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Ma Z, Gao X, Shuai Y, Xing X, Ji J. The m6A epitranscriptome opens a new charter in immune system logic. Epigenetics 2020; 16:819-837. [PMID: 33070685 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1827722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent RNA internal modification, is present in most eukaryotic species and prokaryotes. Studies have highlighted an intricate network architecture by which m6A epitranscriptome impacts on immune response and function. However, it was only until recently that the mechanisms underlying the involvement of m6A modification in immune system were uncovered. Here, we systematically review the m6A involvement in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Further, the interplay between m6A modification and anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumour immunity is also comprehensively summarized. Finally, we focus on the future prospects of m6A modification in immune modulation. A better understanding of the crosstalk between m6A modification and immune system is of great significance to reveal new pathogenic pathways and to develop promising therapeutic targets of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - You Shuai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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Ng TH, Kumar R, Apitanyasai K, He ST, Chiu SP, Wang HC. Selective expression of a "correct cloud" of Dscam in crayfish survivors after second exposure to the same pathogen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:430-437. [PMID: 31200075 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod hypervariable Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) may be involved in adaptive-like immune characteristics, namely immune priming, enabling the host to "learn" and "remember" pathogens previously encountered in arthropods. However, expression of Dscam in immune-primed arthropods after a second challenge has apparently not been confirmed. Herein, working with Dscam of Australian freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, i.e. CqDscam), we further investigated whether immune priming is mediated by "clouds" of appropriate (or "correct") CqDscam isoforms. In crayfish that survived a first WSSV challenge (immune priming), long-lasting CqDscam expression remained higher after a second WSSV challenge. Selective CqDscam isoforms were also induced after both challenges. Based on pathogen binding assays, these WSSV-induced CqDscam isoforms had a higher WSSV binding ability, perhaps mainly mediated by Ig3-spliced variants. We therefore hypothesized that in these crayfish survivors, an unknown selection process was generating a "correct cloud" of CqDscam against a previously encountered pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Hann Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kantamas Apitanyasai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting He
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Po Chiu
- Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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3
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Boutsikou E, Domvri K, Hardavella G, Tsiouda D, Zarogoulidis K, Kontakiotis T. Tumour necrosis factor, interferon-gamma and interleukins as predictive markers of antiprogrammed cell-death protein-1 treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a pragmatic approach in clinical practice. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918768238. [PMID: 29662549 PMCID: PMC5894896 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918768238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of novel antiprogrammed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of this disease. Although overall survival (OS) has improved in the first- and second-line therapy settings for advanced NSCLC, the benefit is not universal. In a climate of global scrutiny for healthcare costs and potential for toxicities related to immunotherapy, appropriate patient selection is crucial. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and a panel of interleukins (ILs) in the peripheral blood, and assess any correlation with response to anti-PD-1 inhibition, progression-free survival and OS in NSCLC patients. Methods: We prospectively studied 26 NSCLC patients that received immunotherapy (either pembrolizumab or nivolumab). IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 were analyzed by flow cytometry at the time of diagnosis and at 3 months after initiation of anti-PD-1 inhibition. Results: Increased cytokine values (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8) at the time of diagnosis and at 3 months after initiation of treatment were significantly correlated with improved response to immunotherapy and prolonged OS. There was no correlation between cytokine levels and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. Conclusions: Increased IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 levels resulted in better response to NSCLC anti-PD-1 inhibition and longer survival, and this could potentially play an important role in selecting patients that would benefit from anti-PD-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efimia Boutsikou
- Pulmonary Department - Oncology Unit, 'G. Papanikolaou' Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Platonos 1G, Pefka, 57010, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- Pulmonary Department, 'G. Papanikolaou' Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Dora Tsiouda
- Pulmonary Department, 'Theageneio' Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, 'G. Papanikolaou' Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kontakiotis
- Pulmonary Department, 'G. Papanikolaou' Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pigeault R, Garnier R, Rivero A, Gandon S. Evolution of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.1136. [PMID: 27683366 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a decade ago, the discovery of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates shifted existing paradigms on the lack of sophistication of their immune system. Nonetheless, the prevalence of this trait and the ecological factors driving its evolution in invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a theoretical host-parasite model and predict that long lifespan and low dispersal should promote the evolution of transgenerational immunity. We also predict that in species that produce both philopatric and dispersing individuals, it may pay to have a plastic allocation strategy with a higher transgenerational immunity investment in philopatric offspring because they are more likely to encounter locally adapted pathogens. We review all experimental studies published to date, comprising 21 invertebrate species in nine different orders, and we show that, as expected, longevity and dispersal correlate with the transfer of immunity to offspring. The validity of our prediction regarding the plasticity of investment in transgenerational immunity remains to be tested in invertebrates, but also in vertebrate species. We discuss the implications of our work for the study of the evolution of immunity, and we suggest further avenues of research to expand our knowledge of the impact of transgenerational immune protection in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pigeault
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290), Montpellier, France
| | - R Garnier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - A Rivero
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290), Montpellier, France
| | - S Gandon
- CEFE (UMR CNRS 5175), Montpellier, France
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T. Tate
- Dept of Biology and Biochemistry; Univ. of Houston; Houston TX 77004 USA
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Brown T, Rodriguez-Lanetty M. Defending against pathogens - immunological priming and its molecular basis in a sea anemone, cnidarian. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17425. [PMID: 26628080 PMCID: PMC4667181 DOI: 10.1038/srep17425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians, in general, are long-lived organisms and hence may repeatedly encounter common pathogens during their lifespans. It remains unknown whether these early diverging animals possess some type of immunological reaction that strengthens the defense response upon repeated infections, such as that described in more evolutionary derived organisms. Here we show results that sea anemones that had previously encountered a pathogen under sub-lethal conditions had a higher survivorship during a subsequently lethal challenge than naïve anemones that encountered the pathogen for the first time. Anemones subjected to the lethal challenge two and four weeks after the sub-lethal exposure presented seven- and five-fold increases in survival, respectively, compared to the naïve anemones. However, anemones challenged six weeks after the sub-lethal exposure showed no increase in survivorship. We argue that this short-lasting priming of the defense response could be ecologically relevant if pathogen encounters are restricted to short seasons characterized by high stress. Furthermore, we discovered significant changes in proteomic profiles between naïve sea anemones and those primed after pathogen exposure suggesting a clear molecular signature associated with immunological priming in cnidarians. Our findings reveal that immunological priming may have evolved much earlier in the tree of life than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami FL 33199
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7
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Seaman JA, Alout H, Meyers JI, Stenglein MD, Dabiré RK, Lozano-Fuentes S, Burton TA, Kuklinski WS, Black WC, Foy BD. Age and prior blood feeding of Anopheles gambiae influences their susceptibility and gene expression patterns to ivermectin-containing blood meals. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:797. [PMID: 26471037 PMCID: PMC4608139 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ivermectin has been proposed as a novel malaria transmission control tool based on its insecticidal properties and unique route of acquisition through human blood. To maximize ivermectin’s effect and identify potential resistance/tolerance mechanisms, it is important to understand its effect on mosquito physiology and potential to shift mosquito population age-structure. We therefore investigated ivermectin susceptibility and gene expression changes in several age groups of female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Methods The effect of aging on ivermectin susceptibility was analyzed in three age groups (2, 6, and 14-days) of colonized female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes using standard survivorship assays. Gene expression patterns were then analyzed by transcriptome sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. RT-qPCR was used to validate transcriptional changes and also to examine expression in a different, colonized strain and in wild mosquitoes, both of which blood fed naturally on an ivermectin-treated person. Results Mosquitoes of different ages and blood meal history died at different frequencies after ingesting ivermectin. Mortality was lowest in 2-day old mosquitoes exposed on their first blood meal and highest in 6-day old mosquitoes exposed on their second blood meal. Twenty-four hours following ivermectin ingestion, 101 and 187 genes were differentially-expressed relative to control blood-fed, in 2 and 6-day groups, respectively. Transcription patterns of select genes were similar in membrane-fed, colonized, and naturally-fed wild vectors. Transcripts from several unexpected functional classes were highly up-regulated, including Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) genes, peritrophic matrix-associated genes, and immune-response genes, and these exhibited different transcription patterns between age groups, which may explain the observed susceptibility differences. Niemann-Pick Type 2 genes were the most highly up-regulated transcripts after ivermectin ingestion (up to 160 fold) and comparing phylogeny to transcriptional patterns revealed that NPCs have rapidly evolved and separate members respond to either blood meals or to ivermectin. Conclusion We present evidence of increased ivermectin susceptibility in older An. gambiae mosquitoes that had previously bloodfed. Differential expression analysis suggests complex midgut interactions resulting from ivermectin ingestion that likely involve blood meal digestion physiological responses, midgut microflora, and innate immune responses. Thus, the transcription of certain gene families is consistently affected by ivermectin ingestion, and may provide important clues to ivermectin’s broad effects on malaria vectors. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of ivermectin’s potential as a transmission control tool. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2029-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Seaman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Haoues Alout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Jacob I Meyers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Ave de la Liberté, Bobo Dioulasso, Houet, 10400-000, Burkina Faso.
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Wojtek S Kuklinski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
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Abstract
This review serves as an introduction to an Immunology Series for the Nephrologist published in CJASN. It provides a brief overview of the immune system, how it works, and why it matters to kidneys. This review describes in broad terms the main divisions of the immune system (innate and adaptive), their cellular and tissue components, and the ways by which they function and are regulated. The story is told through the prism of evolution in order to relay to the reader why the immune system does what it does and why imperfections in the system can lead to renal disease. Detailed descriptions of cell types, molecules, and other immunologic curiosities are avoided as much as possible in an effort to not detract from the importance of the broader concepts that define the immune system and its relationship to the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M Yatim
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Tate AT, Graham AL. Trans‐generational priming of resistance in wild flour beetles reflects the primed phenotypes of laboratory populations and is inhibited by co‐infection with a common parasite. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann T. Tate
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 106A Guyot Hall Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 106A Guyot Hall Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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10
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Degnan SM. The surprisingly complex immune gene repertoire of a simple sponge, exemplified by the NLR genes: a capacity for specificity? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:269-74. [PMID: 25058852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most bacteria are not pathogenic to animals, and may instead serve beneficial functions. The requisite need for animals to differentiate between microbial friend and foe is likely borne from a deep evolutionary imperative to recognise self from non-self, a service ably provided by the innate immune system. Recent findings from an ancient lineage of simple animals - marine sponges - have revealed an unexpectedly large and diverse suite of genes belonging to one family of pattern recognition receptors, namely the NLR genes. Because NLRs can recognise a broad spectrum of microbial ligands, they may play a critical role in mediating the animal-bacterial crosstalk needed for sophisticated discrimination between microbes of various relationships. The building blocks for an advanced NLR-based immune specificity encoded in the genome of the coral reef sponge Amphimedon queenslandica may provide a specialisation and diversity of responses that equals, or even exceeds, that of vertebrate NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia.
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Ng TH, Hung HY, Chiang YA, Lin JH, Chen YN, Chuang YC, Wang HC. WSSV-induced crayfish Dscam shows durable immune behavior. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:78-90. [PMID: 24973514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major gaps in our understanding of arthropod specific immune priming concerns the mechanism[s] by which the observed long-term (>2 weeks) protective effects might be mediated. Hypervariable Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) might support arthropod innate immunity with specificity for more extended periods. We show here that, in the relatively long-lived arthropod Cherax quadricarinatus, CqDscam does not behave like a typical, immediately-acting, short-lived innate immune factor: CqDscam was not induced within hours after challenge with a lethal virus, but instead was only up-regulated after 2-5 days. This initial response faded within ∼ 2 weeks, but another maximum was reached ∼ 1 month later. At around 2 months after the initial challenge, the virus-induced CqDscam bound to the virus virion and acted to neutralize the virus However, although CqDscam helped crayfish to survive during persistent infection, it nevertheless failed to provide any enhanced protection against a subsequent WSSV challenge. Thus, CqDscam is capable of supporting extended anti-virus immune memory in arthropods. Also, during a persistent virus infection, the balance of "immune firepower" in crayfish appears to be altered such that the general immune factors become depleted while CqDscam becomes relatively predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Hann Ng
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Chuang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Zhang T, Qiu L, Sun Z, Wang L, Zhou Z, Liu R, Yue F, Sun R, Song L. The specifically enhanced cellular immune responses in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against secondary challenge with Vibrio splendidus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:141-150. [PMID: 24607288 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing experimental evidences suggest that there are some forms of specific acquired immunity in invertebrates, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In the present study, Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) stimulated primarily by heat-killed Vibrio splendidus displayed stronger immune responses at cellular and molecular levels when they encountered the secondary challenge of live V. splendidus. The total hemocyte counts (THC) increased significantly after the primary stimulation of heat-killed V. splendidus, and it increased even higher (p < 0.01) and reached the peak earlier (at 6 h) after the secondary challenge with live V. splendidus compared with that of the primary stimulation. The number of new generated circulating hemocytes increased dramatically (p < 0.01) at 6 h after the pre-stimulated oysters received the secondary stimulation with live V. splendidus, and the phagocytic rate was also enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) at 12 h after the secondary stimulation. Meanwhile, the enhanced phagocytosis of hemocytes was highly specific for V. splendidus and they could distinguish Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio coralliilyticus, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Micrococcus luteus efficiently. In addition, the mRNA expression of 12 candidate genes related to phagocytosis and hematopoiesis were also monitored, and the expression levels of CgIntegrin, CgPI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), CgRho J, CgMAPKK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase), CgRab32, CgNADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, CgRunx1 and CgBMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7) in the hemocytes of pre-stimulated oysters after the secondary stimulation of V. splendidus were higher (p < 0.01) than that after the primary stimulation, but there was no statistically significant changes for the genes of CgPKC (protein kinase C), CgMyosin, CgActin, and CgGATA 3. These results collectively suggested that the primary stimulation of V. splendidus led to immune priming in oyster with specifically enhanced phagocytosis and rapidly promoted regeneration of circulating hemocytes when the primed oysters encountered the secondary challenge with V. splendidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Dheilly NM, Adema C, Raftos DA, Gourbal B, Grunau C, Du Pasquier L. No more non-model species: the promise of next generation sequencing for comparative immunology. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:56-66. [PMID: 24508980 PMCID: PMC4096995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) allows for the rapid, comprehensive and cost effective analysis of entire genomes and transcriptomes. NGS provides approaches for immune response gene discovery, profiling gene expression over the course of parasitosis, studying mechanisms of diversification of immune receptors and investigating the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating immune gene expression and/or diversification. NGS will allow meaningful comparisons to be made between organisms from different taxa in an effort to understand the selection of diverse strategies for host defence under different environmental pathogen pressures. At the same time, it will reveal the shared and unique components of the immunological toolkit and basic functional aspects that are essential for immune defence throughout the living world. In this review, we argue that NGS will revolutionize our understanding of immune responses throughout the animal kingdom because the depth of information it provides will circumvent the need to concentrate on a few "model" species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M Dheilly
- CNRS, UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), Perpignan F-66860, France; Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan F-66860, France.
| | - Coen Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David A Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- CNRS, UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), Perpignan F-66860, France; Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan F-66860, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- CNRS, UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), Perpignan F-66860, France; Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan F-66860, France
| | - Louis Du Pasquier
- University of Basel, Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Basel, Switzerland
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Friedenson B. Mutations in components of antiviral or microbial defense as a basis for breast cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 13:411-24. [PMID: 24057274 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In-depth functional analyses of thousands of breast cancer gene mutations reveals vastly different sets of mutated genes in each of 21 different breast cancer genomes. Despite differences in which genes are mutated, innate immunity pathways and metabolic reactions supporting them are always damaged. These functions depend on many different genes. Mutations may be rare individually but each set of mutations affects some aspect of pathogen recognition and defense, especially those involving viruses. Some mutations cause a dysregulated immune response, which can also increase cancer risks. The frequency of an individual mutation may be less important than its effect on function. This work demonstrates that acquired immune deficiencies and immune dysregulation in cancer can occur because of mutations. Abnormal immune responses represent a hidden variable in breast cancer-viral association studies. Compensating for these abnormalities may open many new opportunities for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Friedenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA,
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15
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Christofi T, Apidianakis Y. Drosophila immune priming against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is short-lasting and depends on cellular and humoral immunity. F1000Res 2013; 2:76. [PMID: 24358857 PMCID: PMC3752738 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-76.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are traditionally divided into the innate and the adaptive arm, both of which are present in vertebrates, while only the innate arm is found in invertebrates. Immune priming experiments in
Drosophila melanogaster and other invertebrates during the last decade have challenged this dogma, questioning the boundaries between innate and adaptive immunity. Studies on repeated inoculation of
Drosophila with microbes reveal a long-lasting cellular immunity adaptation against particular microorganisms. Here we study the lasting effect of immune priming against infection with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human pathogen that is lethal to the common fruit fly.
Drosophila priming with heat-killed or low in virulence
P. aeruginosa extends fly survival during a secondary lethal infection with a virulent strain of the same species. The protective immune response can last for more than 10 days after exposure to a persistent low-in-virulence live infection, but it is eliminated 7 days after the host is primed with heat-killed bacteria. Moreover, not only the cellular, but also the systemic NF-κB-mediated immune responses contribute to immune priming. Thus each microbe might elicit different mechanisms of immune priming that may or may not last for long.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus
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