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Wang S, He P, Wu X, Zan F, Yuan Z, Zhou J, Xu M. It's time to reevaluate the list of priority polycyclic aromatic compounds: Evidence from a large urban shallow lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173988. [PMID: 38889819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring only 16 priority PAHs (Pri-PAHs) may greatly underestimate the pollutant load and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in aquatic environments. There is an urgent need to reevaluate the list of priority PACs. To determine which PACs deserve priority monitoring, the occurrence, sources, and toxicity of 78 PACs, including 24 parent PAHs (Par-PAHs), 49 alkylated PAHs (Alk-PAHs), 3 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), carbazole, and dibenzothiophene were investigated for the first time in Lake Chaohu sediments, China. Concentrations of ∑Par-PAHs, ∑Alk-PAHs, and ∑OPAHs ranged from 35 to 165, 3.4-26, and 7.7-26 ng g-1, respectively. Concentrations of 16 Pri-PAHs have decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to a decade ago, owing to the effective implementation of PAHs emission control measures. Comparisons with the sediment quality guidelines indicated that 16 Pri-PAHs have negligible adverse effects on benthic organisms. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results showed that coal combustion was the major source of PACs (accounting for 23.5 %), followed by traffic emissions (23.4 %), petroleum volatilization (21.9 %), wood/biomass combustion (18.2 %), and biological/microbial transformation (13.1 %). The toxicity of PACs was assessed by calculating the BaP toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQBaP) and toxic units. It was found that Par-PAHs were the predominant toxic substances. In addition, monomethyl-BaPs, OPAHs, BeP, and 7,12-DMBaA should be prioritized for monitoring due to their noticeable contributions to overall toxicity. The contributions of different sources to the toxicity of PACs were determined based on PMF model results and TEQBaP values, which revealed that combustion sources mainly contributed to the comprehensive toxicity of PACs in Lake Chaohu sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Wuhu Dongyuan New Country Developing Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pengpeng He
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Wu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
| | - Fengyu Zan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Miaoqing Xu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
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Gaither KA, Garcia WL, Tyrrell KJ, Wright AT, Smith JN. Activity-Based Protein Profiling to Probe Relationships between Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Early-Age Metabolism of Two Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Phenanthrene and Retene. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:711-722. [PMID: 38602333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has linked early-life exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Once in the body, metabolism serves as a powerful mediator of PAH toxicity by bioactivating and detoxifying PAH metabolites. Since enzyme expression and activity vary considerably throughout human development, we evaluated infant metabolism of PAHs as a potential contributing factor to PAH susceptibility. We measured and compared rates of phenanthrene and retene (two primary PAH constituents of woodsmoke) metabolism in human hepatic microsomes from individuals ≤21 months of age to a pooled sample (n = 200) consisting primarily of adults. We used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to characterize cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in the same hepatic microsome samples. Once incubated in microsomes, phenanthrene demonstrated rapid depletion. Best-fit models for phenanthrene metabolism demonstrated either 1 or 2 phases, depending on the sample, indicating that multiple enzymes could metabolize phenanthrene. We observed no statistically significant differences in phenanthrene metabolism as a function of age, although samples from the youngest individuals had the slowest phenanthrene metabolism rates. We observed slower rates of retene metabolism compared with phenanthrene also in multiple phases. Rates of retene metabolism increased in an age-dependent manner until adult (pooled) metabolism rates were achieved at ∼12 months. ABPP identified 28 unique CYPs among all samples, and we observed lower amounts of active CYPs in individuals ≤21 months of age compared to the pooled sample. Phenanthrene metabolism correlated to CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2C8, 4A22, 3A4, and 3A43 and retene metabolism correlated to CYPs 1A1, 1A2, and 2C8 measured by ABPP and vendor-supplied substrate marker activities. These results will aid efforts to determine human health risk and susceptibility to PAHs exposure during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Gaither
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Whitney L Garcia
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Kimberly J Tyrrell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Meng B, Min XZ, Xiao MY, Xie WX, Li WL, Cai MG, Xiao H, Zhang ZF. Multimedia distribution, dynamics, and seasonal variation of PAHs in Songhua wetland: Implications for ice-influenced conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141641. [PMID: 38460850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The knowledge of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wetlands remains limited. There is a research need for the dynamics between interfaces of multimedia when ice is present in this fragile ecosystem. In this study, sediment, open-water, sub-ice water, and ice samples were collected from the Songhua wetland to study the behaviors of PAHs with and without influences from ice. The concentration of all individual PAHs in sub-ice water (370-1100 ng/L) were higher than the open-water collected from non-ice-covered seasons (50-250 ng/L). Enrichment of PAHs in the ice of wetland was found, particularly for high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW). This could be attributed to the relatively lower polarity of hydrocarbons compounds, making them more likely to remain in the ice layer during freezing. Source assessments reveal common sources for sub-ice water and ice, which differ from those in the open water in non-ice-covered seasons. This difference is primarily attributed to heating activities in the Harbin during winter. The average percentage contributions were 79% for sub-ice water and 36% for ice related to vehicle exhausts and coal combustion. Additionally, wood burning contributed 25% to sub-ice water and 62% to ice. Sediment in the wetland was found to serve as a final deposit particularly for heavier PAHs, especially those with 6 rings. Sediment also has the potential to act as a source for the secondary emission of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW) congeners into the water. PAHs in wetland displayed low ecological risk, while HMW PAHs with relative higher ecological risk is recommended to be further monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research Key Laboratory, Harbin University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xi-Ze Min
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Meng-Yuan Xiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Xi Xie
- Qiqihar Environmental Monitoring Station, No. 571 Bukunan Street, Longsha District, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States
| | - Ming-Gang Cai
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
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Qian Y, Liang M, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Cai M, Lin Y. Does mangrove leave falling dominate the bury of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mangrove of China? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 194:106318. [PMID: 38218006 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove wetlands are vital coastal ecosystems that can absorb and accumulate pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants that pose potential risks to ecosystems and human health. However, their source and transport fate in mangrove areas are poorly understood. This study investigates 29 PAHs pollution of water and sediment in Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Wetland, the northernmost large-scale mangrove wetland reserve in China. We examine the distribution, source, transport mechanisms and risk assessment of PAHs. The results show that the concentrations of PAHs in mangrove sediment range from 55.62 to 347.36 ng/g (DW), with 5-ring PAHs being the dominant species. While the concentrations of PAHs in surface water range from 10.61 to 46.39 ng/L, with 2-ring PAHs and alkylated PAHs being the dominant species. The PAHs concentrations in surface water and sediment of river are higher than those in mangrove area, indicating that mangrove water could receive PAHs through tidal exchange. Based on diagnostic ratios (DRs), principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), we infer that the leaf deposition (48.55%) could be an important pathway of PAHs in mangrove sediment except for river water transport (51.45%), while the PAHs in estuary water originate mainly from point sources such as biomass burning (50.96%) and traffic emission (49.04%). The range of toxic equivalents in surface water and sediment was 2.73-16.09 ng TEQ g-1 and 0.03-3.63 ng/L, respectively. Although the ecological risk assessment suggests that the PAHs pollution in surface water and sediment poses a low risk, we recommend more attention to the protection of the mangrove ecosystem. This study reveals that mangrove leaf falling might be a significant mechanism of PAH sequestration in the mangrove system, which deserves more attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Meiru Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Zixing Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Zihang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Application Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China.
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Qian Y, Yuan K, Wang J, Xu Z, Liang H, Tie C. Parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from coal seam fire at Wuda, Inner Mongolia, China: characteristics, spatial distribution, sources, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7323-7337. [PMID: 36934209 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Wuda coalfield in Inner Mongolia is a vital coal base in China, and it is the hardest-hit area for coal fires (spontaneous combustion of coal seams and coal gangue). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this work tested the concentration and analyzed the characteristics, distribution, sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the surface soil of the Wuda District, including the coal mine, coal fire, agricultural, and background areas. The soil of coal mine and coal fire area were heavily polluted with PACs, with mean concentrations of 9107 and 3163 µg kg-1, respectively, considerably higher than those in the agricultural (1232 µg kg-1) and background areas (710 µg kg-1). Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) were the dominant pollutants among these PACs, accounting for 60-81%. Alkyl naphthalenes and alkyl phenanthrenes are the primary pollutants in APAHs, accounting for 80-90% of the total amounts. Additionally, using the positive matrix factorization method, it can be concluded that the primary PAC sources are petrogenic sources, coal and biomass combustion, coal fires, and vehicle emissions. Finally, according to the cancer risk values of 16 PAHs, only the coal mine area showed a potential cancer risk. However, this result lacks a risk assessment of APAHs and underestimates the actual risk. The results of this study improved the understanding of PAC pollution in coal fire and surrounding areas and provided a reference for environmental and health risk investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Keyue Yuan
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cai Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Wang X, Guo S, Huang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. A novel biomass pyrogenic index and its application coupled with black carbon for improving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:882. [PMID: 37354324 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
To accurately subdivide the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the composition characteristics of 36 total polycyclic hydrocarbons (T-PAHs; 16 parent PAHs and 20 alkylated PAHs [A-PAHs]) in biomass-residue samples were analyzed. A novel biomass pyrogenic index (BPI) was defined based on A-PAH-fingerprinting differences between biomass-combustion and petroleum sources of PAHs and the sum of the concentrations of pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, and alkylated homologs) divided by the ∑value of EPA PAHs with 2-3 rings. BPIs of < 0.5 and > 0.5 indicated that the PAHs originated mainly from biomass combustion and petroleum, respectively. And the ∑targeted A-PAH pairs influencing the BPI/black carbon (BC) ratio was used to identify PAH sources in surface-sediment samples, using 0.5 as the threshold to distinguish between different sources across the strait. The columnar sediments were used to verify the accuracy of two source-identification methods. The results revealed that the main PAH sources changed since 2005, which is highly consistent with those obtained using positive matrix factors and a changing trend in the main types of local energy use. These results highlight the significance of A-PAHs in accurately identifying PAH sources and suggest that applying compositional differences in BC from different sources for PAH-source identification merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, College of the Environment & EcologyFujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
- City Management Bureau, Management Committee of Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, College of the Environment & EcologyFujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, College of the Environment & EcologyFujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Kong J, Han M, Cao X, Cheng X, Yang S, Li S, Sun C, He H. Sedimentary spatial variation, source identification and ecological risk assessment of parent, nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a large shallow lake in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160926. [PMID: 36543273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Because polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are persistent, universal, and toxic pollutants, understanding the potential source and ecological risk thereof in lakes is critical to the safety of the aquatic environment. Here, a total of 25 sedimentary samples were collected from Lake Taihu, China, in 2018. The total concentrations of 16 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 15 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), nine oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and five hydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs) ranged from 294 to 1243, 3.0 to 54.5, 188 to 1897, and 8.3 to 51.7 ng/g dw, with the most abundant compounds being fluoranthene, 1,8-dinitropyrene, 6H-Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, and 2-phenylphenol, respectively. The spatial distribution of PACs in sediments of Lake Taihu showed elevated concentrations from east to west due to economic development and transportation. The positive correlations between most paired PAHs indicate that these compounds likely originated from similar sources. The total organic carbon and organic matter contents affected the distribution characteristics of PACs in sediments. Diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were integrated to identify the sources. PACs had various sources including combustion, petroleum leakage, traffic emissions, hydroxyl metabolism, and other oxidation pathways in sediments of Lake Taihu. The PMF (R2 > 0.9824), which showed better optimal performance compared with PCA-MLR (R2 > 0.9564) for PAHs and derivatives, is recommended as the preferred model for quantitative source analysis. Ecological risk assessment showed that the risk quotient values of OPAHs in sediments were much higher than those of other PACs and should be given special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengshu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Information and Computing Science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China.
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8
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Yan Y, Bao K, Zhao K, Neupane B, Gao C. A baseline study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons distribution, source and ecological risk in Zhanjiang mangrove wetlands, South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114437. [PMID: 38321658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and pose a severe threat to human health. Here, 38 surface sediment samples collected from the Gaoqiao mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang, south China, were analyzed to determine 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority PAHs. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 33.5 µg/kg to 404.8 µg/kg with an average of 147.7 ± 77.7 µg/kg, inferring a moderate pollution level. Three and four-ring compounds dominated the PAHs composition patterns. Significant positive correlations were observed between the PAHs and the physicochemical properties of the sediments. According to the characteristic molecular ratio method, PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from combustion sources, including the incomplete combustion of liquid fossil fuels, grass, wood, and coal. The result based on the PMF model indicates that the primary combustion sources of PAHs are coal combustion, diesel-powered vehicles, biomass combustion and gasoline-powered vehicles, with a share of 39.01%, 25.21%, 12.72% and 10.48%, respectively. The petrogenic source contributes 12.58% PAHs to the sediments. The mean effects range median quotient (m-ERM-Q) and toxic equivalent method (TEQ) indicate a low comprehensive ecological risk of PAHs in the study area. Still, the evaluation results of effects range low (ERL) suggest that PAHs in the sediment would occasionally have adverse biological effects. Therefore, this situation demands attention and calls for protection strategies in the processes of urbanization and industrialization in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kunshan Bao
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Kewei Zhao
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Bigyan Neupane
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Institute of Fundamental Research and Studies (InFeRS), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Changjun Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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Robin SL, Marchand C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mangrove ecosystems: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119959. [PMID: 35977644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants of increasing concern in the different fields of the environment and human health. There are 16 of them that are recognized as priority pollutants by the US environmental protection agency due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials. Due to their hydrophobicity and stability, they are persistent in the environment and can be transported over long distances. Their toxicological effects on multiple species, including humans, as well as their bioaccumulation in the food web became major topics in organic pollutants research this last decade. In the environment, multiple studies have been conducted on their accumulation in the soil and their degradation processes resulting in numerous review papers. However, the dynamics of PAHs in mangrove ecosystems is not yet completely understood. In this review paper, an exhaustive presentation of what is known about PAHs and their transfer, accumulation, and degradation in mangrove ecosystems is offered. This article brings to light the knowledge already acquired on the subject and the perspective research necessary to fully comprehend PAHs dynamics in mangrove ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Louise Robin
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA EA7484), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 145 Avenue James Cook, Nouville, BP R4 98851, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Cyril Marchand
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA EA7484), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 145 Avenue James Cook, Nouville, BP R4 98851, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
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10
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Qian Y, Xu Z, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Tie C, Liang H. Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Are the Largest Contributor to Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Concentrations in the Topsoil of Huaibei Coalfield, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12733. [PMID: 36232034 PMCID: PMC9566202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are more toxic and persistent than their parent compounds. Here, the concentrations, composition profiles, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in 127 topsoil samples from Huaibei coalfield were analyzed. The PAC concentrations in different functional areas were significantly different: mining area > industrial area > residential area > agricultural area. APAHs were the major contributors to PACs, accounting for 71-83% of total PACs. Alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes were the primary APAH components, accounting for 83-87% of APAHs. Principal component analysis showed that petrogenic source, coal and biomass combustion, and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PACs. By comparing the fingerprint information of soil, coal, and coal gangue, it was hypothesized that the petrogenic source of PAC pollution in typical mining areas and surrounding areas are coal particle scattering and coal gangue weathering. Some coal mining and industrial areas potentially pose risks to children, whereas others do not. There are limited evaluation criteria for alkyl PAHs; hence, the estimated risk is likely lower than the actual risk. In addition to the conventional 16 PAHs, it is critical to consider a broader range of PACs, especially APAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cai Tie
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Fan Y, Zhang K, Zhang R, Guo G, Li H, Bai Y, Lin Y, Cai T. Derivation of water quality criteria for glyphosate and its formulations to protect aquatic life in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51860-51870. [PMID: 35254617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of the herbicide glyphosate leads to a high detection rate in the environment and potential risks to nontarget aquatic life. China ranks first globally in the production and consumption of glyphosate, but there are no glyphosate water quality criteria (WQCs) for protecting aquatic life. Here, data on the acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs) to freshwater aquatic life were collected and screened. Significant differences in species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and toxicity values for acute or chronic toxicity were found between glyphosate and GBFs. The hazardous concentrations for 5% of species (HC5) of glyphosate or GBFs between native and nonnative species were different, and native species were found to be more sensitive to the toxicity of glyphosate. The acute and chronic WQCs derived with the SSD method for glyphosate based on the toxicity data for native species in China were 3.35 and 0.26 mg/L, respectively, and those found for GBFs were 0.21 and 0.005 mg/L, respectively. The WQCs in this study were quite different from those estimated using similar statistical extrapolation methods in other countries, which reflects the differences in species sensitivity to glyphosate toxicity in different regions. The hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated based on the WQCs and concentrations of glyphosate in some surface waters in China and indicated that glyphosate exhibits medium or high hazard risk in some samples of Tai Lake, surface water in Guiyang, fishpond water in Chongqing, rural drinking water, and surface water and reservoir water in Henan Province. The WQCs of glyphosate and GBFs have scientific significance for the exposure and pollution control of herbicide formulations and the protection of aquatic life in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Fan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kaibo Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruiqing Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Guanghui Guo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huixian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, China
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12
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Pyrolytic Remediation and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Fuel-Oil-Contaminated Soil. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050245. [PMID: 35622658 PMCID: PMC9144531 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oil-contaminated soil is a major societal problem for humans and the environment. In this study, the pyrolysis method was applied to oil-contaminated soil used as a landfill and gas station site in Korea. The removal efficiency of the main components of oil-contaminated soils, such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and alkylated PAHs (Alk-PAHs) were measured, and the effect of temperature, treatment time, and moisture content on pyrolysis efficiency was studied. In order to evaluate the risk of soil from which pollutants were removed through pyrolysis, integrated ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna and Allivibrio fischeri. The chemical and biological measurements in this study include contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs). Results showed that the pyrolysis was more efficient with higher treatment temperatures, moisture content, and treatment times. In addition, toxicity was reduced by 99% after pyrolysis, and the degree of toxicity was evaluated more sensitively in Allivibrio fischeri than in Daphnia magna. This study shows that weathered oil-contaminated soil can be effectively treated in a relatively short time through pyrolysis, as well as provides information on efficient conditions and the assessment of ecotoxicity.
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13
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Wang Y, Hong H, Qian L, Wang Q, Li J, Huang Q, Jiang Y, Lu H, Liu J, Dong Y, Li J, Yan C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at subcritical levels as novel indicators of microbial adaptation in a pre-industrial river delta. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133858. [PMID: 35124082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment is considered a vast sink for organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, little is known about the relationship between subcritical PAH allocation and benthic microbial patterns. Thus, we carried out a field investigation at the abandoned Yellow River Delta (AYRD) to deepen the understanding of PAHs' horizontal distribution and ecological roles on the continental shelf. The PAH level in the AYRD is relatively low and distance-independent, indicating it resulted from long-term, chronic, anthropogenic input. The combined application of diagnostic molecular ratios reported inconsistent PAH sources, which might be due to the low PAH concentrations and the complexity of contributing sources. Positive Matrix Factorization provided a more robust source classification and identified three main PAH sources-coal combustion and vehicle emissions, petrogenic process, and fossil fuels. The benthic microbiome did not show a significant response to PAHs in terms of microbial assemblage or alpha-diversity. However, Operational Taxonomic Units in some specific phyla, like Thaumarchaeota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chytridiomycota, correlated with the PAH source indicators, supporting the notion that PAH source indicators can act as a novel environmental indicator for microbial adaption. What's more, Microbial Ecological Networks show more connection at sites identified as biomass combustion by both Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene) compared to the ones identified as biomass combustion by Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) and petroleum combustion by Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene). Herein, we demonstrate that the PAHs' source indicator can serve as a novel indicator of the interactions between microorganisms, and thus, should be applied to the sustainable management effort in the offshore area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Academy of Environmental Planning and Design, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Lu Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Junwei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Yongcan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Yunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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14
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Huang R, Zhang C, Xu X, Jin R, Li D, Christakos G, Xiao X, He J, Agusti S, Duarte CM, Wu J. Underestimated PAH accumulation potential of blue carbon vegetation: Evidence from sedimentary records of saltmarsh and mangrove in Yueqing Bay, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152887. [PMID: 35026243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sediments of blue carbon vegetation are becoming a sink of natural and anthropogenic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the extent to which PAHs are accumulated and varied in blue carbon sediments, and the impact of blue carbon vegetation on the accumulation and retention capacity of PAHs, have been poorly explored. This study examines the sedimentary records of PAHs in profiles from mangrove plantation, saltmarsh, and mudflat in Ximen Island and Maoyan Island of Yueqing Bay, China. The existence of blue carbon vegetation provides a sheltered environment for the accelerated burial of sediment and OC. Decadal PAH sedimentation records show staged changes characterized by the emission of PAHs and colonization of blue carbon vegetation, reflecting the accelerated burial of PAHs in sediments by blue carbon vegetation colonization. In addition, the colonization of blue carbon vegetation contributes to the shift of PAH compositions in sediments. This study provides new insights into the underestimated PAH accumulation potential and retention capacity of blue carbon vegetation and the corresponding underlying sediments, supporting the environmental benefits of blue carbon vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiu Huang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | | | - Xiangrong Xu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runjie Jin
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Dan Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - George Christakos
- Department of Geography, San Diego State University, California, USA
| | - Xi Xiao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Junyu He
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Susana Agusti
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaping Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China.
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15
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Chen H, Han X, Liang B, Deng M, Du B, Zeng L. Spatial distribution, homologue patterns and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins in mangrove sediments along the South China Coast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118623. [PMID: 34871648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, homologue patterns, and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were investigated in sediments from sixteen mangrove wetlands along the South China Coast (SCS). The total concentrations of CPs in mangrove sediments from Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, and Hainan were in the range of 933-4760, 619-2300, 375-1550, and 271-658 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The contamination levels and spatial distribution of short-chain and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) in mangrove sediments were mainly affected by local population scale and CP industries. The dominant CP patterns in sediments were C10-11Cl6-8 and C14Cl7-9 for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. Redundancy analysis, based on CP levels and several potential influencing factors showed that MCCPs/SCCPs ratio was the main factor affecting the accumulation of CPs in mangrove sediments. Additionally, MCCP concentrations were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), indicating that TOC might affect MCCP accumulation in mangrove sediments. Risk assessments indicated that CPs would pose medium ecological risks to sediment dwelling organisms in nearly one-third of the sampling sites. This is the first comprehensive report of the sedimentary SCCPs and MCCPs in mangrove wetlands along the SCS and highlights the need for more sediment toxicity data for CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Man Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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