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O'Brien JE, Jones LM, Mitchell KJ, Kahn GZ. COVID-19 and Child Sex Trafficking: Qualitative Insights on the Effect of the Pandemic on Victimization and Service Provision. Public Health Rep 2024:333549241267721. [PMID: 39148358 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241267721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Child sex trafficking (CST) is the involvement of minors in the commercial exchange of sex for goods, services, drugs, or money. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected many risk factors associated with CST victimization and the availability of CST services. We examined service providers' perspectives on how the pandemic affected trajectories of CST victimization among young people in the United States. METHODS We collected qualitative data from 80 law enforcement professionals and service providers working with young people affected by CST from 11 US cities. Semistructured interviews lasted approximately 1 hour and were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded via a grounded theory approach. RESULTS We found 3 overarching themes related to the pandemic's effect on CST victimization trajectories: grooming, perpetration, and service provision. Participants described how increased online activity may have increased the risk of CST, even among children without traditional risk factors. However, technology also facilitated young people's agency in seeking help and receiving services. In addition, participants reported increases in virtual service provision that facilitated access to, and availability of, CST services more generally. CONCLUSIONS Technology use among young people increased during the pandemic, leading to increases in the risks of experiencing technology-facilitated CST. Technology use among young people who experience CST victimization-and how it may differ from young people more generally-is underexplored and may provide insights into prevention and treatment. Collectively, results highlight the need for epidemiologic research to help identify how global and national events affect trajectories of victimization among young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E O'Brien
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Gina Zwerling Kahn
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Mercera G, Kooijmans R, Leijdesdorff S, Heynen E, van Amelsvoort T. Risk and Protective Factors for Sexual Exploitation in Male and Female Youth From a Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1966-1984. [PMID: 37818954 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231201815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Youth are at elevated risk of becoming victims of sexual exploitation, which has a detrimental impact on their physical and psychological well-being. Understanding factors associated with sexual exploitation is key for prevention efforts and adequate and timely treatment. This systematic review sheds more light on this by providing an overview of both risk and protective factors for sexual exploitation in male and female youth from a cross-cultural perspective. In all, 65 studies were selected meeting the inclusion criteria: qualitative or quantitative peer-reviewed studies in English, Dutch, or German with findings on risk and protective factors associated with sexual exploitation in youth aged up to 24 years. Results show that there are common risk factors in male and female youth worldwide (e.g., adverse childhood experiences, lack of a social network, substance use, and running away). Positive and supportive relationships are an important protective factor in mitigating the risk of sexual exploitation. Geographic differences were found. In non-Western continents, more environmental factors (e.g., economic vulnerabilities, residential instability) were cited. Research in countries outside the United States is limited and protective factors and males are underexamined. To fully understand vulnerabilities in youth, their interactions, and possible gender differences and to address the needs of diverse populations, more insight should be gained into the broader range of risk and protective factors worldwide. This systematic review has made a valuable contribution to this by providing practice, policy, and research guidance in the establishment of more targeted prevention efforts, adequate treatment, and areas to address in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Koraal Center of Expertise, Sittard, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kooijmans
- Koraal Center of Expertise, Sittard, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Heynen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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3
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Mercera G, Noteboom F, Timmermans C, Leijdesdorff S, Heynen E, van Amelsvoort T. Sexual exploitation of young men: Background characteristics and needs from a life-course perspective. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106794. [PMID: 38636156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually exploited young men are prevalent, yet underrepresented in clinical practice, policy and research. There are multiple barriers that often prevent young men to disclose and to seek or receive support, such as gender norms, limited awareness of victimization and feelings of guilt and shame. OBJECTIVE By gaining more insight into the background characteristics of young men who experienced sexual exploitation and their needs, this study aims to raise awareness and to better inform policymakers, care- and educational professionals on adequate prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS Twenty-six young men (age 14-32) who experienced sexual exploitation or other forms of sexual violence in their youth or were at high-risk, participated in this qualitative study that was conducted in The Netherlands. By means of semi-structured interviews and case-file analyses, data was collected to identify risk and protective factors in their life-course and support needs. RESULTS Several vulnerabilities (e.g. previous experiences of abuse and neglect, household dysfunction, social rejection, running away, substance use) and a lack of positive and supportive relationships led young men into high-risk situations. Among these were involvement in pay dates, criminality and having to survive from day to day, which contributed to victimization. Prevailing gender norms and experiences of stigmatization were often a barrier to express vulnerabilities and to disclose victimization. There was a wide variety in support needs, including peer-to-peer support, therapy, support with day-to-day practices and anonymous support. CONCLUSIONS These results will contribute to adequate prevention and trauma-informed intervention strategies that meet the unique needs of young men at risk for, or victim of sexual exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle Mercera
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Noteboom
- Stichting Fier, Holstmeerweg 1, 8936 AS Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Sophie Leijdesdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Evelyn Heynen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Open University, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands; Koraal, Poststraat 1, 6135 KR Sittard, the Netherlands.
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4
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Bounds DT, Rodrigues SM, Balsam D, Lennan N, Rodriguez KR, Milburn NG. Creating Space for Adolescents and Families With Lived Experience of Homelessness to Build Familial Empathy, Communication, and Emotional Regulation: A Qualitative Study of Facilitators of Implementation. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2024; 62:27-35. [PMID: 37379121 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20230622-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Youth experiencing homelessness are vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). Structural racism disproportionately entraps marginalized youth into CSE while simultaneously obscuring their identification as victims. Adaptation and tailoring of effective interventions to mitigate associated sequelae and inequities is warranted. Support To Reunite, Involve, and Value Each Other (STRIVE) is a strengths-based dyadic intervention with demonstrated efficacy in reducing delinquency, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors among marginalized adolescents experiencing homelessness. The adapted STRIVE+ was piloted to explore potential for reducing youth risk factors for CSE. The current article reports findings from interviews exploring participants' experiences with STRIVE+. Youth and caregivers reported increased empathy, communication, and emotional regulation post-STRIVE+ and found relevance and meaning through participating in the adapted intervention. Feasibility of recruitment, engagement, and retention of minoritized adolescents and their caregivers were also demonstrated. Findings warrant larger scale implementation trials of STRIVE+ among minoritized youth at highest risk for CSE. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(1), 27-35.].
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Knight L, Ploss A, Benavides J, Yoon S. A Qualitative Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Resilience in Survivors of Sex Trafficking. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:3302-3324. [PMID: 37545376 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231192587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explored risk and protective factors for resilience in survivors of sex trafficking from the survivors' perspectives. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 participants recruited from survivor-led advocacy agencies and social service agencies that provide trafficking-specific services. Two overarching themes emerged from data analysis: (a) deep connections to self and others facilitate resilience and (b) detrimental "help" threatens survivors' resilience. Our findings suggest that it may be important for service providers to assist survivors build healthy relationships with themselves and others to promote survivors' resilience. Further, our results highlight the importance of offering more inclusive, survivor-centered, and trauma-informed services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Knight
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexa Ploss
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juan Benavides
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Prior A, Shilo G, Peled E. Help-Seeking and Help-Related Experiences of Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1693-1711. [PMID: 35379052 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221074333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This interpretive qualitative meta-synthesis (QMS) aims to systematically review what we know about the help-seeking and help-related experiences of commercially sexually exploited youth (CSEY). A comprehensive search of the relevant databases was conducted to identify published qualitative peer-reviewed papers and research reports about the experiences and perceptions of CSEY. A corpus of 34 qualitative studies was compiled and synthesized, using the conceptual framework of help-seeking and QMS guidelines. The QMS reveals that although help-seeking of CSEY are rarely the focus of the inquiry, the reviewed studies include meaningful information about help-related experiences of CSEY. Thus, the synthesis of the available data yields novel insights about how CSEY perceive their involvement in CSE, define the problems they deal with, decide to seek help, choose the proper help, and engage in helping relations. Particularly, the QMS underscores that CSEY do not always perceive their involvement in CSE as problematic, nor do they identify themselves as victims of exploitation. The findings highlight the significance of developing social services that specialize in helping CSEY, the importance of actively identifying CSEY and reaching out to them, and the need to enable CSEY to be involved in decisions about the extent and type of support they are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Shilo
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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Commercial Sexual Exploitation Outcomes in a Community Sample of Youth. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:51-58. [PMID: 36224063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Researchers have suggested that victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) have deleterious long-term outcomes; however, longitudinal trajectories of youth who experience CSE have not been explored. For the current study, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adults Health (Add Health) survey was used to compare trajectories of youth who had experienced CSE with their nonexploited peers. METHODS Propensity score matching was used to match youth at waves 1 and 2 who experienced CSE and who did not experience CSE but had similar risk profiles. Youth with low-risk profiles were also matched. Our sample included 430 youth who experienced CSE, a matched sample of 430 youth who did not experience CSE but had a similar risk profile, and a sample of youth who did not experience CSE and had low-risk profiles (n = 782). Outcomes of interest included psychological, behavioral, physical, and interpersonal well-being. RESULTS Youth who had experienced CSE had higher levels of injection drug use, more police stops, more emergency room visits, and lower relationship satisfaction than their nonexploited peers. Well-being for individuals who experienced CSE as youth changed some over time, but those changes were comparable to the changes experienced by individuals of similar risk who did not experience CSE. Well-being measures for low-risk youth were universally higher compared to high-risk youth, regardless of CSE. DISCUSSION Youth receiving drug treatment, experiencing delinquency, or being seen in emergency medical settings may benefit from CSE screening, so that victims can be identified and provided immediate and comprehensive services.
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8
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Baird K, Connolly J. Recruitment and Entrapment Pathways of Minors into Sex Trafficking in Canada and the United States: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:189-202. [PMID: 34184579 PMCID: PMC9660274 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211025241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The domestic sex trafficking of minors is occurring across Canada and the United States. Understanding the routes into sex trafficking, including the way traffickers target, recruit and enmesh youth in the sex trade is invaluable information for service providers and law makers developing prevention and intervention initiatives. This review synthesized research on the exploitation processes and tactics employed by traffickers in the sex trafficking of domestic minors in Canada and the US. The authors comprehensively and systematically searched five electronic databases and obtained additional publications and grey literature through a backward search of the references cited in articles reviewed for inclusion. Inclusionary criteria included: Studies published in the English language between January 1990 and June 2020 containing original research with quantitative or qualitative data on the recruitment or pathways into sex trafficking for minors trafficked within the US and Canada. The search yielded 23 eligible studies. The synthesis of the studies in the review converged on the notion of sexual exploitation occurring on a continuum comprising of three components; the recruitment context, entrapment strategies utilized by traffickers, and enmeshment tactics used to prolong exploitation. Findings highlight the significant physical, psychological and emotional hurdles faced by youth victims of sex trafficking and point to the importance of comprehensive and holistic approaches to prevention and intervention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Baird
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Kyla Baird, Department of Psychology, York
University, 268, Behavioral Sciences Building—BSB Keele Campus, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.
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9
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Knight L, Xin Y, Mengo C. A Scoping Review of Resilience in Survivors of Human Trafficking. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:1048-1062. [PMID: 33468034 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020985561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resilience is critical among survivors of trafficking as they are mostly vulnerable populations who face multiple adversities before, during, and after trafficking. However, resilience in survivors of trafficking is understudied. This scoping review aims to clarify the current state of knowledge, focusing on definitions of resilience, how resilience has been studied, and factors associated with resilience among survivors. Five databases were searched using key words related to trafficking and resilience. Studies were included if they were published in English between 2000 and 2019 and focused on resilience with the study design including at least one of these four features: (a) use of standardized measures of resilience, (b) qualitative descriptions of resilience, (c) participants were survivors or professionals serving survivors, and (d) data sources such as case files or program manuals directly pertained to survivors. Eighteen studies were identified. Findings indicated that resilience was primarily described as emergent from interactions between the survivor and the environment. Resilience in trafficking appeared largely similar to resilience in other kinds of victimization. Nonetheless, trafficking survivors also may display resilience in alternative ways such as refusing treatment. Positive interpersonal relationships were the most commonly mentioned resilience factor. In addition, current research lacks studies featuring longitudinal designs, interventions, participatory methods, types of trafficking other than sexual trafficking, and demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and national origin. Future research needs to establish definitions and measures of resilience that are culturally and contextually relevant to survivors and build knowledge necessary for designing and evaluating resilience-enhancing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Knight
- College of Social Work, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yitong Xin
- College of Social Work, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cecilia Mengo
- College of Social Work, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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O'Brien JE, Brewer KB, Jones LM, Corkhum J, Rizo CF. Rigor and Respect: Recruitment Strategies for Engaging Vulnerable Populations in Research. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17052-NP17072. [PMID: 34107811 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211023497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engaging vulnerable populations in research is a critical focus for researchers seeking to find ways to improve safety and well-being for broader populations. Vulnerabilities often co-occur, meaning that individuals may experience vulnerabilities in multiple facets of their life (e.g., victim of abuse and mental health diagnoses). Unfortunately, many vulnerable populations remain underinvestigated due to difficulty reaching, engaging, and safely including such populations in research. While most researchers assert the importance of including vulnerable populations in research, few actively and successfully recruit them. Many vulnerable populations are understandably weary of research participation. Victims and survivors of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) are one such vulnerable population, in that identification may incur substantial risk for DMST victim's physical safety and well-being. In addition, DMST victims and survivors often experience co-occurring vulnerabilities including substance use, histories of abuse, delinquency, and poor mental health. Accordingly, they are notoriously difficult to recruit for research participation. The current paper uses a detailed case example to describe the recruitment and retention strategies used by one researcher to promote DMST survivor research participation. A candid account of challenges, successes, and lessons learned is offered in service of building methodological techniques for recruitment that both honor participant experiences while championing methodological rigor. Findings detail the importance of trust and a trauma-informed approach to qualitative data collection and analysis. Authors include specific strategies to promote comfort and candor amid traumatic response in ways that may empower research participants. A detailed discussion of how such strategies may be adapted for vulnerable populations beyond DMST victims and survivors is provided.
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11
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Fraley HE, Subedi G. Confusing Terms: A Concept Analysis of Naming Youth Trafficking. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2022; 18:174-184. [PMID: 35293359 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human trafficking is a growing population health problem. More than half of all persons experiencing trafficking are youth, with many in the United States unrecognized despite experiencing exploitation. Available peer-reviewed articles report a myriad of descriptions of trafficking, yet the concept and operational definition of youth trafficking, specifically, is lacking and unclear. Youth trafficking is described differently across multidisciplinary researchers and clinicians working with trafficked youth. Furthermore, labor trafficking of youth is largely excluded from the conversation surrounding trafficking. This article presents a concept analysis of naming trafficking of persons under the age of 18 years to clarify the concept specific to youth experiencing all forms of trafficking and approaches professionals can take with this specific subpopulation of trafficked persons and survivors.
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Hershberger JM. A Relational-Cultural Theory Approach to Work with Survivors of Sex Trafficking. JOURNAL OF CREATIVITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2020.1790457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Hershberger
- Department of Counselor Education and Supervision, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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13
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Gezinski LB. (De)criminalization of Survivors of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Social Work Call to Action. SOCIAL WORK 2021; 66:236-244. [PMID: 34148091 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Survivors of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) are failing to be identified and are frequently criminalized. Examining the linkages between DMST and the juvenile legal system is important, as many trafficked youths are only identified after entry into the child welfare or juvenile court system as a result of being arrested or detained on related delinquency charges. Due to legacies of structural violence, marginalized youths are reluctant to approach police officers for help. Therefore, social workers have an opportunity to identify, intervene, and advocate for trafficked youths. In this article, the author provides an overview of existing research related to the demographic profile of DMST, homelessness and survival sex, recruitment and entry, barriers to effective community response, and prevention and intervention strategies. This article represents a call to broaden our view of young people in the sex trade and supports the decriminalization of trafficked youths. Interventions and policies must be designed to fit their complex needs and experiences, resulting in empowerment, opportunity, and new beginnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Gezinski
- independent researcher and adjunct professor, Spaarndammerstraat 149F, 1013TG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Marti Castaner M, Fowler R, Landers C, Cohen L, Orjuela M. How trauma related to sex trafficking challenges parenting: Insights from Mexican and Central American survivors in the US. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252606. [PMID: 34133449 PMCID: PMC8208566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex trafficking, a form of human trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, with a global prevalence of 4.5 million, has pervasive effects in the mental and physical health of survivors. However, little is known about the experiences and needs of Latinx migrants (the majority of sex trafficking victims in the US) after trafficking, particularly regarding parenting. This QUAL-quant study examines how 14 survivors of sex trafficking (mean age = 30) from Mexico and Central America encounter and respond to parenting experiences after escaping sexual exploitation. Combining a bio-ecological model of parenting with Zimmerman's framework on human trafficking we identified how trauma related to sex trafficking can challenge parenting and how relational and contextual pre and post trafficking factors (dis)enable women to respond to such challenges. Psychological consequences of daily victimization primarily manifested in three ways: overprotective parenting in a world perceived to be unsafe, emotional withdraw when struggling with stress and mental health symptoms, and challenges building confidence as mothers. These experiences were accentuated by pre-trafficking experiences of neglect and abuse, forced separation from their older children, poverty post-trafficking, and migration-related stressors. Yet, finding meaning in the birth of their child, having social support, and faith, also enable mothers to cope with such challenges. We conclude that motherhood after surviving sex trafficking presents new challenges and opportunities in the path to recovery from trauma. Interventions at the policy, community and individual level are needed to support survivors of sex trafficking as they enter motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Marti Castaner
- Department of Public Health, Section of Health Research Services, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel Fowler
- The Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Cassie Landers
- The Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lori Cohen
- ECPAT-USA (End Child Prostitution and Trafficking-USA), New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Manuela Orjuela
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
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15
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Ma C. Featured Counter Trafficking Program: Reclaim13's 'Cherish House'. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 100:104130. [PMID: 31402057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This invited article is one of several comprising part of a special issue of Child Abuse and Neglect focused on child trafficking and health. The purpose of each invited article is to describe a specific program serving trafficked children. Featuring these programs is intended to raise awareness of innovative counter-trafficking strategies emerging worldwide and facilitate collaboration on program development and outcomes research. This article describes Cherish House, an Illinois residential treatment program for trafficked girls. Cherish House utilizes a trauma-focused, integrated model to provide for medical, mental health, educational and life-skill needs of sex trafficked girls.
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Bath EP, Godoy SM, Morris TC, Hammond I, Mondal S, Goitom S, Farabee D, Barnert ES. A specialty court for U.S. youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 100:104041. [PMID: 31239076 PMCID: PMC6925648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialty courts have emerged as a model of care for U.S. youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) to ensure comprehensive service provision. However, there is a lack of published research that documents the extent to which these programs achieve this goal. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand a specialty juvenile justice court's role in identifying mental health and substance use treatment needs, providing linkages to services, and facilitating stability for youth with histories of CSE. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We conducted an exhaustive court file review of the 364 participants in a U.S. based juvenile delinquency specialty court for youth affected by CSE. The observation period spanned 2012-2017. METHODS The research team systematically transferred data from court files into a secure, electronic database. Descriptive statistics and Chisquared tests were calculated to explore potential associations. RESULTS Participation in the specialty court for youth impacted by CSE suggests an increase in identification of mental health and substance use needs and linkages and referrals to mental health and substance use treatment services. In addition, there was increased stabilization as indicated by decreased substantiated child welfare allegations, fewer running away episodes, and placements and criminal involvement. CONCLUSIONS Specialty courts that incorporate a multidisciplinary, trauma-informed approach offer a promising intervention model for meeting the high treatment needs of youth impacted by CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraka P Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-228, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - Sarah M Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - Taylor C Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - Ivy Hammond
- School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall #7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.
| | - Sangeeta Mondal
- Stanford School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| | - Saron Goitom
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - David Farabee
- Department of Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, 180 Madison Ave, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Elizabeth S Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Pediatrics, Box 951752, 12-467 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 United States.
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Rothman EF, Preis SR, Bright K, Paruk J, Bair-Merritt M, Farrell A. A longitudinal evaluation of a survivor-mentor program for child survivors of sex trafficking in the United States. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 100:104083. [PMID: 31358352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) of children is a significant public health and criminal justice problem, but there are few evaluated models of CSE mentorship service. OBJECTIVES To assess whether youth who participated in a CSE survivor-mentor program evidenced changes in CSE victimization, dating abuse victimization, health, delinquency, social support, and coping during the year following their enrollment in the program. PARTICIPANTS 41 youth who were CSE-experienced at baseline (72%) or determined very high risk, 11-18 years old, 95% female, 58% heterosexual, 29% White, 29% Hispanic, and 42% other races/ethnicities. SETTING An urban city in the Northeast United States. METHODS We used a one-group repeated measures design and a GEE analysis. Data were collected at baseline, six months after baseline (71% follow-up) and 12 months after baseline (68% follow-up). RESULTS At baseline 72% could be characterized as CSE-experienced, while at 6 months the percentage decreased to 24% (p < 0.001) and at 12 months to 14% (p < 0.001). After 6 months of receiving survivor-mentor services, youth were less likely to have experienced CSE, engaged in sexually explicit behavior (SEB), used illicit drugs, engaged in delinquent behavior, been arrested or detained by police, and they had better social support and coping skills. After 12 months, youth were less likely to have experienced CSE, to have engaged in delinquent behavior, be arrested or detained by police, and had improved coping skills. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate that youth who received survivor-mentor services from MLMC experienced improved well-being and less drug use, delinquent behavior, and exploitation.
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Hornor G, Quinones SG, Bretl D, Courtney AB, Herendeen PA, Lewin L, Loyke JA, Morris K, Schapiro NA, Williams S. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: An Update for the Forensic Nurse. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2019; 15:93-102. [PMID: 31116177 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is the sexual abuse of children through buying, selling, or trading their sexual services. This may involve engaging a child under the age of 18 years in prostitution, pornography, stripping, exotic dancing, escort services, or other sexual services. CSEC is a problem of epidemic proportions throughout the world including the United States; however, the actual number of CSEC victims in the United States is unknown. Studies indicate that most child victims are seen by a healthcare provider while being trafficked and that many victims receive care at a pediatric hospital within 1 year of their identification as a victim. CSEC is a significant pediatric healthcare problem. It is vital that forensic nurses possess a thorough understanding of the problem and be poised to better identify, intervene, and prevent CSEC. In this article, we focus on risk factors commonly experienced by victims, recruitment strategies used by traffickers, indicators to identify child victims, and intervention and educational strategies of relevance to forensic nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Ann Herendeen
- Bivona Child Advocacy Center
- Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester
| | | | - Julie A Loyke
- University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital
| | | | | | - Sheona Williams
- Child Advocacy Center at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
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Reed SM, Kennedy MA, Decker MR, Cimino AN. Friends, family, and boyfriends: An analysis of relationship pathways into commercial sexual exploitation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 90:1-12. [PMID: 30716650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a major global issue that affects over two million children each year (Polaris Project, 2014). Large metropolitan cities, such as Las Vegas, have high rates of child prostitution (Shared Hope International, 2009). OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study is to elucidate to what extent interpersonal relationships and contextual factors (e.g. abuse within the home, substance abuse, etc.) influence commercial sexual exploitation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants for this study include 26 CSEC survivors located within the state of Nevada. METHODS The current study utilizes a qualitative content analysis approach to analyze interview transcripts gathered from CSEC survivors. Three stages of analysis were conducted to assess the relationships that influenced the participants' sexual exploitation, as well as the contextual factors shared by the participants. RESULTS Analyses indicated that three types of relationships led to commercial sexual exploitation: friends, family, and boyfriends. Of the three relationship typologies, friends were the most common (n = 14). As for contextual factors, it was common for participants to have been abused within their home (n = 15) or to have run away from home (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS The narratives provided in this study show that CSEC survivors do not often willingly engage in trading sex; rather this decision is influenced by a need to escape familial abuse or they are forced to trade sex by someone whom they share a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shon M Reed
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Criminal Justice, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-5009, United States.
| | - M Alexis Kennedy
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Criminal Justice, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-5009, United States
| | - Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
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