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Srivastava A, Sharma A, Jena MK, Vuppaladadiyam AK, Reguyal F, Joshi J, Sharma A, Shah K, Gupta A, Chin BLF, Saptoro A, Sarmah AK. Can pyrolysis handle biomedical wastes?: Assessing the potential of various biomedical waste treatment technologies in tackling pandemics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174167. [PMID: 38917898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Globally, COVID-19 has not only caused tremendous negative health, social and economic impacts, but it has also led to environmental issues such as a massive increase in biomedical waste. The biomedical waste (BMW) was generated from centralized (hospitals, clinics, and research facilities) and extended (quarantine camps, COVID-19 test camps, and quarantined homes) healthcare facilities. Many effects, such as the possibility of infection spread, unlawful dumping/disposal, and an increase in toxic emissions by common BMW treatment facilities, are conjectured because of the rise in waste generation. However, it is also an opportunity to critically analyze the current BMW treatment scenario and implement changes to make the system more economical and environmentally sustainable. In this review, the waste disposal guidelines of the BMW management infrastructure are critically analyzed for many functional parameters to bring out possible applications and limitations of individual interventions. In addition, an investigation was made to select appropriate technology based on the environmental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Srivastava
- Waste to Resources Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, India
| | - Anita Sharma
- Waste to Resources Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Jena
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - Febelyn Reguyal
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jyeshtharaj Joshi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai- 400094, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-19, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Waste to Resources Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, India; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Kalpit Shah
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Akhilendra Gupta
- Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Curtin University Malaysia, 250 CDT, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Agus Saptoro
- Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, 250 CDT, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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2
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Pilipenets O, Kin Peng Hui F, Gunawardena T, Mendis P, Aye L. New circularity indicator for decision making in the stockpile management of construction and demolition waste: Perspectives of Australian practitioners. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121345. [PMID: 38852409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing popularity of the circular economy, there remains a lack of consensus on how to quantify circularity, a critical aspect of the practical implementation of this model. To address this gap, this article examines the industry's perspective and efforts toward implementing the circular economy in real-world scenarios. We conducted 40 interviews with engineers, project leaders, and top-level managers in the Australian construction sector. Using Saldaña's coding approach, we analysed their views on circular economy practices and efforts within their organisations. Our findings reveal while waste minimisation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and cost considerations are widely regarded as essential indicators of a successful circular economy model, the significance of waste storage and long-term stockpiling while awaiting treatment has been overlooked or under-emphasised in industry practices and academic literature. Stockpiling of waste has often been seen as a staging process in waste treatment. However, based on industry insights, it accumulates to the point of mismanagement when it becomes a safety and environmental concern. Addressing this oversight, we propose a storage circularity indicator that allows incorporating waste storage and stockpiling in circular economy models. Our research contributes to various environmental and waste management aspects, supporting policies and strategies for solid waste management and excessive stockpile prevention. By emphasising the significance of storage circularity, we clarify waste prevention techniques and address socio-economic issues such as the urgent need to reduce long-term stockpiling of solid waste. This work highlights the importance of decision-support tools in waste management to facilitate the implementation of circular economy principles. Our proposed storage circularity indicator promotes industrial collaboration, aligning with the concept of industrial symbiosis to optimise resource use and minimise waste generation. By discussing these topics, we aim to contribute to the advancement of more robust waste management strategies and policies that promote sustainable production and consumption practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pilipenets
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Felix Kin Peng Hui
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tharaka Gunawardena
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Priyan Mendis
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lu Aye
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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3
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Wang F, Wang J, He Y, Yan Y, Fu D, Rene ER, Singh RP. Effect of different bulking agents on fed-batch composting and microbial community profile. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118449. [PMID: 38354880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The current study focused on analyzing the effect of different types of bulking agents and other factors on fed-batch composting and the structure of microbial communities. The results indicated that the introduction of bulking agents to fed-batch composting significantly improved composting efficiency as well as compost product quality. In particular, using green waste as a bulking agent, the compost products would achieve good performance in the following indicators: moisture (3.16%), weight loss rate (85.26%), and C/N ratio (13.98). The significant difference in moisture of compost products (p < 0.05) was observed in different sizes of bulking agent (green waste), which was because the voids in green waste significantly affected the capacity of the water to permeate. Meanwhile, controlling the size of green waste at 3-6 mm, the following indicators would show great performance from the compost products: moisture (3.12%), organic matter content (63.93%), and electrical conductivity (EC) (5.37 mS/cm). According to 16S rRNA sequencing, the relative abundance (RA) of thermophilic microbes increased as reactor temperature rose in fed-batch composting, among which Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Basidiomycota, and Rasamsonia were involved in cellulose and lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuheng He
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yixin Yan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
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4
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Sutaoney P, Rai SN, Sinha S, Choudhary R, Gupta AK, Singh SK, Banerjee P. Current perspective in research and industrial applications of microbial cellulases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130639. [PMID: 38453122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The natural interactions between various bacteria, fungi, and other cellulolytic microorganisms destroy lignocellulosic polymers. The efficacy of this process is determined by the combined action of three main enzymes: endoglucanases, exo-glucanases, and β-glucosidase. The enzyme attacks the polymeric structure's β-1,4-linkages during the cellulose breakdown reaction. This mechanism is crucial for the environment as it recycles cellulose in the biosphere. However, there are problems with enzymatic cellulose breakdown, including complex cellulase structure, insufficient degradation efficacy, high production costs, and post-translational alterations, many of which are closely related to certain unidentified cellulase properties. These issues impede the practical use of cellulases. A developing area of research is the application of this similar paradigm for industrial objectives. Cellulase enzyme exhibits greater promise in many critical industries, including biofuel manufacture, textile smoothing and finishing, paper and pulp manufacturing, and farming. However, the study on cellulolytic enzymes must move forward in various directions, including increasing the activity of cellulase as well as designing peptides to give biocatalysts their desired attributes. This manuscript includes an overview of current research on different sources of cellulases, their production, and biochemical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sutaoney
- Present address-Department of Microbiology, Kalinga University, Raipur 492101, Chhattisgarh, India; Microbiology Laboratory, School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sakshi Sinha
- Present address-Department of Microbiology, Kalinga University, Raipur 492101, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rachana Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya, Junwani, Durg 490005, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - A K Gupta
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Paromita Banerjee
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, 249203, Uttarakhand, India.
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Liu Y, Zhao S, Wang D, Wang S, Ding X, Han K, Wang R, Kou Y, Zhou G, Shen W. Environmental fate of microplastics in alpine and canyon-type river-cascade reservoir systems: Large-scale investigation of the Yalong River in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170300. [PMID: 38272090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Reservoirs are regarded as potential collection sites for microplastics (MPs), and ample water resources in plateau regions provide favorable natural conditions for hydroelectric power generation. However, research on the impact of cascade reservoir construction in the plateau region on the fate of MPs within the watershed is limited. In this study, the Yalong River, an alpine canyon river in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected as the research area. This study explored the distribution of MPs at various depths in water, sediment, and riverbank soil as well as the formation of "MP communities" within the river-cascade reservoir system. Furthermore, the effects of dam construction on MPs' migration in different environments were analyzed. The results revealed that the abundance of MPs in the water and sediment within the cascade reservoir area (CRA) was significantly higher than that in the river area (RA) (P < 0.001). Additionally, the trend of increasing MPs in water with decreasing altitude was notably slower in CRA. Regarding shape, the proportion of fibers in the water within the CRA was significantly lower than that in the RA, with a smaller vertical migration rate in the water than in the sediment. The proportion of MPs < 500 μm in the water within the CRA was significantly higher than that in the RA. High-density MPs were notably deposited in the reservoir sediments. The analysis of the MP communities revealed that the construction of cascade dams led to relative geographical isolation between different sampling sites, reducing the similarity of MP communities in the CRA. This study established a theoretical foundation for understanding the impact of cascade dam construction on the fate characteristics of MPs and their potential risks in plateau areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liu
- College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shaoting Zhao
- Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, PR China
| | - Dongzhi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Shichen Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Kaiyang Han
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Xi'an Institute of Environmental Hygiene Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, PR China
| | - Yuyang Kou
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Guangqian Zhou
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Weibo Shen
- College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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6
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Raza MA, Aman MM, Abbas G, Soomro SA, Yousef A, Touti E, Mirjat NH, Khan MHA. Managing the low carbon transition pathways through solid waste electricity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5490. [PMID: 38448493 PMCID: PMC10917795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential of solid waste as an energy source is clear, owing to its wide availability and renewable properties, which provide a critical answer for energy security. This can be especially effective in reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels. Countries that rely heavily on coal should examine alternatives such as electricity from solid waste to provide a constant energy supply while also contributing to atmospheric restoration. In this regards, Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) is used for simulation the entire energy system in Pakistan and forecasted its capital cost and future CO2 emissions in relation to the use of renewable and fossil fuel resources under the different growth rates of solid waste projects like 20%, 30% and 40% for the study period 2023-2053. The results revealed that, 1402.97 TWh units of energy are generated to meet the total energy demand of 1193.93 TWh until 2053. The share of solid waste based electricity in total energy mix is increasing from a mere 0.81% in 2023 to around 9.44% by 2053 under the 20% growth rate, which then increase to 39.67% by 2053 under the 30% growth rate and further increases to 78.33% by 2053 under the 40% growth rate. It is suggested that 40% growth rate for solid waste based electricity projects is suitable for Pakistan until 2053 because under this condition, renewable sources contributes 95.2% and fossil fuels contributed 4.47% in the total energy mix of Pakistan. Hence, CO2 emissions are reduced from 148.26 million metric tons to 35.46 million metric tons until 2053 but capital cost is increased from 13.23 b$ in 2023 to 363.11 b$ by 2053.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amir Raza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mir's, 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Renewable Energy (ASURE), NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M M Aman
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Renewable Energy (ASURE), NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Shakir Ali Soomro
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mir's, 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amr Yousef
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Business and Technology, Ar Rawdah, 23435, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Engineering Mathematics Department, Alexandria University, Lotfy El-Sied St. Off Gamal Abd El-Naser, Alexandria, 11432, Egypt
| | - Ezzeddine Touti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, 91431, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Kasserine, University of Kairouan, 3100, Kairouan, Tunisia.
| | - Nayyar Hussain Mirjat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, 76060, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Huzaifa Ahmed Khan
- Department of Electronics Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
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7
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Lyu L, Bagchi M, Markoglou N, An C, Peng H, Bi H, Yang X, Sun H. Towards environmentally sustainable management: A review on the generation, degradation, and recycling of polypropylene face mask waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132566. [PMID: 37742382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
There has been a considerable increase in the use of face masks in the past years. Managing face mask waste has become a global concern, as the current waste management system is insufficient to deal with such a large quantity of solid waste. The drastic increase in quantity, along with the material's inability to degrade plastic components such as polypropylene, has led to a large accumulation of plastic waste, causing a series of environmental and ecological challenges. In addition, the growing use also imposes pressure on waste management methods such as landfill and incineration, raising concerns about high energy consumption, low value-added utilization, and the release of additional pollutants during the process. This article initially reviews the impact of mask-related plastic waste generation and degradation behavior in the natural environment. It then provides an overview of various recently developed methods for recycling face mask plastic waste. The article also offers forward-looking strategies and recommendations on face mask plastic waste management. The review aims to provide guidance on harnessing the complexities of mask waste and other medical plastic pollution issues, as well as improving the current waste management system's deficiencies and inefficiencies in tackling the growing plastic waste problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Lyu
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Monisha Bagchi
- Department Research and Development, Meltech Innovation Canada Inc., Medicom Group, Pointe-Claire, QC H9P 2Z2, Canada
| | - Nektaria Markoglou
- Department Research and Development, Meltech Innovation Canada Inc., Medicom Group, Pointe-Claire, QC H9P 2Z2, Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada.
| | - He Peng
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Huifang Bi
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Huijuan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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8
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Awino FB, Apitz SE. Solid waste management in the context of the waste hierarchy and circular economy frameworks: An international critical review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:9-35. [PMID: 37039089 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing populations and consumption drive the challenges of solid waste management (SWM); globalization of transport, food production, and trade, including waste trading, distributes risks worldwide. Using waste hierarchy (WH; reduce, reuse, and recycle) and circular economy (CE) concepts, we updated a conceptual waste framework used by international organizations to evaluate SWM practices. We identified the key steps and the important factors, as well as stakeholders, which are essential features for effective SWM. Within this updated conceptual framework, we qualitatively evaluated global SWM strategies and practices, identifying opportunities, barriers, and best practices. We find that, although a few exceptional countries exhibit zero-waste compliance, most fare poorly, as exhibited by the high waste generation, incineration, and disposal (open dumping, landfilling) volumes. In the Global North, SWM strategies and practices rely heavily on technologies, economic tools, regulatory frameworks, education, and social engagement to raise stakeholder awareness and enhance inclusion and participation; in the Global South, however, many governments take sole legal responsibility for SWM, seeking to eliminate waste as a public "nuisance." Separation and recycling in the Global South are implemented mainly by "informal" economies in which subsistence needs drive recyclable material retrieval. Imported, regionally inappropriate tools, economic constraints, weak policies and governance, waste trading, noninclusive stakeholder participation, data limitations, and limited public awareness continue to pose major waste and environmental management challenges across nations. In the context of the framework, we conclude that best practices from around the world can be used to guide decision-making, globally. Despite variations in drivers and needs across regions, nations in both the Global North and South need to improve WH and CE compliance, and enhance stakeholder partnership, awareness, and participation throughout the SWM process. Partnerships between the Global North and South could better manage traded wastes, reduce adverse impacts, and enhance global environmental sustainability and equity, supporting UN Sustainable Development Goals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:9-35. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Barbara Awino
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sabine E Apitz
- SEA Environmental Decisions, Hertfordshire, UK
- IEAM Editor-in-Chief
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Wilson DC. Learning from the past to plan for the future: An historical review of the evolution of waste and resource management 1970-2020 and reflections on priorities 2020-2030 - The perspective of an involved witness. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1754-1813. [PMID: 37732707 PMCID: PMC10693744 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231178025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving waste and resource management (WaRM) around the world can halve the weight of plastics entering the oceans, significantly mitigate global heating and contribute directly to 12 of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Achieving such results demands understanding and learning from historical evolution of WaRM. The baseline is 1970, prior to environmental legislation. Early steps in the Global North focused on the 'technical fix' within strictly enforced legal frameworks, first bringing hazardous wastes and municipal solid wastes (MSW) under control, then gradually ramping up environmental standards. Using modern technologies to the Global South often failed due to institutional and financial constraints. From 1990, focus switched to integrating technical and governance aspects: local institutional coherence, financial sustainability, provider inclusivity, user inclusivity, national legislative and policy framework. The Global North rediscovered recycling, using policy measures to promote segregation at source; this relied on new markets in emerging economies, which had largely disappeared by 2020. The Global South is making progress on bringing wastes under control, but around 2.7 billion people lack access to waste collection, while ~40% of collected MSW is open dumped or burned - a continuing global waste emergency. So, much remains to be done to move further towards a circular economy. Three policy priorities are critical for all countries: access to sustainable financing, rethinking sustainable recycling and worldwide extended producer responsibility with teeth. Extending services to unserved communities (SDG11.6.1) requires a people-centred approach, working with communities to provide both quality services and decent livelihoods for collection and recycling workers.
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10
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Mahmud TS, Ng KTW, Hasan MM, An C, Wan S. A cross-jurisdictional comparison on residential waste collection rates during earlier waves of COVID-19. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2023; 96:104685. [PMID: 37274541 PMCID: PMC10225168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a lack of studies on residential waste collection during COVID-19 in North America. SARIMA models were developed to predict residential waste collection rates (RWCR) across four North American jurisdictions before and during the pandemic. Unlike waste disposal rates, RWCR is relatively less sensitive to the changes in COVID-19 regulatory policies and administrative measures, making RWCR more appropriate for cross-jurisdictional comparisons. It is hypothesized that the use of RWCR in forecasting models will help us to better understand the residential waste generation behaviors in North America. Both SARIMA models performed satisfactorily in predicting Regina's RWCR. The SARIMA DCV model's performance is noticeably better during COVID-19, with a 15.7% lower RMSE than that of the benchmark model (SARIMA BCV). The skewness of overprediction ratios was noticeably different between jurisdictions, and modeling errors were generally lower in less populated cities. Conflicting behavioral changes might have altered the residential waste generation characteristics and recycling behaviors differently across the jurisdictions. Overall, SARIMA DCV performed better in the Canadian jurisdiction than in U.S. jurisdictions, likely due to the model's bias on a less variable input dataset. The use of RWCR in forecasting models helps us to better understand the residential waste generation behaviors in North America and better prepare us for a future global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Shahrier Mahmud
- Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kelvin Tsun Wai Ng
- Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Shuyan Wan
- Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
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11
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Ochoa-Barragán R, Munguía-López ADC, Ponce-Ortega JM. A hybrid machine learning-mathematical programming optimization approach for municipal solid waste management during the pandemic. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37362987 PMCID: PMC10181925 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a mathematical optimization strategy for optimal municipal solid waste management in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic. This strategy integrates two approaches: optimization and machine learning models. First, the optimization model determines the optimal supply chain for the municipal waste management system. Then, machine learning prediction models estimate the required parameters over time, which helps generate future projections for the proposed strategy. The optimization model was coded in the General Algebraic Modeling System, while the prediction model was coded in the Python programming environment. A case study of New York City was addressed to evaluate the proposed strategy, which includes extensive socioeconomic data sets to train the machine learning model. We found the predicted waste collection over time based on the socioeconomic data. The results show trade-offs between the economic (profit) and environmental (waste sent to landfill) objectives for future scenarios, which can be helpful for possible pandemic scenarios in the following years. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03354-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Ochoa-Barragán
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 58060 Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Aurora del Carmen Munguía-López
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 58060 Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - José María Ponce-Ortega
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 58060 Morelia, Michoacán México
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12
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Alawa B, Chakma S. Investigation in PO blending and compression ratio on engine performance and gas emissions including environmental health risk assessment and economic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64006-64024. [PMID: 37060406 PMCID: PMC10105155 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste management and mitigation is the primary necessity across the globe. The daily use of plastic materials in different forms emergence the plastic pollutions, and it has been significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, mitigation of waste plastics generation is one of the major challenges in the present situation. The present study addressed the conversion of waste plastics into value-added products such as liquid hydrocarbon fuels and their application in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive investigation has been performed on engine performance and combustion characteristics at various compression ratios and PO blending. The effect of liquid fuel blending with commercial diesel was investigated at three different compression ratios (15.1, 16.2, and 16.7) under various BMEP conditions. The results revealed that blending of liquid fuel produced from waste plastic can improve the BTE significantly, and the highest 35.77% of BTE was observed for 10% blending at 15.1 CR. While the lowest BSFC of 5.77 × 10-5 kg/kW-s was estimated for 20% PO blending at 16.7 CR under optimum BMEP (4.0 bar) conditions. The investigation of combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, rate of pressure rise, and cumulative heat release showed that it increases with the compression ratio from 15.1 to 16.7. At the same time, the emissions of CO, CO2, and unburnt hydrocarbon was decreased significantly. The economic analysis for the present lab-scale study estimated that approximately ₹12.17 ($0.15) profit per liter is possible in the 1st year, while the significant profit starts from the 2nd year onward, which is in the range of ₹59.78-₹84.48 ($0.75-$1.07) when the PO is blended with CD within the permissible limits as per the norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Alawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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13
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Cheng X, Xia M, Yang Y. Biodegradation of vulcanized rubber by a gut bacterium from plastic-eating mealworms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130940. [PMID: 36758440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of vulcanized rubber waste is difficult due to the presence of three-dimensional crosslinking network structure. Here, we report that a bacterium Acinetobacter sp. BIT-H3, isolated from the gut of plastic-eating mealworm, can grow on and degrade vulcanized poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber (vPR). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) shows that strain BIT-H3 can penetrate into the vPR and produce craters and cracks. The tensile strength and the crosslink density of vPR decreased by 53.2% and 29.3% after ten weeks' incubation, respectively. The results of Horikx analysis, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy reveal that strain BIT-H3 can break down both sulfide bridges and double bonds of polymeric backbone within vPR. Sulfate and oligo(cis-1,4 isoprene) with terminal aldehyde and keto groups were identified as metabolic products released during vPR degradation. Through genomic and transcriptional analyses, five enzymes of dszA, dszC1, dszC2, Laccase2147, and Peroxidase1232 were found to be responsible for vPR degradation. Based on the chemical structure characterizations and molecular analyses, a vPR biodegradation pathway was proposed for strain BIT-H3. These findings pave a way for exploiting vulcanized rubber-degrading microorganisms from insect gut and contribute to establish a biodegradation method for vulcanized rubber waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Cheng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Mengli Xia
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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14
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Tang J, Liu X, Wang W. COVID-19 medical waste transportation risk evaluation integrating type-2 fuzzy total interpretive structural modeling and Bayesian network. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2023; 213:118885. [PMID: 36188673 PMCID: PMC9507804 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.118885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the amount of medical waste rapidly increasing since the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, medical waste treatment risk evaluation has become an important task. The transportation of medical waste is an essential process of medical waste treatment. This paper aims to develop an integrated model to evaluate COVID-19 medical waste transportation risk by integrating an extended type-2 fuzzy total interpretive structural model (TISM) with a Bayesian network (BN). First, an interval type-2 fuzzy based transportation risk rating scale is introduced to help experts express uncertain evaluation information, in which a new double alpha-cut method is developed for the defuzzification of the interval type-2 fuzzy numbers (IT2FNs). Second, TISM is combined with IT2FNs to construct a hierarchical structural model of COVID-19 medical waste transportation risk factors under a high uncertain environment; a new bidirectional extraction method is proposed to describe the hierarchy of risk factors more reasonably and accurately. Third, the BN is integrated with IT2FNs to make a comprehensive medical waste transportation risk evaluation, including identifying the sensitive factors and diagnosing the event's causation. Then, a case study of COVID-19 medical waste transportation is displayed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Further, a comparison of the proposed model with the traditional TISM and BN model is conducted to stress the advantages of the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Xinwang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Weizhong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 230000, China
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15
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Jayasinghe PA, Jalilzadeh H, Hettiaratchi P. The Impact of COVID-19 on Waste Infrastructure: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for a Sustainable Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4310. [PMID: 36901318 PMCID: PMC10001637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic posed many global challenges, mainly in the healthcare sector; however, the impacts on other vital sectors cannot be overlooked. The waste sector was one of the significantly impacted sectors during the pandemic, as it dramatically changed the dynamics of waste generation. Inadequate waste management practices during COVID-19 shed light on the opportunities for developing systematic, sustainable, and resilient waste infrastructure in the future. This study aimed to exploit the learnings of COVID-19 to identify any potential opportunities in post-pandemic waste infrastructure. A comprehensive review on existing case studies was conducted to understand the waste generation dynamics and the waste management strategies during COVID-19. Infectious medical waste from healthcare facilities had the largest influx of waste compared with non-medical waste from residential and other sectors. This study then identified five key opportunities from a long-term operational perspective: considering healthcare waste sector as a critical area of focus; encouraging the integration and decentralization of waste management facilities; developing systematic and novel approaches and tools for quantifying waste; shifting towards a circular economy approach; and modernizing policies to improve the effectiveness of the post-pandemic waste management infrastructure.
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16
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Rai PK, Sonne C, Song H, Kim KH. Plastic wastes in the time of COVID-19: Their environmental hazards and implications for sustainable energy resilience and circular bio-economies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159880. [PMID: 36328266 PMCID: PMC9618453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The global scope of pollution from plastic waste is a well-known phenomenon associated with trade, mass consumption, and disposal of plastic products (e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE), viral test kits, and vacuum-packaged food). Recently, the scale of the problem has been exacerbated by increases in indoor livelihood activities during lockdowns imposed in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present study describes the effects of increased plastic waste on environmental footprint and human health. Further, the technological/regulatory options and life cycle assessment (LCA) approach for sustainable plastic waste management are critically dealt in terms of their implications on energy resilience and circular economy. The abrupt increase in health-care waste during pandemic has been worsening environmental quality to undermine the sustainability in general. In addition, weathered plastic particles from PPE along with microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can all adsorb chemical and microbial contaminants to pose a risk to ecosystems, biota, occupational safety, and human health. PPE-derived plastic pollution during the pandemic also jeopardizes sustainable development goals, energy resilience, and climate control measures. However, it is revealed that the pandemic can be regarded as an opportunity for explicit LCA to better address the problems associated with environmental footprints of plastic waste and to focus on sustainable management technologies such as circular bio-economies, biorefineries, and thermal gasification. Future researches in the energy-efficient clean technologies and circular bio-economies (or biorefineries) in concert with a "nexus" framework are expected to help reduce plastic waste into desirable directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Rai
- Phyto-Technologies and Plant Invasion Lab, Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - C Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - H Song
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Kannan G, Mghili B, De-la-Torre GE, Kolandhasamy P, Machendiranathan M, Rajeswari MV, Saravanakumar A. Personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution driven by COVID-19 pandemic in Marina Beach, the longest urban beach in Asia: Abundance, distribution, and analytical characterization. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114476. [PMID: 36529014 PMCID: PMC9726691 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has enforced the use of personal protective equipment (PPE, masks and gloves). However, the mismanagement of litter are exacerbating the increasing plastic issue worldwide. In the present study, we sampled discarded PPE in 10 sites along Marina Beach, India. We characterized the litter types by chemical analysis techniques. A total of 1154 COVID-19-associated PPE items were found on Marina beach. The highest number of items were face masks (97.9 %) and the mean PPE density in the sites studied was 4 × 10-3 PPE m-2. The results demonstrate that poor solid waste management and lack of awareness are the main causes of pollution at Marina beach. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that face masks and gloves were principally made of polypropylene and latex, respectively. The FTIR spectra also showed signs of chemical degradation. Our results suggest that plastic pollution is increasing, possibly becoming more impactful to marine biota. Beach management measures were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Kannan
- Centre for Aquaculture, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Bilal Mghili
- LESCB, URL-CNRST N 18, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Faculty of Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco
| | | | - Prabhu Kolandhasamy
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Mayakrishnan Machendiranathan
- Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Ayyappan Saravanakumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Requena-Sanchez N, Carbonel D, Moonsammy S, Demel L, Vallester E, Velásquez D, Toledo Cervantes JA, Díaz Núñez VL, Vásquez García R, Santa Cruz M, Visbal E, Ng KTW. COVID-19 impacts on household solid waste generation in six Latin American countries: a participatory approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:155. [PMID: 36441286 PMCID: PMC9702680 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the Americas, the continent with the highest number of COVID-related deaths according to WHO statistics. In Latin America, strict confinement conditions at the beginning of the pandemic put recycling activity to a halt and augmented the consumption of plastic as a barrier to stop the spread of the virus. The lack of data to understand waste management dynamics complicates waste management strategy adjustments aimed at coping with COVID-19. As a novel contribution to the waste management data gap for Latin America, this study uses a virtual and participatory methodology that collects and generates information on household solid waste generation and composition. Data was collected between June and November 2021 in six countries in Latin America, with a total of 503 participants. Participants indicated that the pandemic motivated them to initiate or increase waste reduction (41%), waste separation (40%), and waste recovery (33%) activities. Forty-three percent of participants perceived an increase in total volume of their waste; however, the quantitative data showed a decrease in household waste generation in Peru (-31%), Honduras (-25%), and Venezuela (-82%). No changes in waste composition were observed. Despite the limited sample size, this data provides a much-needed approximation of household waste generation and composition in the pandemic situation during 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norvin Requena-Sanchez
- Integrated Waste Management for Sustainable Development Group, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Engineering, 210 Túpac Amaru Ave, Rímac, Lima, Peru
| | - Dalia Carbonel
- Integrated Waste Management for Sustainable Development Group, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Engineering, 210 Túpac Amaru Ave, Rímac, Lima, Peru
| | - Stephan Moonsammy
- Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, P. O. Box 10 1110, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Larissa Demel
- United Nations Development Program, Casa de las Naciones Unidas, Edificio # 129, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, Panama
| | - Erick Vallester
- Technological University of Panama, Avenida Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Vía Puente Centenario, Campus Metropolitano Víctor Levi Sasso, Panama City, Panama
| | - Diana Velásquez
- National Autonomous University of Honduras, Bulevar Suyapa, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | | | - Rosario Vásquez García
- Daniel Alcides Carrion National University, Av. Los Próceres 703, Yanacancha, Cerro de Pasco, Peru
| | - Melissa Santa Cruz
- Intercultural National University Fabiola Salazar Leguia From Bagua, Jirón Ancash N° 520 Bagua, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Elsy Visbal
- Litoral Headquarters, Simón Bolívar University, Camurí Grande, Edo. Vargas Parroquia Naiguatá, La Guaira, Venezuela
| | - Kelvin Tsun Wai Ng
- Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK Canada
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19
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Kumar S, Naushad M, Sillanpää M. Mining of resources from solid waste employing advance treatment technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135353. [PMID: 35752310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Waste Re-processing Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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20
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Maharana N, Patnaik LP, Mishra BB, Chaudhury SK, Mohanty J. A Review of Challenges and Approaches to Effective Medical Solid Waste Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 2022; 2:1-17. [DOI: 10.4018/ijcewm.309986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, medical solid waste management became a crucial element to control the spread of the virus. Lack of manpower, infrastructure, and knowledge have jeopardised the waste management system in India. In this respect, the present study intends to recollect and discusses the policies and guidelines of solid waste management by outlining the challenges associated with its implementation. The study adopted a review approach, where a collective appraisal and analysis of prior research, reports, lead to the evaluation of the present situation and advocated remedial measures. The study discussed measures recommended by various international organisations for effective medical waste management to deal with the present situation, as well as to eliminate and confront similar challenges in the event of future probable epidemics. Moreover, the study is a guide to the policymakers, regulatory authorities and the community for efficient medical waste management during and post-pandemic days.
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21
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Özşeker K, Terzi Y, Erüz C. Solid waste composition and COVID-19-induced changes in an inland water ecosystem in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022. [PMID: 35306657 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19750-6/tables/3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of solid waste and the effect of COVID-19 measures were studied in an inland water ecosystem in Turkey. Solid waste items were collected annually for 5 years from 2017 to 2021 from seven stations located in Borçka Dam Lake (B1-B4) and Murgul Stream (M1-M3) in the Artvin Province. The highest densities by number and weight were recorded at M3 in 2020 (5.72 items/m2) and M1 in 2020 (0.39 kg/m2), respectively. However, no significant difference in density was recorded (p < 0.05) between the years. Plastic was the most abundant waste material by number of items in all the stations with a percentage contribution varying between 25.47 and 88.89%. There was a considerable increase in medical items during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and ANOSIM results revealed visually and statistically significant differences in solid waste composition between the years and stations. The dissimilarity between the years was driven by plastic and medical waste. The main sources of solid waste were river transportation (22.93%), improper disposal (20.74%), aquaculture activities (16.42%), and recreational and tourism activities (14.72%). The results of our study can be a baseline for transportation models, local administrations, and non-governmental organizations. Besides, the current waste management measures in Turkey are not effective in preventing waste accumulation in inland aquatic systems such as the Borçka Dam Lake and Murgul Stream. Furthermore, these findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced solid waste composition and increased its abundance in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Özşeker
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Yahya Terzi
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Erüz
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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22
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Özşeker K, Terzi Y, Erüz C. Solid waste composition and COVID-19-induced changes in an inland water ecosystem in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54596-54605. [PMID: 35306657 PMCID: PMC8934177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of solid waste and the effect of COVID-19 measures were studied in an inland water ecosystem in Turkey. Solid waste items were collected annually for 5 years from 2017 to 2021 from seven stations located in Borçka Dam Lake (B1-B4) and Murgul Stream (M1-M3) in the Artvin Province. The highest densities by number and weight were recorded at M3 in 2020 (5.72 items/m2) and M1 in 2020 (0.39 kg/m2), respectively. However, no significant difference in density was recorded (p < 0.05) between the years. Plastic was the most abundant waste material by number of items in all the stations with a percentage contribution varying between 25.47 and 88.89%. There was a considerable increase in medical items during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and ANOSIM results revealed visually and statistically significant differences in solid waste composition between the years and stations. The dissimilarity between the years was driven by plastic and medical waste. The main sources of solid waste were river transportation (22.93%), improper disposal (20.74%), aquaculture activities (16.42%), and recreational and tourism activities (14.72%). The results of our study can be a baseline for transportation models, local administrations, and non-governmental organizations. Besides, the current waste management measures in Turkey are not effective in preventing waste accumulation in inland aquatic systems such as the Borçka Dam Lake and Murgul Stream. Furthermore, these findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced solid waste composition and increased its abundance in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Özşeker
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Yahya Terzi
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Erüz
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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23
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Yadav D, Mann S, Balyan A. Waste management model for COVID-19: recommendations for future threats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:6117-6130. [PMID: 35855821 PMCID: PMC9274959 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The change in habits and lifestyle of citizens during health crisis like COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the struggles for solid waste management across the globe. Not only underdeveloped and developing economies are struggling with the challenges posed by mounting piles of infectious waste but even developed countries are adversely affected in similar manner. The routine waste management strategies followed by various countries are overturned due extremely altered trends in the amount and type of waste generated by households and medical facilities. The aim of this paper is to study and list the best available waste management policies adopted by some developing, developed and underdeveloped economies. The listed case studies were selected due to some unique steps undertaken for solid waste disposal during pandemic. The findings revealed that the guidelines issued by WHO for waste management of corona virus infected waste were followed by these nations and certain additional preventive steps were taken. Due to unavailability of single framework as prescribed by international authorities, various sustainable steps taken by individual countries to curb the pandemic menace can be useful in the present context. Few of these measures can be permanently adopted at global level by other nations for handling the pandemic like situations efficiently in pandemic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Yadav
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110058 India
| | - S. Mann
- Department of Information Technology, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110058 India
| | - A. Balyan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110058 India
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24
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Yang H, Min K, Jiang J, Lu D, Huang X, Qu G, Liu Q, Jiang G. A pandemic-induced environmental dilemma of disposable masks: solutions from the perspective of the life cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:649-674. [PMID: 35388819 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the world and still afflicts humans. As an effective means of protection, wearing masks has been widely adopted by the general public. The massive use of disposable masks has raised some emerging environmental and bio-safety concerns: improper handling of used masks may transfer the attached pathogens to environmental media; disposable masks mainly consist of polypropylene (PP) fibers which may aggravate the global plastic pollution; and the risks of long-term wearing of masks are elusive. To maximize the utilization and minimize the risks, efforts have been made to improve the performance of masks (e.g., antivirus properties and filtration efficiency), extend their functions (e.g., respiration monitoring and acting as a sampling device), develop new disinfection methods, and recycle masks. Despite that, from the perspective of the life cycle (from production, usage, and discard to disposal), comprehensive solutions are urgently needed to solve the environmental dilemma of disposable masks in both technologies (e.g., efficient use of raw materials, prolonging the service life, and enabling biodegradation) and policies (e.g., stricter industry criteria and garbage sorting).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weican Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Min
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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25
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Challenges and Adaptive Measures for U.S. Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in major disruptions in the way municipal solid waste management systems (MSWMSs) operate due to substantial distortions in waste generation trends, along with a variety of significant operational and managerial challenges. As critical infrastructure, MSWMSs have endeavored to adapt in response to such unprecedented stresses in order to maintain their operations during the pandemic. The challenges and their relevant adaptive measures, however, have varied with the progression of the pandemic across different MSWMSs. Currently, there is a limited understanding of such time-bound and system-specific phenomena, which impedes timely and effective adaptation. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by performing a detailed and documented investigation of the longitudinal impact of the coronavirus pandemic on different MSWMSs across the United States, along with its evolution over time, using collected qualitative and quantitative data (i.e., monthly interviews with waste management personnel, online news media, and waste tonnages). This study also develops a relational database system to facilitate the systematic recording and monitoring of the pandemic’s impact on MSWMSs, as well as guide the implementation of different adaptation strategies based on distinct systems’ characteristics. Findings of this study will help solid waste decision-makers better understand the current pandemic, along with serving as a knowledge base for future pandemic scenarios towards more resilient MSWMSs.
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26
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Parida VK, Sikarwar D, Majumder A, Gupta AK. An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114609. [PMID: 35101807 PMCID: PMC8789570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals release significant quantities of wastewater (HWW) and biomedical waste (BMW), which hosts a wide range of contaminants that can adversely affect the environment if left untreated. The COVID-19 outbreak has further increased hospital waste generation over the past two years. In this context, a thorough literature study was carried out to reveal the negative implications of untreated hospital waste and delineate the proper ways to handle them. Conventional treatment methods can remove only 50%-70% of the emerging contaminants (ECs) present in the HWW. Still, many countries have not implemented suitable treatment methods to treat the HWW in-situ. This review presents an overview of worldwide HWW generation, regulations, and guidelines on HWW management and highlights the various treatment techniques for efficiently removing ECs from HWW. When combined with advanced oxidation processes, biological or physical treatment processes could remove around 90% of ECs. Analgesics were found to be more easily removed than antibiotics, β-blockers, and X-ray contrast media. The different environmental implications of BMW have also been highlighted. Mishandling of BMW can spread infections, deadly diseases, and hazardous waste into the environment. Hence, the different steps associated with collection to final disposal of BMW have been delineated to minimize the associated health risks. The paper circumscribes the multiple aspects of efficient hospital waste management and may be instrumental during the COVID-19 pandemic when the waste generation from all hospitals worldwide has increased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Parida
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Divyanshu Sikarwar
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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De-la-Torre GE, Dioses-Salinas DC, Pizarro-Ortega CI, Fernández Severini MD, Forero López AD, Mansilla R, Ayala F, Castillo LMJ, Castillo-Paico E, Torres DA, Mendoza-Castilla LM, Meza-Chuquizuta C, Vizcarra JK, Mejía M, De La Gala JJV, Ninaja EAS, Calisaya DLS, Flores-Miranda WE, Rosillo JLE, Espinoza-Morriberón D, Gonzales KN, Torres FG, Rimondino GN, Ben-Haddad M, Dobaradaran S, Aragaw TA, Santillán L. Binational survey of personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution driven by the COVID-19 pandemic in coastal environments: Abundance, distribution, and analytical characterization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128070. [PMID: 34922133 PMCID: PMC8672681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present contribution, two nationwide surveys of personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution were conducted in Peru and Argentina aiming to provide valuable information regarding the abundance and distribution of PPE in coastal sites. Additionally, PPE items were recovered from the environment and analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and compared to brand-new PPE in order to investigate the chemical and structural degradation of PPE in the environment. PPE density (PPE m-2) found in both countries were comparable to previous studies. FTIR analysis revealed multiple polymer types comprising common PPE, mainly polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyester. SEM micrographs showed clear weathering signs, such as cracks, cavities, and rough surfaces in face masks and gloves. EDX elemental mapping revealed the presence of elemental additives, such as Ca in gloves and face masks and AgNPs as an antimicrobial agent. Other metals found on the surface of PPE were Mo, P, Ti, and Zn. XRD patterns displayed a notorious decrease in the crystallinity of polypropylene face masks, which could alter its interaction with external contaminants and stability. The next steps in this line of research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melisa D Fernández Severini
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, B8000FWB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana D Forero López
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), CONICET/UNS, CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga, km 7.5, Edificio E1, Bahía Blanca, B8000FWB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Mansilla
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC)-CONICET, Ushuaia, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Félix Ayala
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15074, Peru
| | - Luzby María Jimenez Castillo
- Laboratorio de oceanografía y acidificación costera, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Calle Juan XXIII 391, 14013 Lambayeque, Peru
| | - Elizabeth Castillo-Paico
- Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Pje. Mercedes Indacochea 609, Huacho 15136, Peru
| | - Daniel A Torres
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15074, Peru
| | | | - Carolina Meza-Chuquizuta
- Unidad de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos-Grupo Aves Marinas, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Jhonson K Vizcarra
- Administración Técnica Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre Moquegua-Tacna, Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Tacna, Peru
| | - Melissa Mejía
- Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dante Espinoza-Morriberón
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional del Callao (UNAC), Av. Juan Pablo II 306, Bellavista 07011, Provincia Constitucional del Callao, Peru; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica del Peru (UTP), Jirón Hernán Velarde 260, Cercado de Lima, 15046 Lima, Peru
| | - Karen N Gonzales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Fernando G Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088 Lima, Peru
| | - Guido Noé Rimondino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mohamed Ben-Haddad
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Environments, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Morocco
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
| | - Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Luis Santillán
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Av. La Fontana 501, Lima 12, Lima, Peru
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28
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Shrivastava S, Shrivastava P. Coronavirus disease-19 pandemic and health-care waste: Strategies to ensure environmentally sustainable management. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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