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Washington T, Walton QL, Kaye H, Hong JS, Cook B. Exploring self-care practices of African American informal kinship caregivers. CHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK 2024; 29:12-23. [PMID: 38957268 PMCID: PMC11218681 DOI: 10.1111/cfs.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
African American caregivers providing informal kinship care are vulnerable to chronic stress. Research has indicated stress increases individuals' risk for many adverse physical and mental health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and depression. Given the adverse outcomes related to stress, identifying mechanisms to help these caregivers lower and manage their stress is critical to their overall health and well-being. This pilot qualitative study aimed to explore the self-care practices of 12 African Americans providing informal kinship care using a phenomenological approach. Three themes emerged: (a) behaviours to manage stress levels, (b) support network reminding caregivers to take care of themselves and (c) prioritizing my own needs. Specifically, our findings indicate that some caregivers have high-stress levels and engage in maladaptive coping behaviours. The children they cared for reminded them to take care of themselves by attending doctors' appointments or getting their nails done. Nevertheless, some caregivers prioritized their needs by participating in positive self-care behaviours, such as listening to jazz and gospel music and exercising. Prevention and intervention programs that focus on improving caregivers' health should consider the role of self-care practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyreasa Washington
- Child Trends, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Quenette L. Walton
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah Kaye
- Department of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Benjamin Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chan ACY, Piehler TF. Evaluation of Prevention Programs for Grandparent Caregivers: a Systematic Review. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:137-154. [PMID: 37837520 PMCID: PMC10830810 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review critically evaluates 21 grandparent-focused prevention programs designed to benefit grandparent caregivers or target grandparent caregivers as agents of change for grandchild development. These grandparent programs were published in 35 peer-reviewed articles in the last 31 years. For each program, we described the phase of development of program (i.e., feasibility, pilot, and efficacy), delivery characteristics, and adaptations of existing evidence-based programs to meet the needs of grandparent caregivers in diverse sociocultural backgrounds. For programs tested under a controlled trial design, we evaluated core components and preliminary effects on targeted outcomes. Most studies targeted grandparents who served as primary or custodial caregivers in the USA, while limited studies targeted supplementary grandparent caregivers. Thirteen programs which were evaluated using pretest-posttest designs demonstrated feasibility and acceptability of the grandparent programs. Moreover, eight programs which were evaluated using randomized-controlled trials (RCTs; 5 pilot and 3 full-scale efficacy trials) demonstrated promising outcomes. Additionally, we identified six core components and 17 specific elements in eight programs evaluated using RCT designs. Overall, we provide a comprehensive critique of this body of literature as well as directions for future studies, including the need to develop programing tailored to grandparent caregivers with unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Chung Yin Chan
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Timothy F Piehler
- Deparment of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, 290 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Wu Q, Zhu Y, Brevard K, Wu S, Krysik J. Risk and Protective Factors for African American Kinship Caregiving: A Scoping Review. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2024; 156:107279. [PMID: 37997598 PMCID: PMC10664774 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Background African American children are disproportionately placed in kinship care, specifically with kin caregivers who have pressing service needs given their relatively poor physical and mental health, and low economic status. Kinship caregivers often face challenges, however, they also show resilience when raising relative children. Although the literature has examined risk and protective factors that affect kinship caregiving, no scoping review has been conducted to summarize these factors as they relate to African American kinship caregivers. Objectives This study aims to summarize the risk and protective factors that affect African American kinship caregiving. Methods Twenty-six studies were identified from this scoping review. A data template was used to extract information on data/sample, research methods, and risk and protective factors. Results This review found that the risk and protective factors in the identified studies can be summarized into four types: child, caregiver, relationship, and legal, cultural or social issues. Caregiver factors were examined from the perspective of physical and behavioral health, parenting, and resources. The most common risk factors were caregivers' low social economic status or great financial need, and caregivers' physical health. The most common protective factor was caregivers' spirituality or religion. Discussion This review helps to better understand the risk and protective factors for African American kinship caregivers. Policies should be informed by African American kinship caregivers' unique qualities to provide useful cultural solutions. Evidence based interventions should be developed and provided to African American kinship caregivers to improve their parenting abilities and to provide them with additional resources and supports. Implications for child welfare research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Arizona State University, School of Social Work
| | - Yiqi Zhu
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Shiyou Wu
- Arizona State University, School of Social Work
| | - Judy Krysik
- Arizona State University, School of Social Work
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Evans R, MacDonald S, Trubey R, Noyes J, Robling M, Willis S, Boffey M, Wooders C, Vinnicombe S, Melendez-Torres GJ. Interventions targeting the mental health and wellbeing of care-experienced children and young people in higher-income countries: Evidence map and systematic review. Syst Rev 2023; 12:111. [PMID: 37393358 PMCID: PMC10315047 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mental health and wellbeing of care-experienced children and young people (i.e. foster care, kinship care, residential care) is poorer than non-care-experienced populations. The Care-experienced cHildren and young people's Interventions to improve Mental health and wEll-being outcomes Systematic review (CHIMES) aimed to synthesise the international evidence base for interventions targeting subjective wellbeing, mental health and suicide amongst care-experienced young people aged ≤ 25 years. METHODS For the first phase of the review, we constructed an evidence map identifying key clusters and gaps in interventions and evaluations. Studies were identified through 16 electronic databases and 22 health and social care websites, in addition to expert recommendations, citation tracking and screening of relevant systematic reviews. We charted interventions and evaluations with a summary narrative, tables and infographics. RESULTS In total, 64 interventions with 124 associated study reports were eligible. The majority of study reports were from the USA (n = 77). Interventions primarily targeted children and young people's skills and competencies (n = 9 interventions), the parental functioning and practices of carers (n = 26), or a combination of the two (n = 15). While theoretically under-specified, interventions were largely informed by theories of Attachment, Positive Youth Development, and Social Learning Theory. Current evaluations prioritised outcomes (n = 86) and processes (n = 50), with a paucity of study reports including theoretical descriptions (n = 24) or economic evaluations (n = 1). Interventions most frequently targeted outcomes related to mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders, notably total social, emotional and behavioural problems (n = 48 interventions) and externalising problem behaviours (n = 26). There were a limited number of interventions targeting subjective wellbeing or suicide-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Future intervention development might focus on structural-level intervention theories and components, and target outcomes related to subjective wellbeing and suicide. In accordance with current methodological guidance for intervention development and evaluation, research needs to integrate theoretical, outcome, process and economic evaluation in order to strengthen the evidence base. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020177478.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Evans
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, SPARK, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Sarah MacDonald
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, SPARK, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rob Trubey
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Noyes
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Simone Willis
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maria Boffey
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, SPARK, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Soo Vinnicombe
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - G J Melendez-Torres
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Beatty KE, Mathis SM, McCurry AR, Francisco MM, Meit M, Wahlquist AE. The association between grandparents as caregivers and overdose mortality in Appalachia and non-Appalachia counties. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1035564. [PMID: 36908410 PMCID: PMC9992886 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1035564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the association of drug overdose mortality with grandparents serving as caregivers of children in Appalachia and non-Appalachia in the U.S. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design, with percent of grandparents as caregivers and overdose mortality rates being of primary interest. County-level data were combined, and descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable statistics were applied. Multiple sociodemographic and geographic variables were included: median age of the population, percent of the population that is uninsured, percent of the population that is non-Hispanic white, teen birth rate, percent of high school dropouts, and rurality. Results The percent of grandparents as caregivers increased as the overdose mortality rate increased (p < 0.01). For every 1% increase in the overdose mortality rate, the percent of grandparents as caregivers increased by 56% in Appalachian counties compared to 24% in non-Appalachian counties. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, the interaction between overdose mortality and Appalachian vs. non-Appalachian counties was no longer significant (p = 0.3). Conclusions Counties with higher overdose mortality rates had greater rates of grandparents as caregivers, with Appalachian counties experiencing greater rates of grandparents as caregivers than non-Appalachian counties. Sociodemographic characteristics that are often more prevalent in Appalachia may be driving the observed differences. Policy implications Policies and programs are needed to support grandparents providing caregiving for children impacted by substance use disorders including reform to federal child welfare financing to support children, parents, and grandparent caregivers such as kinship navigation, substance use treatment and prevention services, mental health services and in-home supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Beatty
- Center for Rural Health Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,Department of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Stephanie M Mathis
- Center for Rural Health Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Abby R McCurry
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Margaret M Francisco
- Center for Rural Health Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.,Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Michael Meit
- Center for Rural Health Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Amy E Wahlquist
- Center for Rural Health Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Shubina I. Scientific Publication Patterns of Systematic Reviews on Psychosocial Interventions Improving Well-being: Bibliometric Analysis. Interact J Med Res 2022; 11:e41456. [DOI: 10.2196/41456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Despite numerous empirical studies and systematic reviews conducted on the effectiveness of interventions improving psychological well-being, there is no holistic overview of published systematic reviews in this field.
Objective
This bibliometric study explored the scientific patterns of the effectiveness of different psychosocial interventions improving well-being among various categories of individuals with mental and physical diseases, to synthesize well-being intervention studies, and to suggest gaps and further studies in this emerging field.
Methods
The bibliometric analysis included identifying the most productive authors, institutions, and countries; most explored fields and subjects of study; most active journals and publishers; and performing citation analysis and analyzing publication trends between 2014 and 2022. We focused on data retrieved from known databases, and the study was conducted with a proven bibliometric approach.
Results
In total, 156 studies were found concerning the research domains and retrieved using LENS software from high-ranking databases (Crossref, Microsoft Academic, PubMed, and Core). These papers were written in English by 100 authors from 24 countries, among which, the leading country was the United Kingdom. Descriptive characteristics of the publications involved an increased number of publications in 2017 (n=35) and 2019 (n=34) and a decreased number in 2021 (n=4). The top 2 leading authors by citation score are James Thomas (3 papers and 260 citations) and Chris Dickens (3 papers and 182 citations). However, the most cited study had 592 citations. BMJ Open (n=6 articles) is the leading journal in the field of medicine; Clinical Psychology Review (n=5), in psychology; and Frontiers in Psychology, in psychological intervention (n=5) and psychology (n=5). The top 2 publishers were Wiley (n=28) and Elsevier (n=25).
Conclusions
This study indicates an overall interest in the declared domains within the last decade. Our findings primarily indicate that psychosocial interventions (PIs) were evaluated as being effective in managing mental and physical problems and enhancing well-being. Cognitive behavioral therapy was assessed as being effective in treating anxiety, psychoeducation in relapse prevention, and gratitude interventions in improving overall health, and the mindfulness approach had a positive impact on decreasing distress and depression. Moreover, all these intervention types resulted in an overall increase in an individuals’ well-being and resilience. Integrating social and cultural factors while considering individual differences increases the efficiency of PIs. Furthermore, PIs were evaluated as being effective in managing symptoms of eating disorders, dementia, and cancer. Our findings could help provide researchers an overview of the publication trends on research domains of focus for further studies, since it shows current findings and potential research needs in these fields, and would also benefit practitioners working on increasing their own and their patients' well-being.
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Zhang S, Xu Y, Hong JS, Liu M, Liao M. Discrepancies between children's and caregivers' child maltreatment reporting and their associations with child wellbeing. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 133:105858. [PMID: 36058065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment reporting is critical for case investigation and service disposition. However, reporting discrepancies across informants is a challenge for child welfare services. METHODS Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 3150), the current study examined child-caregiver discrepancies in reporting the frequencies of psychological and physical maltreatment. Multivariate models were used to examine how caregivers' reports, children's reports, and discrepancies between the two were associated with child anxiety, depression, aggression, and delinquency. RESULTS A quarter of the children reported psychological maltreatment at a higher (25.7 %) or lower (23.8 %) frequency than their caregivers' report, respectively; 8.4 % and 8.7 % of the children did so in physical maltreatment reports, respectively. Multivariate models showed that children's maltreatment reports were more closely associated with children's anxiety, depression, and delinquency than caregivers' reports, while caregivers' reports were more closely associated with children's aggression. After accounting for caregivers' reporting and other covariates, children who reported more frequent psychological maltreatment than their caregivers' report had a higher level of anxiety, depression, and delinquency (b = 0.17 to 0.25, p < 0.001), and the opposite was true (b = -0.36 to -0.13, p < 0.001). Similarly, children who reported more frequent physical maltreatment than their caregivers' report had a higher level of all negative outcomes (b = 0.04 to 0.44; p = 0.04 to <0.00), and the opposite was true for aggression (b = -0.08, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that in addition to other reporting barriers, children and caregivers may perceive maltreatment differently, and such discrepancies are related to children's wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijun Zhang
- University of Mississippi, Department of Social Work, Garland 315, University, MS 38677, United States of America.
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- University of South Carolina College of Social Work, 1512 Pendleton St Hamilton College, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- Wayne State University School of Social Work, 5447 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America; Ewha Womans University Department of Social Welfare, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Meirong Liu
- Howard University School of Social Work, 601 Howard Place, NW, Washington, DC 20059, United States of America
| | - Minli Liao
- Morgan State University School of Social Work, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Jenkins 351, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States of America
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Wu Q, Krysik J, Thornton A. Black Kin Caregivers: Acceptability and Cultural Adaptation of the Family Check-Up/Everyday Parenting Program. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2022; 39:607-618. [PMID: 35400806 PMCID: PMC8976461 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-022-00841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black children join kinship care disproportionately and black kin caregivers often face financial, housing, mental health, and parenting challenges when caring for relative children. Few interventions have been developed specifically for kin caregivers, let alone Black kin caregivers. This study evaluated the initial acceptability of an evidence based parenting intervention and worked to culturally adapt it for Black kin caregivers. The intervention was delivered in a family camp format. Feedback from participant interviews were analyzed for this study. Participants felt that overall the intervention was culturally appropriate. However, they also proposed changes to the curriculum, as well as to the process and format of the intervention. This study experienced challenges in terms of participant recruitment and sample size, which was exacerbated by COVID-19-related safety concerns. Future steps regarding recruitment, content, and format are discussed. Implications for child welfare practice, policy, and research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0689 USA
| | - Judy Krysik
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0689 USA
| | - Anthony Thornton
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0689 USA
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Pasalich DS, Moretti MM, Hassall A, Curcio A. Pilot randomized controlled trial of an attachment- and trauma-focused intervention for kinship caregivers. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105178. [PMID: 34243100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinship care placements are increasing in many Western countries, however families in kinship care are underserved partly due to the lack of evidence-based interventions addressing their unique needs. OBJECTIVE We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine research feasibility and the acceptability, fidelity, and preliminary outcomes of an attachment- and trauma-focused intervention for kinship caregivers in Australia. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants included 26 kinship caregivers (Mage = 55.00 years; 54% grandparents) with youth (Mage = 10.58 years; 38% female), and 19 practitioners from child protection, out-of-home care and other services. METHOD Kinship caregivers were randomized to Connect for Kinship Parents (Connect-KP) or care-as-usual (CAU), and completed assessments at baseline, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up. Placement changes were evaluated at 6-month follow-up. A subset of practitioners received both training and supervision in implementing Connect-KP, and their videorecorded sessions were coded for fidelity. RESULTS Practitioners rated the training highly and demonstrated excellent fidelity to program content and process. Results supported the research feasibility and all kinship caregivers reported high levels of program satisfaction and had very high attendance and completion rates. Direction of effects favored Connect-KP vs. CAU for all nine caregiver and youth outcomes, with the largest effects observed for significant reductions in caregiver strain, caregiver psychological aggression, and youth affect suppression following intervention. At 6-month follow-up, more youth from CAU (15%) vs. Connect-KP (0%) experienced an unplanned placement change. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show promise of Connect-KP as a potentially effective intervention that can be successfully implemented in child welfare services, and provide impetus for a larger-scale RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave S Pasalich
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia.
| | | | - Alison Hassall
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Angela Curcio
- Community Services Directorate, ACT Government, Australia
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Xu Y, Wu Q, Levkoff SE, Jedwab M. Material hardship and parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of grandparents' mental health. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 110:104700. [PMID: 32854948 PMCID: PMC7444952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of many families, including grandparent kinship families, to deal with a health/economic crisis. The fear of COVID-19 plus stay-at-home orders have increased individuals' psychological distress. Moreover, school closures and homeschooling further increased parenting stress among caregivers. OBJECTIVES This study examined the relationship between material hardship and parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers, and assessed grandparents' mental health as a potential mediator to this relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Grandparent kinship providers (N = 362) that took primary care of their grandchildren participated in a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics Panels in June 2020 in the United States. METHODS Descriptive and bivariate analyses, binary logistic regression, and mediation analyses were conducted using STATA 15.0. RESULTS Suffering material hardship was significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers, and grandparents' mental health partially mediated this association. CONCLUSIONS Addressing material and mental health needs among grandparent kinship providers is critical to decreasing their parenting stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Xu
- University of South Carolina College of Social Work, United States.
| | - Qi Wu
- Arizona State University School of Social Work, United States
| | - Sue E Levkoff
- University of South Carolina College of Social Work, United States
| | - Merav Jedwab
- Hadassah Academic College School of Social Work, Jerusalem, Israel
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