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Zhai Y, Fu X, Xu W. Miniature mass spectrometers and their potential for clinical point-of-care analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:1172-1191. [PMID: 37610153 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful technique for clinical applications with high sensitivity and specificity. Different from conventional MS diagnosis in laboratory, point-of-care (POC) analyses in clinics require mass spectrometers and analytical procedures to be friendly for novice users and applicable for on-site clinical diagnosis. The recent decades have seen the progress in the development of miniature mass spectrometers, providing a promising solution for clinical POC applications. In this review, we report recent advances of miniature mass spectrometers and their exploration in clinical applications, mainly including the rapid analysis of illegal drugs, on-site monitoring of therapeutic drugs, and detection of biomarkers. With improved analytical performance, miniature mass spectrometers are also expected to apply to more and more clinical applications. Some promising POC analyses that can be performed by miniature mass spectrometers in the future are discussed. Lastly, we also provide our perspectives on the challenges in technical development of miniature mass spectrometers for clinical POC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyan Fu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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2
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Nsiah ST, Fabijanczuk KC, McLuckey SA. Structural characterization of fatty acid anions via gas-phase charge inversion using Mg(tri-butyl-terpyridine) 2 2+ reagent ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9741. [PMID: 38567638 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Free fatty acids and lipid classes containing fatty acid esters are major components of lipidome. In the absence of a chemical derivatization step, FA anions do not yield all of the structural information that may be of interest under commonly used collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. A line of work that avoids condensed-phase derivatization takes advantage of gas-phase ion/ion chemistry to charge invert FA anions to an ion type that provides the structural information of interest using conventional CID. This work was motivated by the potential for significant improvement in overall efficiency for obtaining FA chain structural information. METHODS A hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometer that has been modified to enable the execution of ion/ion reaction experiments was used to evaluate the use of 4,4',4″-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (ttb-Terpy) as the ligand in divalent magnesium complexes for charge inversion of FA anions. RESULTS Mg(ttb-Terpy)2 2+ complexes provide significantly improved efficiency in producing structurally informative products from FA ions relative to Mg(Terpy)2 2+ complexes, as demonstrated for straight-chain FAs, branched-chain FAs, unsaturated FAs, and cyclopropane-containing FAs. It was discovered that most of the structurally informative fragmentation from [FA-H + Mg(ttb-Terpy)]+ results from the loss of a methyl radical from the ligand followed by radical-directed dissociation (RDD), which stands in contrast to the charge-remote fragmentation (CRF) believed to be operative with the [FA-H + Mg(Terpy)]+ ions. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that a large fraction of product ions from the CID of ions of the form [FA-H + Mg(ttb-Terpy)]+ are derived from RDD of the FA backbone, with a very minor fraction arising from structurally uninformative dissociation channels. This ligand provides an alternative to previously used ligands for the structural characterization of FAs via CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Nsiah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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3
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Shenault DM, Fabijanczuk KC, Murtada R, Finn S, Gonzalez LE, Gao J, McLuckey SA. Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions to Enable Radical-Directed Dissociation of Fatty Acid Ions: Application to Localization of Methyl Branching. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3389-3401. [PMID: 38353412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Methyl branching on the carbon chains of fatty acids and fatty esters is among the structural variations encountered with fatty acids and fatty esters. Branching in fatty acid/ester chains is particularly prominent in bacterial species and, for example, in vernix caseosa and sebum. The distinction of branched chains from isomeric straight-chain species and the localization of branching can be challenging to determine by mass spectrometry (MS). Condensed-phase derivatization strategies, often used in conjunction with separations, are most commonly used to address the identification and characterization of branched fatty acids. In this work, a gas-phase ion/ion strategy is presented that obviates condensed-phase derivatization and introduces a radical site into fatty acid ions to facilitate radical-directed dissociation (RDD). The gas-phase approach is also directly amenable to fatty acid anions generated via collision-induced dissociation from lipid classes that contain fatty esters. Specifically, divalent magnesium complexes bound to two terpyridine ligands that each incorporate a ((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine-1-yl)oxy) (TEMPO) moiety are used to charge-invert fatty acid anions. Following the facile loss of one of the ligands and the TEMPO group of the remaining ligand, a radical site is introduced into the complex. Subsequent collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the complex exhibits preferred cleavages that localize the site(s) of branching. The approach is illustrated with iso-, anteiso-, and isoprenoid branched-chain fatty acids and an intact glycerophospholipid and is applied to a mixture of branched- and straight-chain fatty acids derived from Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De'Shovon M Shenault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly C Fabijanczuk
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rayan Murtada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Shane Finn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - L Edwin Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Wang Z, Yang T, Brenna JT, Wang DH. Fatty acid isomerism: analysis and selected biological functions. Food Funct 2024; 15:1071-1088. [PMID: 38197562 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The biological functions of fatty acids and the lipids in which they are esterified are determined by their chain length, double bond position and geometry and other structural motifs such as the presence of methyl branches. Unusual isomeric features in fatty acids of human foods such as conjugated double bonds or chain branching found in dairy products, some seeds and nuts, and marine foods potentially have important effects on human health. Recent advancements in identifying fatty acids with unusual double bond positions and pinpointing the position of methyl branches have empowered the study of their biological functions. We present recent advances in fatty acid structural elucidation by mass spectrometry in comparison with the more traditional methods. The double bond position can be determined by purely instrumental methods, specifically solvent-mediated covalent adduct chemical ionization (SM-CACI) and ozone induced dissociation (OzID), with charge inversion methods showing promise. Prior derivatization using the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction to yield stable structures that, upon collisional activation, yield the double bond position has emerged. The chemical ionization (CI) based three ion monitoring (MRM) method has been developed to simultaneously identify and quantify low-level branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), unattainable by electron ionization (EI) based methods. Accurate identification and quantification of unusual fatty acid isomers has led to research progress in the discovery of biomarkers for cancer, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and atherosclerosis. Modulation of eicosanoids, weight loss and the health significance of BCFAs are also presented. This review clearly shows that the improvement of analytical capacity is critical in the study of fatty acid biological functions, and stronger coupling of the methods discussed here with fatty acid mechanistic research is promising in generating more refined outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Tingxiang Yang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dong Hao Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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5
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Sengupta A, Edwards ME, Yan X. Dual Metal Electrolysis in Theta Capillary for Lipid Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 494:117137. [PMID: 38911479 PMCID: PMC11192522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Increasing studies associating glycerophospholipids with various pathological conditions highlight the need for their thorough characterization. However, the intricate composition of the lipidome due to the presence of lipid isomers poses significant challenges to structural lipidomics. This study uses the anodic corrosion of two metals in a single theta nESI emitter as a tool to simultaneously characterize lipids at multiple isomer levels. Anodic corrosion of cobalt and copper in the positive ion mode generates the metal-adducted lipid complexes, [M+Co]2+ and [M+Cu]+, respectively. Optimization of parameters such as the distances of the electrodes from the nESI tip allowed the achievement of the formation of one metal-adducted lipid product at a time. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [M+Co]2+ results in preferential loss of the fatty acyl (FA) chain at the sn-2 position, thus generating singly charged sn-specific fragment ions. Whereas, multistage fragmentation of [M+Cu]+ via CID generated a C=C bond position-specific characteristic ion pattern induced by the π-Cu+ interaction. The feasibility of the method was tested on PC lipid extract from egg yolk to identify lipids on multiple isomer levels. Thus, the application of dual metal anodic corrosion allows lipid isomer identification with reduced sample preparation time, no signal suppression by counter anions, low sample consumption, and no need for an extra apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Madison E. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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6
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Wang MF, Ritter MM, Kullman SW, Muddiman DC. Comparative analysis of sucrose-embedding for whole-body zebrafish MSI by IR-MALDESI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6389-6398. [PMID: 37640826 PMCID: PMC11132179 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (IR-MALDESI) conventionally utilizes fresh-frozen biological tissues with an ice matrix to improve the detection of analytes. Sucrose-embedding with paraformaldehyde fixation has demonstrated feasibility as an alternative matrix for analysis by IR-MALDESI by preserving tissue features and enhancing ionization of lipids. However, investigating multi-organ systems provides broader context for a biological study and can elucidate more information about a disease state as opposed to a single organ. Danio rerio, or zebrafish, are model organisms for various disease states and can be imaged as a multi-organ sample to analyze morphological and metabolomic preservation as a result of sample preparation. Herein, whole-body zebrafish were imaged to compare sucrose-embedding with paraformaldehyde fixation against conventional fresh-frozen sample preparation. Serial sections were analyzed with and without an ice matrix to evaluate if sucrose functions as an alternative energy-absorbing matrix for IR-MALDESI applications across whole-body tissues. The resulting four conditions were compared in terms of total putative lipid annotations and category diversity, coverage across the entire m/z range, and ion abundance. Ultimately, sucrose-embedded zebrafish had an increase in putative lipid annotations for the combination of putative annotations with and without the application of an ice matrix relative to fresh-frozen tissues which require the application of an ice matrix. Upon the use of an ice matrix, a greater number of high mass putative lipid annotations (e.g., glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids) were identified. Conversely, without an ice matrix, sucrose-embedded sections elucidated more putative annotations in lower molecular weight lipids, including fatty acyls and sterol lipids. Similar to the mouse brain model, sucrose-embedding increased putative lipid annotation and abundance for whole-body zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Wang
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Morgan M Ritter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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7
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Menzel JP, Young RSE, Benfield AH, Scott JS, Wongsomboon P, Cudlman L, Cvačka J, Butler LM, Henriques ST, Poad BLJ, Blanksby SJ. Ozone-enabled fatty acid discovery reveals unexpected diversity in the human lipidome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3940. [PMID: 37402773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid isomers are responsible for an under-reported lipidome diversity across all kingdoms of life. Isomers of unsaturated fatty acids are often masked in contemporary analysis by incomplete separation and the absence of sufficiently diagnostic methods for structure elucidation. Here, we introduce a comprehensive workflow, to discover unsaturated fatty acids through coupling liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry with gas-phase ozonolysis of double bonds. The workflow encompasses semi-automated data analysis and enables de novo identification in complex media including human plasma, cancer cell lines and vernix caseosa. The targeted analysis including ozonolysis enables structural assignment over a dynamic range of five orders of magnitude, even in instances of incomplete chromatographic separation. Thereby we expand the number of identified plasma fatty acids two-fold, including non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids. Detection, without prior knowledge, allows discovery of non-canonical double bond positions. Changes in relative isomer abundances reflect underlying perturbations in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Menzel
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reuben S E Young
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Aurélie H Benfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Julia S Scott
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute and Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Puttandon Wongsomboon
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lukáš Cudlman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 16600, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 16600, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa M Butler
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute and Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sónia T Henriques
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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8
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He S, Ding L, Yuan H, Zhao G, Yang X, Wu Y. A review of sensors for classification and subtype discrimination of cancer: Insights into circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1244:340703. [PMID: 36737145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy can reflect the state of tumors in vivo non-invasively, thus providing a strong basis for the early diagnosis, individualized treatment monitoring and prognosis of tumors. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs) contain information-rich components, such as nucleic acids and proteins, and they are essential markers for liquid biopsies. Their capture and analysis are of great importance for the study of disease occurrence and development and, consequently, have been the subject of many reviews. However, both CTCs and tdEVs carry the biological characteristics of their original tissue, and few reviews have focused on their function in the staging and classification of cancer. In this review, we focus on state-of-the-art sensors based on the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers within CTCs and tdEVs, with clinical applications centered on cancer classification and subtyping. We also provide a thorough discussion of the current challenges and prospects for novel sensors with the ultimate goal of cancer classification and staging. It is hoped that these most advanced technologies will bring new insights into the clinical practice of cancer screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huijie Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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9
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Song Y, Song Q, Liu W, Li J, Tu P. High-confidence structural identification of metabolites relying on tandem mass spectrometry through isomeric identification: A tutorial. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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10
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Li J, Hu X, Yu C, Zeng K, Wang S, Tu Z. Rapid screening of oxidized metabolites of unsaturated fatty acids in edible oil by NanoESI-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Chao HC, McLuckey SA. Recent Advances in Gas-phase Ion/Ion Chemistry for Lipid Analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 158:116852. [PMID: 36583222 PMCID: PMC9794197 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion/ion reactions can be used to alter analyte ion-types for subsequent dissociation both quickly and efficiently without the need for altering analyte ionization conditions. This capability can be particularly useful when the ion-type that is most efficiently generated by the ionization method at hand does not provide the structural information of interest using available dissociation methods. This situation often arises in the analysis of lipids, which constitute a diverse array of chemical species with many possibilities for isomers. Gas-phase ion/ion reactions have been demonstrated to be capable of enhancing the ability of tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the structures of various lipid classes. This review summarizes progress to date in the application of gas-phase ion/ion reactions to lipid structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chun Chao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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12
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Chen M, Shang Y, Bai H, Ma Q. Electromembrane Extraction and Dual-Channel Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled with a Miniature Mass Spectrometer: Incorporation of a Dicationic Ionic Liquid-Induced Charge Inversion Strategy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9472-9480. [PMID: 35737371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green analytical chemistry aims at developing analytical methods with minimum use and generation of hazardous substances for the protection of human health and the environment. To address this need, a green analytical protocol has been developed for the analysis of anionic compounds integrating electromembrane extraction (EME), dual-channel nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI), and a miniature mass spectrometer. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) have attracted considerable public concern due to their adverse effects on human health and were selected as model analytes for method development. A flat membrane EME device was developed and assembled in-house. Optimization of fundamental operational parameters was performed using single-factor test and response surface methodology. Both the EME acceptor phase and an imidazolium-based dicationic ionic liquid (DIL), 1,1-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl) butylene difluoride (C4(MIM)2F2), were subjected to dual-channel nanoESI and miniature mass spectrometry analysis based on a charge inversion strategy, where positively charged complexes were formed. Enhancement in signal intensity by as much as 2 magnitudes was achieved in the positive-ion mode compared to the negative-ion mode in the absence of the dicationic ion-pairing agent. The developed protocol was validated, obtaining good recoveries ranging from 82.7 to 109.9% and satisfactory sensitivity with limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) in the ranges of 1-5 and 2-10 μg/L, respectively. The greenness of the analytical procedure was assessed with a calculated score of 0.71, indicating a high degree of greenness. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real environmental or municipal water samples (n = 16), exhibiting appealing potential for outside-the-laboratory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuhan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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13
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Heiles S. Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics-methods and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5927-5948. [PMID: 34142202 PMCID: PMC8440309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these "advanced tandem mass spectrometry" strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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14
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Bonney JR, Prentice BM. Perspective on Emerging Mass Spectrometry Technologies for Comprehensive Lipid Structural Elucidation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6311-6322. [PMID: 33856206 PMCID: PMC8177724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids and metabolites are of interest in many clinical and research settings because it is the metabolome that is increasingly recognized as a more dynamic and sensitive molecular measure of phenotype. The enormous diversity of lipid structures and the importance of biological structure-function relationships in a wide variety of applications makes accurate identification a challenging yet crucial area of research in the lipid community. Indeed, subtle differences in the chemical structures of lipids can have important implications in cellular metabolism and many disease pathologies. The speed, sensitivity, and molecular specificity afforded by modern mass spectrometry has led to its widespread adoption in the field of lipidomics on many different instrument platforms and experimental workflows. However, unambiguous and complete structural identification of lipids by mass spectrometry remains challenging. Increasingly sophisticated tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approaches are now being developed and seamlessly integrated into lipidomics workflows to meet this challenge. These approaches generally either (i) alter the type of ion that is interrogated or (ii) alter the dissociation method in order to improve the structural information obtained from the MS/MS experiment. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in both ion type alteration and ion dissociation methods for lipid identification by mass spectrometry. This discussion is aimed to engage investigators involved in fundamental ion chemistry and technology developments as well as practitioners of lipidomics and its many applications. The rapid rate of technology development in recent years has accelerated and strengthened the ties between these two research communities. We identify the common characteristics and practical figures of merit of these emerging approaches and discuss ways these may catalyze future directions of lipid structural elucidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Bonney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Boone M Prentice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Li G, Lv Y, Chen M, Ye X, Niu Z, Bai H, Lei H, Ma Q. Post-Chromatographic Dicationic Ionic Liquid-Based Charge Complexation for Highly Sensitive Analysis of Anionic Compounds by Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1771-1778. [PMID: 33382576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A green analytical strategy has been developed for the analysis of 10 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) incorporating supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS)-based extraction and ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC)-tandem mass spectrometry. The SUPRAS was prepared through self-assembly of reverse micelles by mixing heptanol, tetrahydrofuran, and water at optimized volume ratios. An imidazolium-based germinal dicationic ionic liquid (DIL), 1,1-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl) butylene difluoride ([C4(MIM)2]F2), was dissolved in the make-up solvent of UHPSFC and introduced post-column but before the electrospray ionization source. After chromatographic separation on a Torus DIOL analytical column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), the PFC analytes associated with the DIL reagent through charge complexation. The formation of positively charged complexes resulted in improved ionization efficiency and analytical sensitivity. Enhancement in signal intensity by one to two magnitudes was achieved in the positive ionization mode compared to the negative ionization mode without using the dicationic ion-pairing reagent. The developed protocol was applied to 32 samples of real textiles and 6 samples of real food packaging materials, which exhibited great potential for the analysis of anionic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yueguang Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiwen Ye
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Zengyuan Niu
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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