1
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Rana G, Dhiman P, Kumar A, Chauhan A, Sharma G. Recent advances in photocatalytic removal of antiviral drugs by Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33876-9. [PMID: 38837030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The possible impact of antivirals on ecosystems and the emergence of antiviral resistance are the reasons for concern about their environmental release. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in curiosity regarding their presence in both organic and synthetic systems in recent years. The primary objective of this review is to address the void of information regarding the global presence of antiviral drugs in both wastewater and natural water sources. Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants is an eco-friendly, cost-effective method that effectively addresses environmental degradation. The development of efficient photocatalysts remains a significant issue in accelerating the degradation of pollutants, especially when employing solar light. Thus, the development of Z-scheme and S-scheme semiconductor heterojunctions has emerged as a viable method to improve light absorption and enhance the redox capability of photocatalysts. The principles of Z-scheme and S-scheme are reviewed extensively. The degradation route and occurrence of antiviral are discussed briefly. Finally, a short preview of the degradation of antiviral using Z-scheme and S-scheme is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Rana
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India.
| | - Pooja Dhiman
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Ankush Chauhan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, India
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2
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Chai J, Zheng J, Tong Y, Chai F, Tian M. Construction of the molecularly imprinted adsorbent based on shaddock peel biochar sphere for highly sensitive detection of ribavirin in food and water resources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116756. [PMID: 37507037 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV) that is not metabolically released into the environment can contaminate the environment and even make organisms resistant to it. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a simple and effective method for adsorbing RBV in the environment. In this study, a novel biochar-based boronate affinity molecularly imprinted polymers (C@H@B-MIPs) were synthesized. This is the first time that shaddock peel biochar sphere was used as a carrier for specific recognition of RBV. The polymerization conditions were optimized and the binding properties of RBV were studied. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of boronate affinity and surface imprinting, the C@H@B-MIPs showed rapid equilibrium kinetics of 15 min, high adsorption capacity of 18.30 mg g-1, and excellent reusability for RBV. The linear range was 0.05-100 mg L-1, and the detection limit was 0.023 mg L-1. This method was triumphant applied to the selective adsorption of RBV in food and water resources with recovery rates of 81.4-97.7%. This study provides a practical platform for the manufacture of efficient biomass-based adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Chai
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, PR China
| | - Junlei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, PR China
| | - Yukui Tong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, PR China
| | - Fang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, PR China.
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, PR China.
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3
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Cao G, Wang W, Zhang J, Wu P, Qiao H, Li H, Huang G, Yang Z, Cai Z. Occurrence and Fate of Substituted p-Phenylenediamine-Derived Quinones in Hong Kong Wastewater Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15635-15643. [PMID: 37798257 PMCID: PMC10586368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
para-Phenylenediamine quinones (PPD-Qs) are a newly discovered class of transformation products derived from para-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants. These compounds are prevalent in runoff, roadside soil, and particulate matter. One compound among these, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-n'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q), was found to induce acute mortality of coho salmon, rainbow trout, and brook trout, with the median lethal concentrations even lower than its appearance in the surface and receiving water system. However, there was limited knowledge about the occurrence and fate of these emerging environmental contaminants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which is crucial for effective pollutant removal via municipal wastewater networks. In the current study, we performed a comprehensive investigation of a suite of PPD-Qs along with their parent compounds across the influent, effluent, and biosolids during each processing unit in four typical WWTPs in Hong Kong. The total concentrations of PPDs and PPD-Qs in the influent were determined to be 2.7-90 and 14-830 ng/L. In the effluent, their concentrations decreased to 0.59-40 and 2.8-140 ng/L, respectively. The median removal efficiency for PPD-Qs varied between 53.0 and 91.0% across the WWTPs, indicating that a considerable proportion of these contaminants may not be fully eliminated through the current processing technology. Mass flow analyses revealed that relatively higher levels of PPD-Qs were retained in the sewage sludge (20.0%) rather than in the wastewater (16.9%). In comparison to PPDs, PPD-Qs with higher half-lives exhibited higher release levels via effluent wastewater, which raises particular concerns about their environmental consequences to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Huankai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Gefei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
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4
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Wang R, Luo J, Li C, Chen J, Zhu N. Antiviral drugs in wastewater are on the rise as emerging contaminants: A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal characteristics, removal technologies and environmental risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131694. [PMID: 37269566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs (ATVs) are widely used to treat illnesses caused by viruses. Particularly, ATVs were consumed in such large quantities during the pandemic that high concentrations were detected in wastewater and aquatic environment. Since ATVs are not fully absorbed by the human or animal body, this results in large amounts of them being discharged into the sewage through urine or feces. Most ATVs can be degraded by microbes at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), while some ATVs either require deep treatment to reduce concentration and toxicity. Parent and metabolites residing in effluent posed a varying degree of risk when entering the aquatic environment, while increasing the potential of natural reservoirs for environmentally acquired antiviral drug resistance potential. There is a rising research on the behavior of ATVs in the environment has surged since the pandemic. In the context of multiple viral diseases worldwide, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic, a comprehensive assessment of the occurrence, removal, and risk of ATVs is urgently needed. This review aims to discuss the fate of ATVs in WWTPs from various regions in the world with wastewater as the main analyzing object. The ultimate goal is to focus on ATVs with high ecological impact and regulate their use or develop advanced treatment technologies to mitigate the risk to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinming Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiamiao Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nanwen Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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5
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Wang R, Yang W, Cai C, Zhong M, Dai X. Dose-response and type-dependent effects of antiviral drugs in anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge for biogas production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27045-7. [PMID: 37209333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, antiviral drugs (AVDs) were heavily excreted into wastewater and subsequently enriched in sewage sludge due to their widespread use. The potential ecological risks of AVDs have attracted increasing attention, but information on the effects of AVDs on sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) is limited. In this study, two typical AVDs (lamivudine and ritonavir) were selected to investigate the responses of AD to AVDs by biochemical methane potential tests. The results indicated that the effects of AVDs on methane production from sludge AD were dose- and type-dependent. The increased ritonavir concentration (0.05-50 mg/kg TS) contributed to an 11.27-49.43% increase in methane production compared with the control. However, methane production was significantly decreased at high lamivudine doses (50 mg/kg TS). Correspondingly, bacteria related to acidification were affected when exposed to lamivudine and ritonavir. Acetoclastic and hydrotropic methanogens were inhibited at a high lamivudine dose, while ritonavir enriched methylotrophic and hydrotropic methanogens. Based on the analysis of intermediate metabolites, the inhibition of lamivudine and the promotion of ritonavir on acidification and methanation were confirmed. In addition, the existence of AVDs could affect sludge properties. Sludge solubilization was inhibited when exposed to lamivudine and enhanced by ritonavir, perhaps caused by their different structures and physicochemical properties. Moreover, lamivudine and ritonavir could be partially degraded by AD, but 50.2-68.8% of AVDs remained in digested sludge, implying environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Menghuan Zhong
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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6
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Cai N, Bai G, Zhang T, Lei Y, Guo P, Chen Z, Xu J. Three-dimensional heterogeneous electro-Fenton system with reduced graphene oxide based particle electrode for Acyclovir removal. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023:108514. [PMID: 37362325 PMCID: PMC10139746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
New pollutant pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), especially antiviral drugs, have received increasing attention not only due to their increase in usage after the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemics but also due to their adverse impacts on water ecological environment. Electro-Fenton technology is an effective method to remove PPCPs from water. Novel particle electrodes (MMT/rGO/Fe3O4) were synthesized by depositing Fe3O4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide modified montmorillonite and acted as catalysts to promote oxidation performance in a three-dimensional Electro-Fenton (3D-EF) system. The electrodes combined the catalytic property of Fe3O4, hydrophilicity of montmorillonite and electrical conductivity of graphene oxides, and applied for the degradation of Acyclovir (ACV) with high efficiency and ease of operation. At optimal condition, the degradation rate of ACV reached 100% within 120 min, and the applicable pH range could be 3 to 11 in the 3D-EF system. The stability and reusability of MMT/rGO/Fe3O4 particle electrodes were also studied, the removal rate of ACV remained at 92% after 10 cycles, which was just slightly lower than that of the first cycle. Potential degradation mechanisms were also proposed by methanol quenching tests and FT-ICR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongqian Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Restoration in Farmland Soil, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
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7
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Xu X, Zhu R, Zhang Y, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Zou H, Chen C. COVID-19 related antiviral drugs are less adsorbable on sediment under alkaline and high cation conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163736. [PMID: 37120016 PMCID: PMC10140464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented usage and elevated environmental concentrations of antiviral drugs. However, very limited studies have reported their sorption characteristics on environmental matrices. This study investigated the sorption of six COVID-19 related antivirals on Taihu Lake sediment with varied aqueous chemistry. Results showed that the sorption isotherms for arbidol (ABD), oseltamivir (OTV), and ritonavir (RTV) were linear, while the Freundlich model was the best-fit for ribavirin (RBV) and the Langmuir model for favipiravir (FPV) and remdesivir (RDV). Their distribution coefficient, Kd, varied between 5.051 L/kg to 248.6 L/kg with the sorption capacities ranked as FPV > RDV > ABD > RTV > OTV > RBV. Alkaline conditions (pH 9) and elevated cation strength (0.05 M to 0.1 M) decreased the sorption capacities of the sediment for these drugs. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the spontaneous sorption of RDV, ABD, and RTV was between physisorption and chemisorption while FPV, RBV, and OTV were mainly physisorption. Functional groups related to hydrogen bonds, π - π interaction, and surface complexation were implicated in the sorption processes. These findings enhance our understanding about the environmental fate of COVID-19 related antivirals and provide basic data for predicting their distribution and risk in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, United States
| | - Hua Zou
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510535, China.
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8
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Baluchová S, Mamaloukou A, Koldenhof RH, Buijnsters JG. Modification-free boron-doped diamond as a sensing material for direct and reliable detection of the antiretroviral drug nevirapine. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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9
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Venter P, van Onselen R. Evaluating the "wrong-way-round" electrospray ionization of antiretroviral drugs for improved detection sensitivity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1187-1193. [PMID: 36637494 PMCID: PMC9899738 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) in the aquatic environment poses a significant health risk to the ecosystem. The dilution of these compounds during wastewater treatment processes, followed by discharge into the environment, results in extremely low concentrations in the range of ng/L. Therefore, to enable detection of these low concentrations, it is important to determine the most efficient electrospray ionization (ESI) mode using the right mobile phase modifier and to establish a selective extraction procedure. In this study, we compared the ESI intensity in the positive and negative mode using both formic acid (FA) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as mobile phase modifiers. The results revealed a phenomenon known as the "wrong-way-round" (WWR) ESI in which high intensity [M + H]+ ions were detected under basic conditions using NH4OH as modifier and, similarly, high intensity [M-H]- ions were detected under acidic conditions using FA as modifier. Furthermore, mixed-mode strong cation (MCX) and mixed-mode strong anion (MAX) exchange sorbents were evaluated for extraction recoveries, which yielded extraction recoveries between 60 and 100%. Finally, the recoveries obtained using mixed-mode ion exchange sorbents compared to ion production during the ESI process provide evidence that ions produced in solution do not necessarily reflect the ions that are produced during the ESI process. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to evaluate the optimal ionization mode under basic and acidic conditions, instead of defaulting to the use of acidic modifiers with positive ion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Venter
- grid.415021.30000 0000 9155 0024Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Rianita van Onselen
- grid.415021.30000 0000 9155 0024Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
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10
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Madikizela LM, Nuapia YB, Chimuka L, Ncube S, Etale A. Target and Suspect Screening of Pharmaceuticals and their Transformation Products in the Klip River, South Africa, using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:437-447. [PMID: 34888926 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In spite of recent reports about the presence of pharmaceuticals in African water bodies, their prevalence has still not been sufficiently quantified. The few available studies have mostly focused on a limited number of pharmaceuticals. In the present study, a suspect screening of 92 compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and their transformation products) along the Klip River, South Africa was conducted, followed by target monitoring of 21 of the detected pharmaceuticals. The experimental approach was based on solid-phase extraction followed by analysis with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The results revealed 47 pharmaceuticals, 31 of which were detected for the first time in South African waters. Seven detected pharmaceuticals (propyphenazole, sulfamerazine, levamisole, tryptophan, dibucaine, albuterol, and fenpropimorph) are not approved medications in South Africa. Six pharmaceutical metabolites were detected for the first time in South Africa. Pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations in river water were flumequine (0.257 µg L-1 ), oxolinic acid (0.355 µg L-1 ), and acetaminophen (0.432 µg L-1 ). Oxolinic acid presented the highest hazard quotient, 48.6, indicating a risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Hazard quotients for other pharmaceuticals were below 1, except that of flumequine, which reached 1.285. These results suggest a need for further research into the fate of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, and a quantification of the risks associated with the identified drugs because they are likely to accumulate in the tissues of fish/aquatic organisms, thus affecting humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:437-447. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yannick B Nuapia
- School of Animal, Plant, & Environmental Science, Medicinal Plants, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - Anita Etale
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Amir M, Narula P, Bano F. Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Matrices: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666211217145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the protease inhibitor type of anti-retroviral drugs. Both are used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews many analytical methods for the analysis of LPV and RTV in pharmaceutical formulations (tablet, capsule, syrup, and bulk) and biological fluids (human plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, rat plasma, and human hair).
Objective:
The study aims to summarize various ana¬lytical techniques, such as Chromatography, Spectrophotometry; and also hyphenated techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
Method:
The review deals with com¬prehensive details about the type of various analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy (UV), chromatography (RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC), and hyphenated techniques, i.e., LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for the analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir. These techniques are either explored for the quantification, de¬tection of metabolite or for stability studies of the LPV & RTV.
Conclusion:
The present studies revealed that the HPLC technique along with the spectro-scopic, have been most widely used for the analysis. Out of the developed methods, hyphenated UPLC-MS and LC-MS are very sensitive and helps in the easy estimation of drugs compared to that of the other techniques. This review may provide comprehensive details to the researchers working in the area of analytical research of LPV & RTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Puneet Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Farzana Bano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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12
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Yao L, Chen ZY, Dou WY, Yao ZK, Duan XC, Chen ZF, Zhang LJ, Nong YJ, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Occurrence, removal and mass loads of antiviral drugs in seven wastewater treatment plants with various treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117803. [PMID: 34741900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are among the most common and important classes of pharmaceuticals to treat viral infections, however their continuous emission and persistence in the receiving environment has attracted increasing attention about their potential ecological risks. Here we investigated the occurrence, fate and mass load of 9 antiviral drugs for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis B, in 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment processes in Guangdong, China. Totally, 8 target antiviral drugs were detected in the WWTPs influent wastewater, effluent wastewater and sludge, with maximal concentrations up to 7624 ng/L (telbivudine), 568 ng/L (telbivudine), and 2013 ng/g wet weight (telbivudine), respectively. The removal efficiency varied widely between different antiviral drugs, with the mean aqueous removal efficiency and total removal efficiency ranging from -6.2% (nevirapine) to 100% (lamivudine) and -1.2% (nevirapine) to 100% (lamivudine), respectively. Mass balance analysis showed that their elimination was mostly attributed to the biodegradation/biotransformation. The total back-estimated usage and emission of 9 target antiviral drugs were 77.8 t/y and 13.2 t/y in Guangdong province, China, respectively. Based on the sewage epidemiology approach, the consumption and emission of antiviral drugs in seven studied WWTPs were ranged at 2.31 mg/d/1000 people (nevirapine) to 4970 mg/d/1000 people (telbivudine), and 0 (lamivudine) to 900 mg/d/1000 people (telbivudine), respectively. Preliminary risk assessment showed that the antiviral drugs of zidovudine, ritonavir, lopinavir, and telbivudine in the receiving rivers could pose high ecological risks for aquatic environment. The findings from the present study illustrate the persistence of nevirapine in WWTPs, and provide essential evidence for further study into the development of wastewater treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Dou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xing-Chun Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yun-Jun Nong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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