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Radivojević I, Stojilković N, Antonijević-Miljaković E, Đorđević AB, Baralić K, Ćurčić M, Marić Đ, Đukić-Ćosić D, Bulat Z, Durgo K, Antonijević B. In silico attempt to reveal the link between cancer development and combined exposure to the maize herbicides: Glyphosate, nicosulfuron, S-metolachlor and terbuthylazine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175187. [PMID: 39094656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are crucial for crop protection and have seen a 50 % increase in use in the last decade. Besides preventing significant crop losses their use has raised health concerns due to consumer exposure through residues in food and water. The toxicity data from individual components is often used to assess overall mixture toxicity, but uncertainty persists in understanding the behaviors of individual chemicals within these mixtures. Assessing the risk of pesticide mixture exposure remains challenging, potentially leading to overestimation or underestimation of toxicity. This study aims to establish a possible link between exposure to a herbicide mixture and genotoxic effects, focusing on cancer development. Our analysis was focused on four herbicides glyphosate, nicosulfuron, S-metolachlor and terbuthylazine. To determine the link between genes associated with cancer development due to exposure to herbicide mixture, a CTD database tools were used. Through the ToppFun tool molecular function and biological process associated with genes common to the disease of interest and selected herbicides were evaluated. And finally, GeneMANIA was used in order to analyze the function and interaction between common genes of herbicide mixture. Among the 7 common genes for herbicide mixture and cancer development coexpression characteristics were dominant at 65.41 %, 22.14 % of annotated genes shared the same pathway and 7.88 % showed co-localization. Among six target genes involved in genetic disease development co-expression was dominant at 87.34 %, colocalization at 8.03 % and shared protein domains at 4.52 %. Comprehensive molecular analyses, encompassing genomics, proteomics, and pathway analysis, are essential to unravel the specific mechanisms involved in the context of the studied mixture and its potential carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Radivojević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nikola Stojilković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Antonijević-Miljaković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Buha Đorđević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Ćurčić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđica Marić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of food technology and biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva street 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Antonijević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Thiel KL, da Silva J, Wolfarth M, Vanini J, Henriques JAP, de Oliveira IM, da Silva FR. Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of glyphosate-based herbicide on glioblastoma cell lines: Role of p53 in cellular response and network analysis. Toxicology 2024; 508:153902. [PMID: 39094917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the world's most widely used herbicide, has a low toxicity rating despite substantial evidence of adverse health effects. Furthermore, glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs) contain several other chemicals, some of which are known to be harmful. Additionally, chronic, and acute exposure to GBFs among rural workers may lead to health impairments, such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. P53 is known as a tumor suppressor protein, acting as a key regulator of the cellular response to stress and DNA damage. Therefore, mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes p53, are common genetic alterations found in various types of cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of GBF in two glioblastoma cell lines: U87MG (TP53-proficient) and U251MG (TP53-mutant). Additionally, the study aimed to identify the main proteins involved in the response to GBF exposure using Systems Biology in a network containing p53 and another network without p53. The MTT assay was used to study the toxicity of GBF in the cell lines, the clonogenic assay was used to investigate cell survival, and the Comet Assay was used for genotoxicity evaluation. For data analysis, bioinformatics tools such as String 12.0 and Stitch 5.0 were applied, serving as a basis for designing binary networks in the Cytoscape 3.10.1 program. From the in vitro test analyses, it was observed a decrease in cell viability at doses starting from 10 ppm. Comet Assay at concentrations of 10 ppm and 30 ppm for the U251MG and U87MG cell lines, respectively observed DNA damage. The network generated with systems biology showed that the presence of p53 is important for the regulation of biological processes involved in genetic stability and neurotoxicity, processes that did not appear in the TP53-mutant network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Thiel
- Laboratory of Genetics Toxicology, La Salle University, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics Toxicology, La Salle University, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Av. Farroupilha 8001, Canoas, RS 92425-900, Brazil.
| | - Micaele Wolfarth
- Laboratory of Genetics Toxicology, La Salle University, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Av. Farroupilha 8001, Canoas, RS 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Vanini
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Rabaioli da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics Toxicology, La Salle University, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil.
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Deng K, Guo H, Li X, Li T, Di T, Ma R, Lei D, Zhang Y, Wang J, Kong W. Two swords combination: Smartphone-assisted ratiometric fluorescent and paper sensors for dual-mode detection of glyphosate in edible malt. Food Chem 2024; 454:139744. [PMID: 38797096 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The long-term and excessive use of glyphosate (GLY) in diverse matrices has caused serious hazard to the human and environment. However, the ultrasensitive detection of GLY still remains challenging. In this study, the smartphone-assisted dual-signal mode ratiometric fluorescent and paper sensors based on the red-emissive gold nanoclusters (R-AuNCs) and blue-emissive carbon dots (B-CDs) were ingeniously designed accurate and sensitive detection of GLY. Upon the presence of GLY, it would quench the fluorescence of B-CDs through dynamic quenching effect, and strengthen the fluorescence response of R-AuNCs due to aggregation-induced enhancement effect. Through calculating the GLY-induced fluorescence intensity ratio of B-CDs to R-AuNCs by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer, low to 0.218 μg/mL of GLY could be detected in lab in a wide concentration range of 0.3-12 μg/mL with high recovery of 94.7-103.1% in the spiked malt samples. The smartphone-assisted ratiometric fluorescent sensor achieved in the 96-well plate could monitor 0-11 μg/mL of GLY with satisfactory recovery of 94.1-107.0% in real edible malt matrices for high-throughput analysis. In addition, a portable smartphone-assisted ratiometric paper sensor established through directly depositing the combined B-CDs/R-AuNCs probes on the test strip could realize on-site measurement of 2-8 μg/mL of GLY with good linear relationship. This study provides new insights into developing the dual-signal ratiometric sensing platforms for the in-lab sensitive detection, high-throughput analysis, and on-site portable measurement of more trace contaminants in foods, clinical and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haipeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xueying Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Te Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tingting Di
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Runran Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Doudou Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Liu YT, Zhang QQ, Yao SY, Cui HW, Zou YL, Zhao LX. Dual-recognition "turn-off-on" fluorescent Biosensor triphenylamine-based continuous detection of copper ion and glyphosate applicated in environment and living system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135216. [PMID: 39047560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal Cu2+ emitted in industry and residues of glyphosate pesticides are pervasive in ecosystems, accumulated in water bodies and organisms' overtime, constituting hazard to human and ecological balance. The development of rapid, highly selective, reversibility and sensitive biosensor in vivo detection for Cu2+ and glyphosate was imminent. A novel dual-recognition fluorescence biosensor MPH was successfully synthesized based on triphenylamine, which demonstrated remarkable ratiometric fluorescence quenching toward Cu2+, while MPH-Cu2+ (1:1) ensemble exhibited ratiometric fluorescence restoration for glyphosate, both with observable color changes in daylight and UV lamp. The biosensor exhibited rapid, outstanding selectivity, anti-interference, and multiple cycles reversibility through "turn-off-on" fluorescence towards Cu2+ and glyphosate, respectively. Surprisingly, the clearly binding mechanisms of MPH to Cu2+ and MPH-Cu2+ ensemble to glyphosate were determined, respectively, based on the Job's plot, FT-IR, ESI-HRMS, 1H NMR titration and theoretical calculations of dynamics and thermodynamics. In addition, biosensor MPH demonstrated successful detection of Cu2+ and glyphosate across diverse environmental samples including tap water, extraction solutions of traditional Chinese medicine honeysuckle and soil samples. In the meantime, fluorescence imaging of Cu2+ and glyphosate at both micro and macro scales in various living organisms, such as rice roots, MCF-7 cells, zebrafish, and mice, were successfully achieved. Overall, this work was expected to become a promising and versatile fluorescence biosensor for rapid and reversible detection of Cu2+ and glyphosate both in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Si-Yi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Han-Wen Cui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yue-Li Zou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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S Araújo W, Caldeira Rêgo CR, Guedes-Sobrinho D, Cavalheiro Dias A, Rodrigues do Couto I, Bordin JR, Ferreira de Matos C, Piotrowski MJ. Quantum Simulations and Experimental Insights into Glyphosate Adsorption Using Graphene-Based Nanomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31500-31512. [PMID: 38842224 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global demand for food and agrarian development brings to light a dual issue concerning the use of substances that are crucial for increasing productivity yet can be harmful to human health and the environment when misused. Herein, we combine insights from high-level quantum simulations and experimental findings to elucidate the fundamental physicochemical mechanisms behind developing graphene-based nanomaterials for the adsorption of emerging contaminants, with a specific focus on pesticide glyphosate (GLY). We conducted a comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of graphene-based supports as promising candidates for detecting, sensing, capturing, and removing GLY applications. By combining ab initio molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations, we explored several chemical environments encountered by GLY during its interaction with graphene-based substrates, including pristine and punctual defect regions. Our results unveiled distinct interaction behaviors: physisorption in pristine and doped graphene regions, chemisorption leading to molecular dissociation in vacancy-type defect regions, and complex transformations involving the capture of N and O atoms from impurity-adsorbed graphene, resulting in the formation of new GLY-derived compounds. The theoretical findings were substantiated by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, which proposed a mechanism explaining GLY adsorption in graphene-based nanomaterials. The comprehensive evaluation of adsorption energies and associated properties provides valuable insights into the intricate nature of these interactions, shedding light on potential applications and guiding future experimental investigations of graphene-based nanofilters for water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson S Araújo
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Ricardo Caldeira Rêgo
- Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diego Guedes-Sobrinho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Cavalheiro Dias
- Institute of Physics and International Center of Physics, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Isadora Rodrigues do Couto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José Rafael Bordin
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ferreira de Matos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maurício Jeomar Piotrowski
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96010-900, Brazil
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Untalan M, Ivic-Pavlicic T, Taioli E. Urinary glyphosate levels and association with mortality in the 2013-16 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:163-169. [PMID: 38041856 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the USA; however, its safety is still under debate. We assessed glyphosate levels and their association with overall mortality in a representative sample of the US adult population from the 2013 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS We extracted data on urinary glyphosate (N = 2910) measured by ion chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between glyphosate concentrations and demographic, lifestyle and other exposures were analyzed. Data were linked to public-use Mortality Files for 2019. RESULTS The mean (STD) glyphosate level was 0.53 (0.59) ng/ml, with 25.7% of the subjects having glyphosate levels at or below the detection limit. At multivariate analysis, age and creatinine were associated with glyphosate urinary levels (both P < 0.0001). There was a borderline association between glyphosate levels and mortality (HRadj 1.33; 95% CI 0.99-1.77 P = 0.06). When 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol was excluded from the Cox model, glyphosate exhibits a significant association with mortality (HRadj 1.33; 95% CI 1.00-1.77; P = 0.0532). CONCLUSIONS These nationally representative data suggest that recent exposure to glyphosate could be associated with increased mortality. More studies are necessary to understand population-level risk associated with the product, given its widespread use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Untalan
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1133, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tara Ivic-Pavlicic
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1133, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1133, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Chang VC, Zhou W, Berndt SI, Andreotti G, Yeager M, Parks CG, Sandler DP, Rothman N, Beane Freeman LE, Machiela MJ, Hofmann JN. Glyphosate Use and Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y among Male Farmers in the Agricultural Health Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:127006. [PMID: 38055050 PMCID: PMC10699410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and has been implicated in the development of certain hematologic cancers. Although mechanistic studies in human cells and animals support the genotoxic effects of glyphosate, evidence in human populations is scarce. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between lifetime occupational glyphosate use and mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) as a marker of genotoxicity among male farmers. METHODS We analyzed blood-derived DNA from 1,606 farmers ≥ 50 years of age in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study, a subcohort of the Agricultural Health Study. mLOY was detected using genotyping array intensity data in the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosomes. Cumulative lifetime glyphosate use was assessed using self-reported pesticide exposure histories. Using multivariable logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between glyphosate use and any detectable mLOY (overall mLOY) or mLOY affecting ≥ 10 % of cells (expanded mLOY). RESULTS Overall, mLOY was detected in 21.4% of farmers, and 9.8% of all farmers had expanded mLOY. Increasing total lifetime days of glyphosate use was associated with expanded mLOY [highest vs. lowest quartile; OR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.00, 3.07), p trend = 0.03 ] but not with overall mLOY; the associations with expanded mLOY were most apparent among older (≥ 70 years of age) men [OR = 2.30 (95% CI: 1.13, 4.67), p trend = 0.01 ], never smokers [OR = 2.32 (95% CI: 1.04, 5.21), p trend = 0.04 ], and nonobese men [OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 0.99, 4.19), p trend = 0.03 ]. Similar patterns of associations were observed for intensity-weighted lifetime days of glyphosate use. DISCUSSION High lifetime glyphosate use could be associated with mLOY affecting a larger fraction of cells, suggesting glyphosate could confer genotoxic or selective effects relevant for clonal expansion. As the first study to investigate this association, our findings contribute novel evidence regarding the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate and require replication in future studies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky C. Chang
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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