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Mohammed I, Kudaolu B, Audette Y, Longstaffe JG. Variations in fluorescence properties of humic acids from calcareous soils amended with different swine manures in a long-term soil experiment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024; 53:697-710. [PMID: 39126247 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Molecular properties of soil humic acid (HA) can play an important role in the mechanisms regulating plant nutrient availability. This study explores how the structure of HA is altered by long-term treatment with different forms of swine manure and how these changes may influence nutrient availability. Liquid swine manure (LSM), solid swine manure (SSM), and swine manure compost (SMC) were applied to a calcareous soil over 17 years in a long-term soil fertility study. HA was extracted from site soil samples and analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, including a Cu2+ quenching experiment, in order to assess differences in the structure and functionality of the soil organic matter (SOM) resulting from these different treatments. Emission spectra of the SSM-HA and SMC-HA are similar, while the LSM-HA is distinct. Procedures such as parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) decomposition of emission-excitation matrices showed that structures in the SSM-HA and SMC-HA samples have lower complexity, whereas the structures of LSM-HA are of higher complexity. Interactions with Cu2+ at different pH levels indicate that the LSM-HA shows more dynamic conformational changes as well as stronger interactions and higher quenching efficiency compared to the other treatments. Conversely, SMC-HA demonstrates relatively stable binding constant (Ka) values across different pH levels. The binding constants and quenching efficiency of SSM-HA are significantly affected by changes in pH. This study shows distinct structural characteristics of HA formed under different manure management systems and provides valuable insights into how these variations may impact nutrient dynamics in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Busayo Kudaolu
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuki Audette
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Chitose Laboratory Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - James G Longstaffe
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Constantino IC, Bento LR, Santos VS, da Silva LS, Tadini AM, Mounier S, Piccolo A, Spaccini R, Cornélio ML, Paschoal FMM, Junior ÉS, Moreira AB, Bisinoti MC. Seasonal studies of aquatic humic substances from Amazon rivers: characterization and interaction with Cu (II), Fe (II), and Al (III) using EEM-PARAFAC and 2D FTIR correlation analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:595. [PMID: 38833198 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic humic substances (AHS) are defined as an important components of organic matter, being composed as small molecules in a supramolecular structure and can interact with metallic ions, thereby altering the bioavailability of these species. To better understand this behavior, AHS were extracted and characterized from Negro River, located near Manaus city and Carú River, that is situated in Itacoatiara city, an area experiencing increasing anthropogenic actions; both were characterized as blackwater rivers. The AHS were characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic ressonance and thermochemolysis GC-MS to obtain structural characteristics. Interaction studies with Cu (II), Al (III), and Fe (III) were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy applied to parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2D-COS FTIR). The AHS from dry season had more aromatic fractions not derived from lignin and had higher content of alkyls moities from microbial sources and vegetal tissues of autochthonous origin, while AHS isolated in the rainy season showed more metals in its molecular architecture, lignin units, and polysacharide structures. The study showed that AHS composition from rainy season were able to interact with Al (III), Fe (III), and Cu (II). Two fluorescent components were identified as responsible for interaction: C1 (blue-shifted) and C2 (red-shifted). C1 showed higher complexation capacities but with lower complexation stability constants (KML ranged from 0.3 to 7.9 × 105) than C2 (KML ranged from 3.1 to 10.0 × 105). 2D-COS FTIR showed that the COO- and C-O in phenolic were the most important functional groups for interaction with studied metallic ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Carreira Constantino
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Raimundo Bento
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- The Interdepartmental Research Centre On Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Environment, Agroo-Food and New Materials (CERMANU), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Vinicius Sarracini Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Soares da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stéphane Mounier
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), University Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- The Interdepartmental Research Centre On Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Environment, Agroo-Food and New Materials (CERMANU), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Spaccini
- The Interdepartmental Research Centre On Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Environment, Agroo-Food and New Materials (CERMANU), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marinônio Lopes Cornélio
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Altair Benedito Moreira
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Bisinoti
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Shao Y, Li Z, Long Y, Zhao J, Huo W, Luo Z, Lu W. Direct humification of biowaste with hydrothermal technology: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168232. [PMID: 37923260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal humification of biowaste, in comparison to the traditional coal-based humic acid extraction process, better aligns with the goals of carbon neutrality and sustainability. This article provided a comprehensive review on the current advancements in hydrothermal humification of biowaste. Hydrothermal humic acid (HHA) derived from different biowaste sources was compared, exhibiting significant differences in their hydrophobicity, oxygen-containing functional group content, and structural characteristics. The influence of key parameters, including reaction temperature, residence time, pH and the action of catalysts on HHA yield was analyzed. The pathways through which biowaste and its major components transform into HHA were elucidated. Coal-like hydrochar has shown significant potential for producing HHA through hydrothermal treatment, with HHA selectivity exceeding 65 %. HHA also exhibits promising performance in agriculture and environmental remediation, offering comparable value to commercial humic acid. Future research should concentrate on establishing the correlation between hydrothermal conditions and the efficiency of biowaste humification, thereby facilitating the development of a predictive model for assessing efficiency. Additionally, exploring the application value of hydrothermal-synthesized HHA with diverse chemical characteristics will guide the optimization of hydrothermal conditions and selection of suitable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Shao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Biology, Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weizhong Huo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhangrui Luo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Park Y, Jin S, Noda I, Jung YM. Continuing progress in the field of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS): Part III. Versatile applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 284:121636. [PMID: 36229084 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the comprehensive summary of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) for the last two years is covered. The remarkable applications of 2D-COS in diverse fields using many types of probes and perturbations for the last two years are highlighted. IR spectroscopy is still the most popular probe in 2D-COS during the last two years. Applications in fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy are also very popularly used. In the external perturbations applied in 2D-COS, variations in concentration, pH, and relative compositions are dramatically increased during the last two years. Temperature is still the most used effect, but it is slightly decreased compared to two years ago. 2D-COS has been applied to diverse systems, such as environments, natural products, polymers, food, proteins and peptides, solutions, mixtures, nano materials, pharmaceuticals, and others. Especially, biological and environmental applications have significantly emerged. This survey review paper shows that 2D-COS is an actively evolving and expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Park
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sila Jin
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Isao Noda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Globally, phenolic contaminants have posed a considerable threat to agro-ecosystems. Exolaccase-boosted humification may be an admirable strategy for phenolic detoxification by creating multifunctional humic-like products (H-LPs). Nonetheless, the potential applicability of the formed H-LPs in agricultural production is still overlooked. This review describes immobilized exolaccase-enabled humification in eliminating phenolic pollutants and producing artificial H-LPs. The similarities and differences between artificial H-LPs and natural humic substances (HSs) in chemical properties are compared. In particular, the agronomic effects of these reproducible artificial H-LPs are highlighted. On the basis of the above summary, the granulation process is employed to prepare granular humic-like organic fertilizers, which can be applied to field crops by mechanical side-deep fertilization. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of exolaccase-boosted humification for practical applications are also discussed. This review is a first step toward a more profound understanding of phenolic detoxification, soil improvement, and agricultural production by exolaccase-boosted humification. Exolaccase-initiated humification is conductive to phenolic detoxification Multiple humic-like products are created in exolaccase-boosted humification Similarities and differences between artificial and natural humus are disclosed Humic-like products can be used to sustain soil health and increase crop yield
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Santos VS, Moura BR, Metzker G, Cornélio ML, Ferreira OP, Mounier SJL, Hajjoul H, Boscolo M, Bisinoti MC, Moreira AB. Increase of Fluorescence of Humic-Like Substances in Interaction with Cd(II): a Photoinduced Charge Transfer Approach. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1761-1767. [PMID: 35678899 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Described is the enhancement of fluorescence intensity due to the interaction of a humic-like substance (HLS 1%) extracted from process water (PW) and Cd(II) ions in aqueous solution. Using Canonical Polyadic/Parallel Factor Analysis (CP/PARAFAC), two main components were seen that contributed to fluorescence, the first one increased it and the second one kept it constant in both static and dynamic fluorescence studies. Two-dimensional FTIR analysis indicated that the interaction of HLS 1% and Cd(II) ions occurred in the following order of affinity with the groups: C-O bonds in polysaccharides > C-O bonds in carboxylic acid. The results obtained suggest that the increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime suggest a photoinduced charge transfer (PCT) between Cd(II) ions and carboxylic acid groups present in HLS 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo R Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Metzker
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marinonio L Cornélio
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odair P Ferreira
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Stéphane J L Mounier
- Univ Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, CS, 60584, Toulon, France
| | - Houssam Hajjoul
- Univ Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, CS, 60584, Toulon, France
| | - Maurício Boscolo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Bisinoti
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Altair B Moreira
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bento LR, Spaccini R, Cangemi S, Mazzei P, de Freitas BB, de Souza AEO, Moreira AB, Ferreira OP, Piccolo A, Bisinoti MC. Hydrochar obtained with by-products from the sugarcane industry: Molecular features and effects of extracts on maize seed germination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111878. [PMID: 33388711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse, vinasse and a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and vinasse were hydrothermally carbonized (HTC), with and without the addition of phosphoric acid, in order to propose new applications of sucroenergetic industry by-products on soil. Detailed information on the composition and properties of hydrochars has been obtained through elemental composition, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and, thermochemolysis GC-MS. The soluble acidic fraction from the hydrochar samples were applied to maize seeds to evaluate the agronomic potential as biostimulants and relate the molecular features with maize seed germination. The HTC treatment converted polysaccharide-based biomasses into hydrochars with hydrophobic characteristics (C-Aryl and C-Akyl). Furthermore, the addition of phosphoric acid further increased the overall hydrophobicity and shifted the thermal degradation of the hydrochars to higher temperatures. Biomass influenced the hydrochars that formed, in which the molecular features of sugarcane bagasse determined the formation of more polar hydrochar, due to the preservation of lignin and phenolic components. Meanwhile, the HTC of vinasse resulted in a more hydrophobic product with an enrichment of condensed and recalcitrant organic fractions. The germination assay showed that polar structures of bagasse may play a role in improving the maize seeds germination rate (increase of ~11%), while the hydrophobic domains showed negative effects. The responses obtained in germination seems to be related to the molecular characteristics that organic extracts can present in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Raimundo Bento
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Spaccini
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvana Cangemi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFARMA), Università Degli Studi di Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Bianca Borge de Freitas
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Eva Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Altair Benedito Moreira
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odair Pastor Ferreira
- Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per L'Ambiente, L'Agroalimentare Ed I Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Márcia Cristina Bisinoti
- Laboratório de Estudos Em Ciências Ambientais (LECA), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041026. [PMID: 33672045 PMCID: PMC7919478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrochar is a carbon-based material that can be used as soil amendment. Since the physical-chemical properties of hydrochar are mainly assigned to process parameters, we aimed at evaluating the organic fraction of different hydrochars through 13C-NMR and off-line TMAH-GC/MS. Four hydrochars produced with sugarcane bagasse, vinasse and sulfuric or phosphoric acids were analyzed to elucidate the main molecular features. Germination and initial growth of maize seedlings were assessed using hydrochar water-soluble fraction to evaluate their potential use as growth promoters. The hydrochars prepared with phosphoric acid showed larger amounts of bioavailable lignin-derived structures. Although no differences were shown about the percentage of maize seeds germination, the hydrochar produced with phosphoric acid promoted a better seedling growth. For this sample, the greatest relative percentage of benzene derivatives and phenolic compounds were associated to hormone-like effects, responsible for stimulating shoot and root elongation. The reactions parameters proved to be determinant for the organic composition of hydrochar, exerting a strict influence on molecular features and plant growth response.
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Wang X, Lyu T, Dong R, Liu H, Wu S. Dynamic evolution of humic acids during anaerobic digestion: Exploring an effective auxiliary agent for heavy metal remediation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124331. [PMID: 33157443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Information on the dynamic evolution of humic acid (HA) from anaerobic digestate and the potential of HA serving as an effective agent for remedying heavy metals is rather scarce. This study monitored the evolution of the structure and functional groups and metal-binding abilities of HA during chicken manure and corn stover anaerobic digestion (AD) processes. Higher increases in aromatic (41-66%) and oxygen-containing functional groups (37-45%) were observed in HA from the AD of corn stover, resulting in higher metal-binding abilities for Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) than those of chicken manure AD. Moreover, HA extracted from fast (before day 12 for chicken manure and day 16 for corn stover), and slow (day 40) methane production stages performed different complexation capacities for the heavy metals. These results reveal the mechanisms of HA and heavy metal interactions, and confirm the potential of HA extracted from AD process for the remediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Lyu
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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