average of 53.9% to the Abs365 of PM2.1 extracts. The Abs365 of coarse PM extracts was associated with various dust-related sources where the aging processes of aerosol organics could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhijuan Shao
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology ShiHu Campus, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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8
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Ding Y, Qi P, Sun M, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xu Z, Sun Y. Dissolved organic matter composition and fluorescence characteristics of the river affected by coal mine drainage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55799-55815. [PMID: 36905546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coal mine drainage (CMD) discharged into surface waters results in serious environmental pollution risk to rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Coal mine drainage generally contains a variety of organic matter and heavy metals due to coal mining activities. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the physicochemical and biological processes of many aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the investigations were carried out in the dry and wet seasons in 2021 to assess the characteristics of DOM compounds in coal mine drainage and the CMD-affected river. The results indicated that the pH of CMD-affected river pressed close to coal mine drainage. Besides, coal mine drainage lowered DO by 36% and increased total dissolved solids by 19% in the CMD-affected river. Coal mine drainage decreased absorption coefficient a(350) and absorption spectral slope S275-295 of DOM in the CMD-affected river; hence, DOM molecular size increased with decreasing S275-295. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis identified humic-like C1, tryptophan-like C2, and tyrosine-like C3 in the CMD-affected river and coal mine drainage. DOM in the CMD-affected river mainly originated from microbial and terrestrial sources, with strong endogenous characteristics. The ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis revealed that coal mine drainage had a higher relative abundance of CHO (44.79%), with a higher unsaturation degree of DOM. Coal mine drainage decreased the AImod,wa, DBEwa (double bond equivalents), Owa, Nwa, and Swa values and increased the relative abundance of the O3S1 species with DBE of 3 and carbons number range of 15-17 at the CMD inlet to the river channel. Moreover, coal mine drainage with the higher protein content increased the protein content of water at the CMD inlet to the river channel and the downstream river. DOM compositions and proprieties in coal mine drainage were investigated to further understand the influence of organic matter on heavy metals in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Ding
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
- Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Puyu Qi
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyang Sun
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqing Zhong
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Paraskevopoulou D, Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Bikkina S, Tsagkaraki M, Vrettou IM, Tavernaraki K, Papoutsidaki K, Stavroulas I, Liakakou E, Bougiatioti A, Oikonomou K, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Brown carbon absorption and radiative effects under intense residential wood burning conditions in Southeastern Europe: New insights into the abundance and absorptivity of methanol-soluble organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160434. [PMID: 36427708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of Brown Carbon (BrC), strongly contributing to radiative forcing. In urban areas of the climate-sensitive Southeastern European region, where strong emissions from residential wood burning (RWB) are reported, radiative impacts of carbonaceous aerosols remain largely unknown. This study examines the absorption properties of water- and methanol-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, MeS_OC) in a city (Ioannina, Greece) heavily impacted by RWB. Measurements were performed during winter (December 2019 - February 2020) and summer (July - August 2019) periods, characterized by RWB and photochemical processing of organic aerosol (OA), respectively. PM2.5 filter extracts were analyzed spectrophotometrically for water- and methanol-soluble BrC (WS_BrC, MeS_BrC) absorption. WSOC concentrations were quantified using TOC analysis, while those of MeS_OC were determined using a newly developed direct quantification protocol, applied for the first time to an extended series of ambient samples. The direct method led to a mean MeS_OC/OC of 0.68 and a more accurate subsequent estimation of absorption efficiencies. The mean winter WS_BrC and MeS_BrC absorptions at 365 nm were 13.9 Mm-1 and 21.9 Mm-1, respectively, suggesting an important fraction of water-insoluble OA. Mean winter WS_BrC and MeS_BrC absorptions were over 10 times those observed in summer. MeS_OC was more absorptive than WSOC in winter (mean mass absorption efficiencies - MAE365: 1.81 vs 1.15 m2 gC-1) and especially in summer (MAE: 1.12 vs 0.27 m2 gC-1) due to photo-dissociation and volatilization of BrC chromophores. The winter radiative forcing (RF) of WS_BrC and MeS_BrC relative to elemental carbon (EC) was estimated at 8.7 % and 16.7 %, respectively, in the 300-2500 nm band. However, those values increased to 48.5 % and 60.2 % at 300-400 nm, indicating that, under intense RWB, BrC forcing becomes comparable to that of soot. The results highlight the consideration of urban BrC emissions in radiative transfer models, as a considerable climate forcing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - S Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
| | - M Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - I M Vrettou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - K Tavernaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - K Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - K Oikonomou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
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10
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Ma L, Li B, Yabo SD, Li Z, Qi H. Fluorescence fingerprinting characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon from size-resolved particles during pollution event. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135748. [PMID: 35863406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A typical haze pollution process in northern China has necessitated this study which focuses on the fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in size-resolved particles. High concentrations of WSOC were found in both fine (38 μg/m³) and coarse particles (36 μg/m³) during the pollution period, which may be related to the secondary formation of organic aerosols and stable meteorological conditions. Five fluorescent components in WSOC were extracted by parallel factor analysis. Our results showed that the fluorophores in fine and coarse particles were mainly humic-like substances (humic-like, terrestrial humic-like, and high oxidation humic-like substances) and protein-like substances (protein-like and tyrosine-like substances), respectively. Moreover, the aging degree analysis, pollution source tracing, and concentration prediction of WSOC were carried out by fluorescence index. An innovative technique called self-organizing map was proposed for an in-depth investigation of the contamination mechanism of the atmospheric organic aerosol. Furthermore, the difference in the fluorescence characteristics of WSOC in fine particles was higher than that in coarse particles. The atmospheric pollution process increased the degree of difference in fluorescence characteristics. Additionally, an effective method for predicting the size of atmospheric particles was established by combining excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy with classification and regression tree analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Stephen Dauda Yabo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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11
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Zhan Y, Li J, Tsona NT, Chen B, Yan C, George C, Du L. Seasonal variation of water-soluble brown carbon in Qingdao, China: Impacts from marine and terrestrial emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113144. [PMID: 35341756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) has been attracting more and more attention owing to its significant effects on climate. However, the limited knowledge on its chemical composition and sources limits the precision of aerosol radiative forcing estimated by climate models. In this study, the chemical components of PM2.5 and optical properties of water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) were investigated from atmospheric particles collected in summer and winter in Qingdao, China. On the whole, though there were slight diurnal variations, seasonal differences were more obvious. Due to the influence of emission sources and meteorological conditions, the heavier pollution of carbonaceous aerosols occurred in winter. By comparison, the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency of WS-BrC at 365 nm (MAE365) showed that WS-BrC in winter had stronger wavelength dependence and light absorption capacity, which might be associated with biomass burning source contributions. This was further confirmed by a strong correlation between the light absorption coefficient at 365 nm (Abs365) and non-sea salt K+, an indicator for biomass burning emissions. Four fluorescent components (C1∼C4) with high unsaturation in water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were identified by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis method, which showed that WSOC in Qingdao was mainly related to humic-like chromophores. It is worth noting that C1 was similar to the water-soluble chromophore of simulated marine aerosols, which proved that marine emissions do have a certain impact on atmospheric particulate matter in coastal areas. In addition, the results of source analysis showed that WS-BrC originated from different terrestrial sources in different seasons. The current results may help to improve the knowledge of optical properties of WS-BrC in coastal cities, optimize the global climate model and formulate air management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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12
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Gu C, Cui S, Ge X, Wang Z, Chen M, Qian Z, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang Y. Chemical composition, sources and optical properties of nitrated aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter during winter foggy days in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113255. [PMID: 35430278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized aromatic compounds are one of the most important light-absorbing organic chromophores - so-called brown carbon (BrC) - in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this study, we conducted a wintertime field campaign to measure eight nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) in PM2.5 with offline analysis techniques, including liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements, during foggy and nonfoggy days in suburban Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. On average, 4-nitrophenol could be one of the most important light absorbing materials in the observed BrC, which accounted for over 40% of the mass concentration of identified chromophores. The mass concentration of 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol were evidently increased during foggy days, contribution of which to total NACs were increased by 10% and 5%, respectively. Positive matrix factorization analysis of combining LC-MS and AMS dataset was performed to identify the primary and secondary sources of NACs. Primary sources, e.g., traffic and solid-fuel combustion, accounted for 71% of the sum of 4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-nitrosalicylic acid, suggesting important contribution of primary emissions to these NACs. The contribution of secondary sources, associated with two oxygenated organic aerosols, could contribute 66% to 4-nitrophenol, reflecting the link of such nitrated aromatic compounds to secondary organic aerosol source. Together with optical measurements, 4-nitrophenol presented a high contribution (>50%) to the identified BrC absorbance in the light range 250 and 550 nm was observed. This could highlight an important role of such NACs in ambient BrC light absorption, despite its mass contribution to total organic carbon was negligible. Our work could improve the understanding of the links between optical properties and chemical composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from nonfoggy days and foggy days under the typical polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shijie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zihe Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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13
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Li C, Fang Z, Czech H, Schneider E, Rüger CP, Pardo M, Zimmermann R, Chen J, Laskin A, Rudich Y. pH modifies the oxidative potential and peroxide content of biomass burning HULIS under dark aging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155365. [PMID: 35460777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) account for a major redox-active fraction of biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA). During atmospheric transport, fresh acidic BB-HULIS in droplets and humid aerosols are subject to neutralization and pH-modified aging process. In this study, solutions containing HULIS isolated from wood smoldering emissions were first adjusted with NaOH and NH3 to pH values in the range of 3.6-9.0 and then aged under oxic dark conditions. Evolution of HULIS oxidative potential (OP) and total peroxide content (equivalent H2O2 concentration, H2O2eq) were measured together with the changes in solution absorbance and chemical composition. Notable immediate responses such as peroxide generation, HULIS autoxidation, and an increase in OP and light absorption were observed under alkaline conditions. Initial H2O2eq, OP, and absorption increased exponentially with pH, regardless of the alkaline species added. Dark aging further oxidized the HULIS and led to pH-dependent toxic and chemical changes, exhibiting an alkaline-facilitated initial increase followed by a decrease of OP and H2O2eq. Although highly correlated with HULIS OP, the contributions of H2O2eq to OP are minor but increased both with solution pH and dark aging time. Alkalinity-assisted autoxidation of phenolic compounds and quinoids with concomitant formation of H2O2 and other alkalinity-favored peroxide oxidation reactions are proposed here for explaining the observed HULIS OP and chemical changes in the dark. Our findings suggest that alkaline neutralization of fresh BB-HULIS represents a previously overlooked peroxide source and pathway for modifying aerosol redox-activity and composition. Additionally, these findings imply that the lung fluid neutral environment can modify the OP and peroxide content of inhaled BB-HULIS. The results also suggest that common separation protocols of HULIS using base extraction methods should be treated with caution when evaluating and comparing their composition, absorption, and relative toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 München, Germany
| | - Eric Schneider
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 München, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 München, Germany
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Alexandre Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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14
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Ma L, Li Z, Li B, Fu D, Sun X, Sun S, Lu L, Jiang J, Meng F, Qi H, Zhang R. Light-absorption and fluorescence fingerprinting characteristics of water and methanol soluble organic compounds in PM 2.5 in cold regions of Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155081. [PMID: 35405231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy were used to analyze the seasonal variations and potential sources of molecular weight (MW) separated light-absorbing chromophores and fluorophores of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) and methanol-soluble organic compounds (MSOC) in PM2.5 in cold areas of northern China. The results showed that the light-absorbing organics in MSOC had larger weight-average MW (Mw) (3.19 kDa) and number-average MW (Mn) (1.13 kDa) compared with WSOC (Mw: 1.41 kDa, Mn: 0.692 kDa). The light-absorption of organics showed a trend of winter>spring>autumn>summer and increased on air pollution days. Three fluorescent components including humic-like, protein-like, and terrestrial humic-like components in WSOC were extracted by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Fluorophores in WSOC were dominated by humic-like and terrestrial humic-like components (67.7%). Three fluorescent components extracted from MSOC were low oxidation humic-like, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-like, and protein-like components respectively. It is worth noting that compared with WSOC, MSOC may have a higher human health risk due to the presence of PAH-like components. The combination of PARAFAC and self-organizing map had the potential to identify potential sources of fluorophores. It provided a new perspective for comprehensively exploring the characteristics of fluorophores in aerosols. This study provided a reference for further understanding the chemical composition and optical properties of organic aerosols in the cold regions of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Donglei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiazhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shaojing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jinpan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Metrology Institute of Measurement & Verification, Harbin 150036, China
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Li X, Fu P, Tripathee L, Yan F, Hu Z, Yu F, Chen Q, Li J, Chen Q, Cao J, Kang S. Molecular compositions, optical properties, and implications of dissolved brown carbon in snow/ice on the Tibetan Plateau glaciers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107276. [PMID: 35537366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC)/water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) plays a crucial role in glacier melting. A quantitative evaluation of the light absorption characteristics of WSOC on glacier melting is urgently needed, as the WSOC release from glaciers potentially affects the hydrological cycle, downstream ecological balance, and the global carbon cycle. In this work, the optical properties and composition of WSOC in surface snow/ice on four Tibetan Plateau (TP) glaciers were investigated using a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometer and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The total light-absorption of WSOC in snow/ice at 250-400 nm (ultraviolet region) and 400-600 nm (visible region) accounted for about 60.42% and 27.17% of the light absorption by the total organics, respectively. Two protein-like substances (PRLIS), one humic-like substance (HULIS), and one undefined species of chromophores in snow/ice on the TP glacier surfaces were identified. The lignins and lipids were the main compounds in the TP glaciers and were presented as CHO and CHNO molecules, while CHNOS molecules were only observed in the southeast TP glacier. The light absorption capacity of WSOC in snow/ice was mainly affected by their oxidizing properties. PRLIS and undefined species were closely linked to microbial sources and the local environment of the glaciers (lignins and lipids), while HULIS was significantly affected by anthropogenic emissions (protein/amino sugars). Radiative forcing (RF)-induced by WSOC relative to black carbon were accounted for about 11.62 ± 12.07% and 8.40 ± 10.37% in surface snow and granular ice, respectively. The RF was estimated to be 1.14 and 6.36 W m-2 in surface snow and granular ice, respectively, during the melt season in the central TP glacier. These findings contribute to our understanding of WSOC's impact on glaciers and could serve as a baseline for WSOC research in cryospheric science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fangping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jinwen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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16
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Xie L, Gao X, Liu Y, Yang B, Lv X, Zhao J, Xing Q. Atmospheric dry deposition of water-soluble organic matter: An underestimated carbon source to the coastal waters in North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151772. [PMID: 34808180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is a ubiquitous group of organic compounds in the atmosphere, which plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle. To determine the quantity and chemical composition of the dry deposition of WSOM and assess its ecological effects on the coastal waters around the Yangma Island, North Yellow Sea, total suspended particulates (TSP) samples collected at a coastal site for one year from December 2019 to November 2020 were analyzed. The concentration of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and the spectroscopy of chromophoric dissolvable organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolvable organic matter (FDOM) in the samples showed highly temporal variability with higher values in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. In addition, the correlation analysis revealed that the content of WSOM in the TSP as well as its chemical composition were greatly influenced by the sources and aging processes of aerosols. Moreover, the dry deposition flux of WSOC to the study area was calculated to be 0.79 ± 0.47 mg C m-2 d-1, namely 1.91 × 108 g C yr-1, which could increase the annual average concentration of dissolved organic carbon in surface seawater by 10.2 μmol L-1, implying that the dry deposition could sustain the secondary production and affect the carbon cycle of the coastal waters. Besides, the complete decomposition of bioavailable WSOC of dry deposition could reduce the annual average concentration of dissolved oxygen in surface seawater by 4.8 μmol L-1, which could contribute partly to the seawater deoxygenation in the coastal area around the Yangma Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuelu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Yongliang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Qianguo Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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17
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Zhan Y, Tsona NT, Li J, Chen Q, Du L. Water-soluble matter in PM 2.5 in a coastal city over China: Chemical components, optical properties, and source analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:21-36. [PMID: 35459486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although marine and terrestrial emissions simultaneously affect the formation of atmospheric fine particles in coastal areas, knowledge on the optical properties and sources of water-soluble matter in these areas is still scarce. In this work, taking Qingdao, China as a typical coastal location, the chemical composition of PM2.5 during winter 2019 was analyzed. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was combined with parallel factor analysis model to explain the components of water-soluble atmospheric chromophores of PM2.5. Our analysis indicated that NO3-, NH4+ and SO42- ions accounted for 86.80% of the total ion mass, dominated by NO3-. The ratio of [NO3-]/[SO42-] was up to 2.42 ± 0.84, suggesting that mobile sources play an important role in local pollutants emission. The result of positive correlation between Abs365 with K+ suggests that biomass burning is an important source of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC). Six types of fluorophores (C1-C6), all humic-like substances, were identified in WSOC. Humification index, biological index and fluorescence index in winter were 1.66 ± 0.34, 0.51 ± 0.44 and 1.09 ± 0.78, respectively, indicating that WSOC in Qingdao were mainly terrestrial organic matters. Overall, although the study area is close to the ocean, the contribution of terrestrial sources to PM2.5, especially vehicle exhaust and coal combustion, is still much higher than that of marine sources. Our study provides a more comprehensive understanding of chemical and optical properties of WSOC based on PM2.5 in coastal areas, and may provide ground for improving local air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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18
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Cheng Y, Cao XB, Liu JM, Yu QQ, Wang P, Yan CQ, Du ZY, Liang LL, Zhang Q, He KB. Primary nature of brown carbon absorption in a frigid atmosphere with strong haze chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112324. [PMID: 34742712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze hovered over Harbin during the heating season of 2019-2020, making it one of the ten most polluted Chinese cities in January of 2020. Here we focused on the optical properties and sources of brown carbon (BrC) during the extreme atmospheric pollution periods. Enhanced formation of secondary BrC (BrCsec) was evident as relative humidity (RH) became higher, accompanied with a decrease of ozone but concurrent increases of aerosol water content and secondary inorganic aerosols. These features were generally similar to the characteristics of haze chemistry observed during winter haze events in the North China Plain, and indicated that heterogeneous reactions involving aerosol water might be at play in the formation of BrCsec, despite the low temperatures in Harbin. Although BrCsec accounted for a substantial fraction of brown carbon mass, its contribution to BrC absorption was much smaller (6 vs. 28%), pointing to a lower mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BrCsec compared to primary BrC. In addition, emissions of biomass burning BrC (BrCBB) were inferred to increase with increasing RH, coinciding with a large drop of temperature. Since both the less absorbing BrCsec and the more absorbing BrCBB increased as RH became higher, the MAE of total BrC were largely unchanged throughout the measurement period. This study unfolded the contrast in the source apportionment results of BrC mass and absorption, and could have implications for the simulation of radiative forcing by brown carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xu-Bing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Longfengshan Regional Atmospheric Background Station, Heilongjiang Meteorological Bureau, Harbin, 150200, China
| | - Cai-Qing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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19
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Gao Y, Wang Q, Li L, Dai W, Yu J, Ding L, Li J, Xin B, Ran W, Han Y, Cao J. Optical properties of mountain primary and secondary brown carbon aerosols in summertime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150570. [PMID: 34582869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) can affect atmospheric radiation due to its strong absorption ability from the near ultraviolet to the visible range, thereby influencing global climate. However, given the complexity of BrC's chemical composition, its optical properties are still poorly understood, especially in mountainous areas. In this study, the black carbon (BC) tracer method is used to explore the light-absorbing properties of primary and secondary BrC at Mount Hua, China during the 2018 summer period. The primary BrC absorption contributes to 10-15% of the total BrC absorption at a wavelength of 370 nm. From the positive matrix factorization analysis, traffic emissions are found to be a major source of primary BrC absorption (44%), followed by industry and biomass-burning emissions (29%). The secondary BrC accounts for 87% of the total BrC absorption at a wavelength of 370 nm, indicating that BrC is dominated by secondary formation. The observation of a higher secondary BrC absorption diurnal pattern at Mount Hua can be affected by secondary BrC in the residual layer after sunrise and the formation of light-absorbing chromophores by photochemical oxidation in the afternoon. The estimated average mass absorption efficiencies of primary and secondary BrC (MAE_pri and MAE_sec, respectively) are 0.4 m2/g and 2.1 m2/g at wavelengths of 370 nm, respectively, indicating a stronger light-absorbing ability for secondary BrC than for primary BrC. There is no significant difference in MAE_pri within a daily variation, but the daytime MAE_sec value is higher than that during the night. Our study shows that secondary BrC is important to light absorption in mountainous areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, China.
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jinjiang Yu
- Huashan Meteorological Station, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Limin Ding
- Huashan Meteorological Station, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bo Xin
- Weinan Meteorological Administration, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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20
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Liu P, Zhou H, Chun X, Wan Z, Liu T, Sun B, Wang J, Zhang W. Characteristics of fine carbonaceous aerosols in Wuhai, a resource-based city in Northern China:Insights from energy efficiency and population density. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118368. [PMID: 34656676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the predominant compositions of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm), carbonaceous aerosols not only have adverse effects on air quality, but also can affect climate change. Although there are extensive recent studies on carbonaceous aerosols, comprehensive studies on their socioeconomic influencing factors in a resource-based city are relatively limited. In this study, the spatial-temporal variations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were investigated in January, July, and October in 2015 and April in 2016 in Wuhai and its surrounding areas. The population distribution and industry layout have led to the uneven spatial-temporal distribution of carbonaceous aerosols. The concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols were higher in winter due to the unfavorable meteorology and the increased emissions from heating. The SOC is a significant contributor to OC in the cold season (52.0% for January). Primary carbonaceous aerosols pollution is higher in the industrial sites of resource-based cities, whereas the SOC makes a significant contribution in the residential sites. The results of backward-trajectory and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis suggest that the local emissions and short-range atmospheric transport from nearby areas have a significant impact on PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosols. A strong correlation between population density and OC/EC ratio was found, indicating that the megacities with high population density have a higher SOC contribution than the resource-based cities. Resource-based cities are characterized by high level of primary OC emissions, whereas cities with high energy efficiency have a more significant SOC contribution. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of carbonaceous aerosols in a resource-based city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Xi Chun
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Hohhot Ecology and Environment Monitoring Branch Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010030, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Products Quality Inspection and Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010070, China
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21
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Zhu C, Miyakawa T, Irie H, Choi Y, Taketani F, Kanaya Y. Light-absorption properties of brown carbon aerosols in the Asian outflow: Implications of a combination of filter and ground remote-sensing observations at Fukue Island, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149155. [PMID: 34346377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) aerosols have important warming effects on Earth's radiative forcing. However, information on the evolution of the light-absorption properties of BrC aerosols in the Asian outflow region is limited. In this study, we evaluated the light-absorption properties of BrC using in-situ filter measurements and sky radiometer observations of the ground-based remote sensing network SKYradiometer NETwork (SKYNET) made on Fukue Island, western Japan in 2018. The light-absorption coefficient of BrC obtained from filter measurements had a temporal trend similar to that of the ambient concentration of black carbon (BC), indicating that BrC and BC have common combustion sources. The absorption Angstrom exponent in the wavelength range of 340-870 nm derived from the SKYNET observations was 15% higher in spring (1.81 ± 0.30) than through the whole year (1.53 ± 0.50), suggesting that the Asian outflow carries light-absorbing aerosols to Fukue Island and the western North Pacific. After eliminating the contributions of BC, the absorption Angstrom exponent of BrC alone obtained from filter observations had a positive Spearman correlation (rs = 0.77, p < 0.1) with that derived from SKYNET observations but 33% higher values, indicating that the light-absorption properties of BrC were successfully captured using the two methods. Using the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART and fire hotspots obtained from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite product, we identified a high-BrC event related to an air mass originating from regions with consistent fossil fuel combustion and sporadic open biomass burning in central East China. The results of the study may help to clarify the dynamics and climatic effects of BrC aerosols in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao Zhu
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan.
| | - Takuma Miyakawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Irie
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan
| | - Yongjoo Choi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Taketani
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
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22
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Chen Q, Hua X, Dyussenova A. Evolution of the chromophore aerosols and its driving factors in summertime Xi'an, Northwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130838. [PMID: 33991904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric chromophores have photo-sensitiveness that can participate in photochemical reactions, so they may have the potential to make an important contribution in organic aerosols aging. This study attempts to explain the effects of oxidation reaction and photochemical reaction on atmospheric chromophores. For this study, the summer period (higher sunshine intensity) was selected to observe the mechanisms by the online excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence. The results showed that a lot of secondary organic aerosols were produced in the afternoon, but a large portion of them is non-chromophore. We observed that the secondary chromophores of highly-oxygenated humic-like substances (HULIS) were produced, which suggests a degradation product of less-oxygenated HULIS. The photochemical reaction and oxidation reaction were the important reactions that occur in the afternoon, which drives the oxidation state evolution of the atmospheric chromophores. Atmospheric oxidation processes are the mainly driving reaction for the transformation of atmospheric chromophore. The aged aerosol has a lower fluorescence index and a high degree of humification. It is speculated that the aerosol from night to morning is in the accumulation process dominated by local sources, and then it is mainly in the process of being gradually aged at noon and afternoon. This study will guide to better understand the atmospheric chemical processes of chromophore aerosols and provide guidance for the EEM approach to trace the aerosol aging in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ainur Dyussenova
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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23
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Fan X, Liu C, Yu X, Wang Y, Song J, Xiao X, Meng F, Cai Y, Ji W, Xie Y, Peng P. Insight into binding characteristics of copper(II) with water-soluble organic matter emitted from biomass burning at various pH values using EEM-PARAFAC and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130439. [PMID: 33836401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metal-binding characteristics of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) emitted from biomass burning (BB, i.e., rice straw (RS) and corn straw (CS)) with Cu(II) under various pH conditions (i.e., 3, 4.5, and 6) were comprehensively investigated. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) -PARAFAC analysis were applied to investigate the binding affinity and mechanism of BB WSOM. The results showed that pH was a sensitive factor affecting binding affinities of WSOM, and BB WSOMs were more susceptible to bind with Cu(II) at pH 6.0 than pH 4.5, followed by pH 3.0. Therefore, the Cu(II)-binding behaviors of BB WSOMs at pH 6.0 were then investigated in this study. The 2D-absorption-COS revealed that the preferential binding with Cu(II) was in the order short and long wavelengths (237-239 nm and 307-309 nm) > moderate wavelength (267-269 nm). The 2D-synchronous fluorescence-COS results suggested that protein-like substances generally exhibited a higher susceptibility and preferential interaction with Cu(II) than fulvic-like substances. EEM-PARAFAC analysis demonstrated that protein-like (C1) substances had a greater complexation ability than fulvic-like (C2) and humic-like (C3) substances for both BB WSOM. This indicated that protein-like substances within WSOM played dominant roles in the interaction with Cu(II). As a comparison, RS WSOM generally showed stronger complexation capacity than CS WSOM although they exhibited similar chemical properties and compositions. This suggested the occurrence of heterogeneous active metal-binding sites even within similar chromophores for different WSOM. The results enhanced our understanding of binding behaviors of BB WSOM with Cu(II) in relevant atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Fan
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biochar and Cropland Pollution Prevention, Bengbu, 233400, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xufang Yu
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xin Xiao
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Fande Meng
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Yongbing Cai
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Wenchao Ji
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Dey S, Mukherjee A, Polana AJ, Rana A, Mao J, Jia S, Yadav AK, Khillare PS, Sarkar S. Brown carbon aerosols in the Indo-Gangetic Plain outflow: insights from excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:745-755. [PMID: 33899857 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first characterization of the aerosol brown carbon (BrC) composition in the Indian context using excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. We find that biomass burning (BB)-dominated wintertime aerosols in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) outflow are characterized by two humic-like (HULIS) (C1_aq and C2_aq) and one protein-like/fossil fuel-derived (C3_aq) component for aqueous-extractable BrC (BrCaq), and by one humic-like (C1_me) and one protein-like (C2_me) component for methanol-extractable BrC (BrCme). Strong correlations of the BB tracer nss-K+ with C1_aq and C2_aq (r = 0.75-0.84, p < 0.01) and C1_me (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) point towards the BB-dominated IGP outflow as the major source. This is also supported by the analysis of fluorescence indices, which suggest extensive humification of BB emissions during atmospheric transport. The HULIS components correlate significantly with BrC absorption (r = 0.85-0.94, p < 0.01), and contribute substantially to the BrC relative radiative forcing of 13-24% vis-à-vis elemental carbon (EC). There is strong evidence that the abundant BB-derived NOX leads to NO3- formation in the IGP plume and drives the formation of water-soluble nitroaromatics (NACs) that constrain BrCaq light absorption (r = 0.56, p < 0.01) to a considerable degree. Overall, the study uncovers complex atmospheric processing of the IGP outflow in winter, which has important implications for regional climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Dey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Arya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Anuraag J Polana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Archita Rana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Jingying Mao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Amit K Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pandit S Khillare
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India and School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Room No. F8, Building A8, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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25
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Ma X, Nie D, Chen M, Ge P, Liu Z, Ge X, Li Z, Gu R. The Relative Contributions of Different Chemical Components to the Oxidative Potential of Ambient Fine Particles in Nanjing Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062789. [PMID: 33801823 PMCID: PMC8001455 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient fine particles (PM2.5) have been shown to have adverse health effects by inducing oxidative stress. Here, dithiothreitol (DTT)-based oxidative potential (OP) was used to assess the capacity of oxidative stress caused by PM2.5. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected in the Nanjing area in 2016, and physicochemical properties and DTT activity were investigated. The annual mean PM2.5 mass concentration was 73 μg m−3 and greatly varied among seasons (spring > winter > summer > autumn). Three fluorescent substances were identified by the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrum. The annual mean mass-normalized DTT activity (DTTm; 0.02 nmol min−1 μg−1) was similar to that documented for cities of some developed countries. The annual mean volume-normalized DTT activity (DTTv) showed a relatively high value of 1.16 nmol min−1 m−3, and the seasonal mean DTTv was highest in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer, whose pattern is different from PM2.5 mass concentration. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis suggested that transition metals may have a greater effect on OP in autumn and winter, humic-like substances and UV absorbing aromatic substances may have a strong effect on OP in spring and summer. Generally, this study enhances our understanding of seasonal variation in health effects associated with PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (X.M.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (X.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Dongyang Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (X.M.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (X.G.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089
| | - Pengxiang Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (X.M.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (X.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhengjiang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (X.M.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (X.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (X.M.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (X.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhirao Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (X.M.); (P.G.); (Z.L.); (X.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Rui Gu
- Siegwerk Shanghai Ltd., Shanghai 201108, China;
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Wu G, Fu P, Ram K, Song J, Chen Q, Kawamura K, Wan X, Kang S, Wang X, Laskin A, Cong Z. Fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol ☆. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115906. [PMID: 33120333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a commonly used technique to analyze dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. Given the high sensitivity and non-destructive analysis, fluorescence has recently been used to study water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in atmospheric aerosols, which have substantial abundance, various sources and play an important role in climate change. Yet, current research on WSOC characterization is rather sparse and limited to a few isolated sites, making it challenging to draw fundamental and mechanistic conclusions. Here we presented a review of the fluorescence properties of atmospheric WSOC reported in various field and laboratory studies, to discuss the current advances and limitations of fluorescence applications. We highlighted that photochemical reactions and relevant aging processes have profound impacts on fluorescence properties of atmospheric WSOC, which were previously unnoticed for organic matter in aquatic environments. Furthermore, we discussed the differences in sources and chemical compositions of fluorescent components between the atmosphere and hydrosphere. We concluded that the commonly used fluorescence characteristics derived from aquatic environments may not be applicable as references for atmospheric WSOC. We emphasized that there is a need for more systematic studies on the fluorescence properties of atmospheric WSOC and to establish a more robust reference and dataset for fluorescence studies in atmosphere based on extensive source-specific experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Mukherjee A, Dey S, Rana A, Jia S, Banerjee S, Sarkar S. Sources and atmospheric processing of brown carbon and HULIS in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Insights from compositional analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115440. [PMID: 32858437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present here spectroscopic compositional analysis of brown carbon (BrC) and humic-like substances (HULIS) in the Indian context under varying conditions of source emissions and atmospheric processing. To this end, we study bulk water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), neutral- and acidic-HULIS (HULIS-n and HULIS-a), and high-polarity (HP)-WSOM collected in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) with respect to UV-Vis, fluorescence, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C characteristics under three aerosol regimes: photochemistry-dominated summer, aged biomass burning (BB)-dominated post-monsoon, and fresh BB-dominated winter. Absorption coefficients (babs_365 nm; Mm-1) of WSOM and HULIS fractions increase by a factor of 2-9 during winter as compared to summer, with HULIS-n dominating total HULIS + HP-WSOM absorption (73-81%). Fluorophores in HULIS-n appear to contain near-similar levels of aromatic and unsaturated aliphatic conjugation across seasons, while HULIS-a exhibits distinctively smaller-chain structures in summer and post-monsoon. FT-IR spectra reveals, among others, strong signatures of aromatic phenols in winter WSOM suggesting a BB-related origin. 1H NMR-based source attribution coupled with back trajectory analysis indicate the presence of secondary and BB-related organic aerosol (SOA and BBOA) in the post-monsoon and winter, and marine-derived OA (MOA) in the summer, which is supported by 13C measurements. Overall, these observations uncover a complex interplay of emissions and atmospheric processing of carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Supriya Dey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Archita Rana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Supratim Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India; School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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Characterizing Humic Substances from Native Halophyte Soils by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Combined with Parallel Factor Analysis and Canonical Correlation Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12239787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil is one of the principal substrates of human life and can serve as a reservoir of water and nutrients. Humic substances, indicators of soil fertility, are dominant in soil organic matter. However, soil degradation has been occurring all over the world, usually by soil salinization. Sustainable soil productivity has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, fluorescence excitation-emission matrices integrated with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were applied to characterize the components of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) substances extracted from soils from the Liaohe River Delta, China. Along the saline gradient, soil samples with four disparate depths were gathered from four aboriginal halophyte communities, i.e., the Suaeda salsa Community (SSC), Chenopodium album Community (CAC), Phragmites australis Community (PAC), and Artemisia selengensis Community (ASC). Six components (C1 to C6) were identified in the FA and HA substances. The FA dominant fractions accounted for an average of 45.81% of the samples, whereas the HA dominant fractions accounted for an average of 42.72%. Mature levels of the HA fractions were higher than those of the FA fractions, so was the condensation degree, microbial activity, and humification degree of the FA fractions. C1 was associated with the ultraviolet FA, C2 was referred to as visible FA, C3 and C4 were relative to ultraviolet HA, C5 represented microbial humic-like substances (MH), and C6 referred to visible HA. C1, C2, C5 and C6 were latent factors of the FA fractions, determined using the CCA method and could possibly be used to differentiate among the SSC, CAC, PAC and ASC samples. C3, C4, C6 and C5 were latent factors of the HA fractions, which might be able to distinguish the ASC samples from the SSC, CAC and PAC samples. Fluorescence spectroscopy combined with the PARAFAC and CCA is a practical technique that is applied to assess the humic substance content of salinized soils.
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Zhang Y, Albinet A, Petit JE, Jacob V, Chevrier F, Gille G, Pontet S, Chrétien E, Dominik-Sègue M, Levigoureux G, Močnik G, Gros V, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O. Substantial brown carbon emissions from wintertime residential wood burning over France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140752. [PMID: 32663683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is known to absorb light at subvisible wavelengths but its optical properties and sources are still poorly documented, leading to large uncertainties in climate studies. Here, we show its major wintertime contribution to total aerosol absorption at 370 nm (18-42%) at 9 different French sites. Moreover, an excellent correlation with levoglucosan (r2 = 0.9 and slope = 22.2 at 370 nm), suggesting important contribution of wood burning emissions to ambient BrC aerosols in France. At all sites, BrC peaks were mainly observed during late evening, linking to local intense residential wood burning during this time period. Furthermore, the geographic origin analysis also highlighted the high potential contribution of local and/or small-regional emissions to BrC. Focusing on the Paris region, twice higher BrC mass absorption efficiency value was obtained for less oxidized biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) compared to more oxidized BBOA (e.g., about 4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1 m2 g-1, respectively, at 370 nm). Finally, the BBOA direct radiative effect was found to be 40% higher when these two BBOA fractions are treated as light-absorbing species, compared to the non-absorbing BBOA scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Zhang
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air (LCSQA), F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Jacob
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Griša Močnik
- Univ. of Nova Gorica, Center for Atmos. Research, Ajdovščina, Slovenia; J. Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Dpt., Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air (LCSQA), F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Park S, Yu GH, Bae MS. Effects of combustion condition and biomass type on the light absorption of fine organic aerosols from fresh biomass burning emissions over Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114841. [PMID: 32454360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the light absorption properties of fine organic aerosols from the burning emissions of four biomass materials were examined using UV-spectrophotometry and Aethalometer-measurements, respectively. For wood chips and palm trees, the burning experiments were carried out with different combustion temperatures (200, 250, and 300 οC) in an adjustable, electrically heated combustor. The light absorptions of water and methanol extracts of aerosols, and smoke particles showed strong spectral dependence on the burning emissions of all biomass materials. However, the burning aerosols of wood chips showed stronger absorption than those of the other biomass burning (BB) emissions. For the burning aerosols of wood chips and palm trees, organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) decreased as the combustion temperature increased from 200 to 300 °C. Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values tended to decrease when combustion temperature increased for smoke aerosols and methanol extracts in smoke samples. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365, m2 g-1∙C-1) of water- and methanol-extractable OC fractions was highest in wood chip burning smoke samples. MAE365 values of methanol extracts for rice straw, pine needles, wood chips, and palm trees burning emission samples were 1.35, 0.92, 2.36-3.37, and 0.86-1.42, respectively. For wood chip and palm tree burning emissions, AAE320-430nm values of methanol extracts were strongly correlated with OC/EC (i.e., combustion temperature) with slopes of 0.11 (p < 0.001) and 0.02 (p < 0.001), and R2 values of 0.87 and 0.74, respectively. Moreover, a linear regression between MAE365 of methanol extractable OC and OC/EC showed slopes of -0.05 (p < 0.001) and -0.004 (p < 0.001) and R2 of 0.72 and 0.74, respectively. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that burning condition and biomass type influence the light absorption properties of organic aerosols from BB emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungshik Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun-Hye Yu
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeollanamdo, 58554, Republic of Korea
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