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Oke MT, D’Costa VM. Functional Divergence of the Paralog Salmonella Effector Proteins SopD and SopD2 and Their Contributions to Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4191. [PMID: 38673776 PMCID: PMC11050076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness in humans and is responsible for millions of cases annually. A critical strategy for the survival of this pathogen is the translocation of bacterial virulence factors termed effectors into host cells, which primarily function via protein-protein interactions with host proteins. The Salmonella genome encodes several paralogous effectors believed to have arisen from duplication events throughout the course of evolution. These paralogs can share structural similarities and enzymatic activities but have also demonstrated divergence in host cell targets or interaction partners and contributions to the intracellular lifecycle of Salmonella. The paralog effectors SopD and SopD2 share 63% amino acid sequence similarity and extensive structural homology yet have demonstrated divergence in secretion kinetics, intracellular localization, host targets, and roles in infection. SopD and SopD2 target host Rab GTPases, which represent critical regulators of intracellular trafficking that mediate diverse cellular functions. While SopD and SopD2 both manipulate Rab function, these paralogs display differences in Rab specificity, and the effectors have also evolved multiple mechanisms of action for GTPase manipulation. Here, we highlight this intriguing pair of paralog effectors in the context of host-pathogen interactions and discuss how this research has presented valuable insights into effector evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosopefoluwa T. Oke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vanessa M. D’Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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2
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Kumar M, Sharma S, Kumar J, Barik S, Mazumder S. Mitochondrial electron transport chain in macrophage reprogramming: Potential role in antibacterial immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:100077. [PMID: 38572399 PMCID: PMC10987323 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2024.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages restrain microbial infection and reinstate tissue homeostasis. The mitochondria govern macrophage metabolism and serve as pivot in innate immunity, thus acting as immunometabolic regulon. Metabolic pathways produce electron flows that end up in mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), made of super-complexes regulating multitude of molecular and biochemical processes. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence mtETC structure and function, impacting several aspects of macrophage immunity. These factors provide the macrophages with alternate fuel sources and metabolites, critical to gain functional competence and overcoming pathogenic stress. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generated through the mtETC are important innate immune attributes, which help macrophages in mounting antibacterial responses. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of mtETC in governing mitochondrial dynamics and macrophage polarization (M1/M2). M1 macrophages are important for containing bacterial pathogens and M2 macrophages promote tissue repair and wound healing. Thus, mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are intimately coupled with innate immunity. In this review, we have addressed mtETC function as innate rheostats that regulate macrophage reprogramming and innate immune responses. Advancement in this field encourages further exploration and provides potential novel macrophage-based therapeutic targets to control unsolicited inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shagun Sharma
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jai Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Delhi, India
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3
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Grubwieser P, Brigo N, Seifert M, Grander M, Theurl I, Nairz M, Weiss G, Pfeifhofer-Obermair C. Quantification of Macrophage Cellular Ferrous Iron (Fe 2+) Content Using a Highly Specific Fluorescent Probe in a Plate Reader. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4929. [PMID: 38379830 PMCID: PMC10875354 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are at the center of innate immunity and iron metabolism. In the case of an infection, macrophages adapt their cellular iron metabolism to deprive iron from invading bacteria to combat intracellular bacterial proliferation. A concise evaluation of the cellular iron content upon an infection with bacterial pathogens and diverse cellular stimuli is necessary to identify underlying mechanisms concerning iron homeostasis in macrophages. For the characterization of cellular iron levels during infection, we established an in vitro infection model where the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 is infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.tm), the mouse counterpart to S. enterica serovar Typhi, under normal and iron-overload conditions using ferric chloride (FeCl3) treatment. To evaluate the effect of infection and iron stimulation on cellular iron levels, the macrophages are stained with FerroOrange. This fluorescent probe specifically detects Fe2+ ions and its fluorescence can be quantified photometrically in a plate reader. Importantly, FerroOrange fluorescence does not increase with chelated iron or other bivalent metal ions. In this protocol, we present a simple and reliable method to quantify cellular Fe2+ levels in cultured macrophages by applying a highly specific fluorescence probe (FerroOrange) in a TECAN Spark microplate reader. Compared to already established techniques, our protocol allows assessing cellular iron levels in innate immune cells without the use of radioactive iron isotopes or extensive sample preparation, exposing the cells to stress. Key features • Easy quantification of Fe2+ in cultured macrophages with a fluorescent probe. • Analysis of iron in living cells without the need for fixation. • Performed on a plate reader capable of 540 nm excitation and 585 nm emission by trained employees for handling biosafety level 2 bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and
Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and
Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and
Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Ngo HTT, Nguyen DH, You SH, Van Nguyen K, Kim SY, Hong Y, Min JJ. Reprogramming a Doxycycline-Inducible Gene Switch System for Bacteria-Mediated Cancer Therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:148-161. [PMID: 38017353 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium is a potential biotherapeutic antitumor agent because it can colonize tumors and inhibit their growth. The present study aimed to develop a doxycycline (Doxy)-inducible gene switch system in attenuated S. typhimurium and assess its therapeutic efficacy in various tumor-bearing mice models. PROCEDURES A Doxy-inducible gene switch system comprising two plasmids was engineered to trigger the expression of cargo genes (Rluc8 and clyA). Attenuated S. typhimurium carrying Rluc8 were injected intravenously into BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors, and bioluminescence images were captured at specified intervals post-administration of doxycycline. The tumor-suppressive effects of bacteria carrying clyA were evaluated in BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors and in C57BL/6 mice bearing MC38 tumors. RESULTS Expression of the fimE gene, induced only in the presence of Doxy, triggered a unidirectional switch of the POXB20 promoter to induce expression of the cargo genes. The switch event was maintained over a long period of bacterial culture. After intravenous injection of transformed Salmonella into mice bearing CT26 tumors, the bacteria transformed with the Doxy-inducible gene switch system for Rluc8 targeted only tumor tissues and expressed the payloads 2 days after Doxy treatment. Notably, bacteria carrying the Doxy-inducible gene switch system for clyA effectively suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival, even after just one Doxy induction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that attenuated S. typhimurium carrying this novel gene switch system elicited significant therapeutic effects through a single induction triggering and were a potential biotherapeutic agent for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi-Thu Ngo
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi Medical University, No 1, Ton That Tung St., Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh-Huy Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Khuynh Van Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wang X, Yang B, Ma S, Yan X, Ma S, Sun H, Sun Y, Jiang L. Lactate promotes Salmonella intracellular replication and systemic infection via driving macrophage M2 polarization. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0225323. [PMID: 37796020 PMCID: PMC10715217 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02253-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The important enteropathogen Salmonella can cause lethal systemic infection via survival and replication in host macrophages. Lactate represents an abundant intracellular metabolite during bacterial infection, which can also induce macrophage M2 polarization. In this study, we found that macrophage-derived lactate promotes the intracellular replication and systemic infection of Salmonella. During Salmonella infection, lactate via the Salmonella type III secretion system effector SteE promotes macrophage M2 polarization, and the induction of macrophage M2 polarization by lactate is responsible for lactate-mediated Salmonella growth promotion. This study highlights the complex interactions between Salmonella and macrophages and provides an additional perspective on host-pathogen crosstalk at the metabolic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Yang W, Feng Y, Yan J, Kang C, Yao T, Sun H, Cheng Z. Phosphate (Pi) Transporter PIT1 Induces Pi Starvation in Salmonella-Containing Vacuole in HeLa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17216. [PMID: 38139044 PMCID: PMC10743064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), an important foodborne pathogen, causes diarrheal illness and gastrointestinal diseases. S. Typhimurium survives and replicates in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells for acute or chronic infections. In these cells, S. Typhimurium resides within Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs), in which the phosphate (Pi) concentration is low. S. Typhimurium senses low Pi and expresses virulence factors to modify host cells. However, the mechanism by which host cells reduce the Pi concentration in SCVs is not clear. In this study, we show that through the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway, S. Typhimurium upregulates PIT1, which in turn transports Pi from SCVs into the cytosol and results in Pi starvation in SCVs. Immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis reveal that after the internalization of S. Typhimurium, PIT1 is located on SCV membranes. Silencing or overexpressing PIT1 inhibits or promotes Pi starvation, Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2) gene expression, and replication in SCVs. The S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB mutant or silenced TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway suppresses the expression of the SPI-2 genes and promotes the fusion of SCVs with lysosomes. Our results illustrate that S. Typhimurium exploits the host innate immune responses as signals to promote intracellular replication, and they provide new insights for the development of broad-spectrum therapeutics to combat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingxing Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenbo Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ting Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (W.Y.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.); (C.K.); (T.Y.); (H.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Depew CE, McSorley SJ. The role of tissue resident memory CD4 T cells in Salmonella infection: Implications for future vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:6426-6433. [PMID: 37739887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections cause a wide range of intestinal and systemic disease that affects global human health. While some vaccines are available, they do not mitigate the impact of Salmonella on endemic areas. Research using Salmonella mouse models has revealed the important role of CD4 T cells and antibody in the development of protective immunity against Salmonella infection. Recent work points to a critical role for hepatic tissue-resident memory lymphocytes in naturally acquired immunity to systemic infection. Thus, understanding the genesis and function of this Salmonella-specific population is an important objective and is the primary focus of this review. Greater understanding of how these memory lymphocytes contribute to bacterial elimination could suggest new approaches to vaccination against an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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8
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Raman V, Deshpande CP, Khanduja S, Howell LM, Van Dessel N, Forbes NS. Build-a-bug workshop: Using microbial-host interactions and synthetic biology tools to create cancer therapies. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1574-1592. [PMID: 37827116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Many systemically administered cancer therapies exhibit dose-limiting toxicities that reduce their effectiveness. To increase efficacy, bacterial delivery platforms have been developed that improve safety and prolong treatment. Bacteria are a unique class of therapy that selectively colonizes most solid tumors. As delivery vehicles, bacteria have been genetically modified to express a range of therapies that match multiple cancer indications. In this review, we describe a modular "build-a-bug" method that focuses on five design characteristics: bacterial strain (chassis), therapeutic compound, delivery method, immune-modulating features, and genetic control circuits. We emphasize how fundamental research into gut microbe pathogenesis has created safe bacterial therapies, some of which have entered clinical trials. The genomes of gut microbes are fertile grounds for discovery of components to improve delivery and modulate host immune responses. Future work coupling these delivery vehicles with insights from gut microbes could lead to the next generation of microbial cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Chinmay P Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shradha Khanduja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lars M Howell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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9
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Harada A, Xu W, Ono K, Tsutsuki H, Yahiro K, Sawa T, Niidome T. Modification of Silver Nanoplates with Cell-Binding Subunit of Bacterial Toxin and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Intracellular Bacteria. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3387-3394. [PMID: 36972339 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are able to survive and grow in host cells and often cause serious infectious diseases. The B subunit of the subtilase cytotoxin (SubB) found in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O113:H21 recognizes sialoglycans on cell surfaces and triggers the uptake of cytotoxin by the cells, meaning that Sub B is a ligand molecule that is expected to be useful for drug delivery into cells. In this study, we conjugated SubB to silver nanoplates (AgNPLs) for use as an antibacterial drug and examined their antimicrobial activity against intracellularly infecting Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The modification of AgNPLs with SubB improved their dispersion stability and antibacterial activity against planktonic S. typhimurium. The SubB modification enhanced the cellular uptake of AgNPLs, and intracellularly infecting S. typhimurium were killed at low concentrations of AgNPLs. Interestingly, larger amounts of SubB-modified AgNPLs were taken up by infected cells compared with uninfected cells. These results suggest that the S. typhimurium infection activated the uptake of the nanoparticles into the cells. SubB-modified AgNPLs are expected to be useful bactericidal systems for intracellularly infecting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Harada
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Wei Xu
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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10
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Chandrasekhar H, Mohapatra G, Kajal K, Singh M, Walia K, Rana S, Kaur N, Sharma S, Tuli A, Das P, Srikanth CV. SifA SUMOylation governs Salmonella Typhimurium intracellular survival via modulation of lysosomal function. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011686. [PMID: 37773952 PMCID: PMC10566704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the mechanisms shaping the pathophysiology during the infection of enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium is host PTM machinery utilization by the pathogen encoded effectors. Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) during infection in host cells thrives in a vacuolated compartment, Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV), which sequentially acquires host endosomal and lysosomal markers. Long tubular structures, called as Salmonella induced filaments (SIFs), are further generated by S. Tm, which are known to be required for SCV's nutrient acquisition, membrane maintenance and stability. A tightly coordinated interaction involving prominent effector SifA and various host adapters PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2 and Rab GTPases govern SCV integrity and SIF formation. Here, we report for the first time that the functional regulation of SifA is modulated by PTM SUMOylation at its 11th lysine. S. Tm expressing SUMOylation deficient lysine 11 mutants of SifA (SifAK11R) is defective in intracellular proliferation due to compromised SIF formation and enhanced lysosomal acidification. Furthermore, murine competitive index experiments reveal defective in vivo proliferation and weakened virulence of SifAK11R mutant. Concisely, our data reveal that SifAK11R mutant nearly behaves like a SifA knockout strain which impacts Rab9-MPR mediated lysosomal acidification pathway, the outcome of which culminates in reduced bacterial load in in vitro and in vivo infection model systems. Our results bring forth a novel pathogen-host crosstalk mechanism where the SUMOylation of effector SifA regulated S. Tm intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kirti Kajal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Mukesh Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kshitiz Walia
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Amit Tuli
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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11
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He R, Fisher TW, Saha S, Peiz-Stelinski K, Willis MA, Gang DR, Brown JK. Differential gene expression of Asian citrus psyllids infected with ' Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus' reveals hyper-susceptibility to invasion by instar fourth-fifth and teneral adult stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229620. [PMID: 37662178 PMCID: PMC10470031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the causal agent of citrus greening disease. This unusual plant pathogenic bacterium also infects its psyllid host, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). To investigate gene expression profiles with a focus on genes involved in infection and circulation within the psyllid host of CLas, RNA-seq libraries were constructed from CLas-infected and CLas-free ACP representing the five different developmental stages, namely, nymphal instars 1-2, 3, and 4-5, and teneral and mature adults. The Gbp paired-end reads (296) representing the transcriptional landscape of ACP across all life stages and the official gene set (OGSv3) were annotated based on the chromosomal-length v3 reference genome and used for de novo transcript discovery resulting in 25,410 genes with 124,177 isoforms. Differential expression analysis across all ACP developmental stages revealed instar-specific responses to CLas infection, with greater overall responses by nymphal instars, compared to mature adults. More genes were over-or under-expressed in the 4-5th nymphal instars and young (teneral) adults than in instars 1-3, or mature adults, indicating that late immature instars and young maturing adults were highly responsive to CLas infection. Genes identified with potential for direct or indirect involvement in the ACP-CLas circulative, propagative transmission pathway were predominantly responsive during early invasion and infection processes and included canonical cytoskeletal remodeling and endo-exocytosis pathway genes. Genes with predicted functions in defense, development, and immunity exhibited the greatest responsiveness to CLas infection. These results shed new light on ACP-CLas interactions essential for pathogenesis of the psyllid host, some that share striking similarities with effector protein-animal host mechanisms reported for other culturable and/or fastidious bacterial- or viral- host pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng He
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Tonja W. Fisher
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Surya Saha
- Sol Genomics Network, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kirsten Peiz-Stelinski
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Mark A. Willis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David R. Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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12
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Fels U, Willems P, De Meyer M, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Shift in vacuolar to cytosolic regime of infecting Salmonella from a dual proteome perspective. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011183. [PMID: 37535689 PMCID: PMC10426988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
By applying dual proteome profiling to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) encounters with its epithelial host (here, S. Typhimurium infected human HeLa cells), a detailed interdependent and holistic proteomic perspective on host-pathogen interactions over the time course of infection was obtained. Data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics was found to outperform data-dependent acquisition (DDA) workflows, especially in identifying the downregulated bacterial proteome response during infection progression by permitting quantification of low abundant bacterial proteins at early times of infection when bacterial infection load is low. S. Typhimurium invasion and replication specific proteomic signatures in epithelial cells revealed interdependent host/pathogen specific responses besides pointing to putative novel infection markers and signalling responses, including regulated host proteins associated with Salmonella-modified membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fels
- iRIP unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Willems
- iRIP unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux De Meyer
- iRIP unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Mitosch K, Beyß M, Phapale P, Drotleff B, Nöh K, Alexandrov T, Patil KR, Typas A. A pathogen-specific isotope tracing approach reveals metabolic activities and fluxes of intracellular Salmonella. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002198. [PMID: 37594988 PMCID: PMC10468081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria proliferating inside mammalian host cells need to rapidly adapt to the intracellular environment. How they achieve this and scavenge essential nutrients from the host has been an open question due to the difficulties in distinguishing between bacterial and host metabolites in situ. Here, we capitalized on the inability of mammalian cells to metabolize mannitol to develop a stable isotopic labeling approach to track Salmonella enterica metabolites during intracellular proliferation in host macrophage and epithelial cells. By measuring label incorporation into Salmonella metabolites with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and combining it with metabolic modeling, we identify relevant carbon sources used by Salmonella, uncover routes of their metabolization, and quantify relative reaction rates in central carbon metabolism. Our results underline the importance of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP) and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase for intracellularly proliferating Salmonella. More broadly, our metabolic labeling strategy opens novel avenues for understanding the metabolism of pathogens inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mitosch
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Beyß
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Computational Systems Biotechnology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Prasad Phapale
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Drotleff
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Theodore Alexandrov
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioInnovation Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kiran R. Patil
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasios Typas
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25674-25697. [PMID: 37521659 PMCID: PMC10373206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Centre
for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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15
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Meng K, Yang J, Xue J, Lv J, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. A host E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates Salmonella virulence by targeting an SPI-2 effector involved in SIF biogenesis. MLIFE 2023; 2:141-158. [PMID: 38817622 PMCID: PMC10989757 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium creates an intracellular niche for its replication by utilizing a large cohort of effectors, including several that function to interfere with host ubiquitin signaling. Although the mechanism of action of many such effectors has been elucidated, how the interplay between the host ubiquitin network and bacterial virulence factors dictates the outcome of infection largely remains undefined. In this study, we found that the SPI-2 effector SseK3 inhibits SNARE pairing to promote the formation of a Salmonella-induced filament by Arg-GlcNAcylation of SNARE proteins, including SNAP25, VAMP8, and Syntaxin. Further study reveals that host cells counteract the activity of SseK3 by inducing the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32, which catalyzes K48-linked ubiquitination on SseK3 and targets its membrane-associated portion for degradation. Hence, TRIM32 antagonizes SNAP25 Arg-GlcNAcylation induced by SseK3 to restrict Salmonella-induced filament biogenesis and Salmonella replication. Our study reveals a mechanism by which host cells inhibit bacterial replication by eliminating specific virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Jun Lv
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical ScienceHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Biomedicine and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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17
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Santelices J, Ou M, Maegawa GHB, Hercik K, Edelmann MJ. USP8 inhibition regulates autophagy flux and controls Salmonella infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1070271. [PMID: 37026055 PMCID: PMC10072284 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ubiquitination is an important protein modification that regulates various essential cellular processes, including the functions of innate immune cells. Deubiquitinases are enzymes responsible for removing ubiquitin modification from substrates, and the regulation of deubiquitinases in macrophages during infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and Yersinia enterocolitica remains unknown. Methods To identify deubiquitinases regulated in human macrophages during bacterial infection, an activity-based proteomics screen was conducted. The effects of pharmacological inhibition of the identified deubiquitinase, USP8, were examined, including its impact on bacterial survival within macrophages and its role in autophagy regulation during Salmonella infection. Results Several deubiquiitnases were differentially regulated in infected macrophages. One of the deubiquitinases identified was USP8, which was downregulated upon Salmonella infection. Inhibition of USP8 was associated with a decrease in bacterial survival within macrophages, and it was found to play a distinct role in regulating autophagy during Salmonella infection. The inhibition of USP8 led to the downregulation of the p62 autophagy adaptor. Discussion The findings of this study suggest a novel role of USP8 in regulating autophagy flux, which restricts intracellular bacteria, particularly during Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Santelices
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo H. B. Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos Physicians and Surgeons College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kamil Hercik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Mariola J. Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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18
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Qu S, Zhu K. Endocytosis-mediated redistribution of antibiotics targets intracellular bacteria. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4781-4794. [PMID: 36779877 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance pose a severe threat to overwhelming healthcare practices worldwide. The lack of new antibacterial drugs urgently calls for alternative therapeutic strategies to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens, especially those that survive and replicate in host cells, causing relapse and recurrence of infections. Intracellular drug delivery is a direct efficient strategy to combat invasive pathogens by increasing the accumulation of antibiotics. However, the increased accumulation of antibiotics in the infected host cells does not mean high efficacy. The difficulty of treatment lies in the efficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics to the pathogen-containing compartments. Here, we first briefly review the survival mechanisms of intracellular bacteria to facilitate the exploration of potential antibacterial targets for precise delivery. Furthermore, we provide an overview of endocytosis-mediated drug delivery systems, including the biomedical and physicochemical properties modulating the endocytosis and intracellular redistribution of antibiotics. Lastly, we summarize the targets and payloads of recently described intracellular delivery systems and their modes of action against diverse pathogenic bacteria-associated infections. This overview of endocytosis-mediated redistribution of antibiotics sheds light on the development of novel delivery platforms and alternative strategies to combat intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Qu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Göser V, Sander N, Schulte M, Scharte F, Franzkoch R, Liss V, Psathaki OE, Hensel M. Single molecule analyses reveal dynamics of Salmonella translocated effector proteins in host cell endomembranes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1240. [PMID: 36870997 PMCID: PMC9985595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica remodels the host endosomal system for survival and proliferation inside host cells. Salmonella resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and by Salmonella-induced fusions of host endomembranes, the SCV is connected with extensive tubular structures termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF). The intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella critically depends on effector proteins translocated into host cells. A subset of effectors is associated with, or integral in SCV and SIF membranes. How effectors reach their subcellular destination, and how they interact with endomembranes remodeled by Salmonella remains to be determined. We deployed self-labeling enzyme tags to label translocated effectors in living host cells, and analyzed their single molecule dynamics. Translocated effectors diffuse in membranes of SIF with mobility comparable to membrane-integral host proteins in endomembranes. Dynamics differ between various effectors investigated and is dependent on membrane architecture of SIF. In the early infection, host endosomal vesicles are associated with Salmonella effectors. Effector-positive vesicles continuously fuse with SCV and SIF membranes, providing a route of effector delivery by translocation, interaction with endosomal vesicles, and ultimately fusion with the continuum of SCV/SIF membranes. This mechanism controls membrane deformation and vesicular fusion to generate the specific intracellular niche for bacterial survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Göser
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nathalie Sander
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marc Schulte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,iBiOs - Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- iBiOs - Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Olympia E Psathaki
- iBiOs - Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,CellNanOs - Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany. .,CellNanOs - Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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20
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Gehrer CM, Mitterstiller AM, Grubwieser P, Meyron-Holtz EG, Weiss G, Nairz M. Advances in Ferritin Physiology and Possible Implications in Bacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4659. [PMID: 36902088 PMCID: PMC10003477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its advantageous redox properties, iron plays an important role in the metabolism of nearly all life. However, these properties are not only a boon but also the bane of such life forms. Since labile iron results in the generation of reactive oxygen species by Fenton chemistry, iron is stored in a relatively safe form inside of ferritin. Despite the fact that the iron storage protein ferritin has been extensively researched, many of its physiological functions are hitherto unresolved. However, research regarding ferritin's functions is gaining momentum. For example, recent major discoveries on its secretion and distribution mechanisms have been made as well as the paradigm-changing finding of intracellular compartmentalization of ferritin via interaction with nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). In this review, we discuss established knowledge as well as these new findings and the implications they may have for host-pathogen interaction during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Godínez-Oviedo A, Sampedro F, Bowman JP, Garcés-Vega FJ, Hernández-Iturriaga M. Genotypic and phenotypic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of human salmonellosis related to the consumption of chicken meat in the central region of Mexico. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Newson JP, Gaissmaier MS, McHugh SC, Hardt WD. Studying antibiotic persistence in vivo using the model organism Salmonella Typhimurium. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102224. [PMID: 36335713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic persistence permits a subpopulation of susceptible bacteria to survive lethal concentrations of bactericidal antibiotics. This prolongs antibiotic therapy, promotes the evolution of antibiotic-resistant pathogen strains and can select for pathogen virulence within infected hosts. Here, we review the literature exploring antibiotic persistence in vivo, and describe the consequences of recalcitrant subpopulations, with a focus on studies using the model pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. In vitro studies have established a concise set of features distinguishing true persisters from other forms of bacterial recalcitrance to bactericidal antibiotics. We discuss how animal infection models are useful for exploring these features in vivo, and describe how technical challenges can sometimes prevent the conclusive identification of true antibiotic persistence within infected hosts. We propose using two complementary working definitions for studying antibiotic persistence in vivo: the strict definition for studying the mechanisms of persister formation, and an operative definition for functional studies assessing the links between invasive virulence and persistence as well as the consequences for horizontal gene transfer, or the emergence of antibiotic-resistant mutants. This operative definition will enable further study of how antibiotic persisters arise in vivo, and of how surviving populations contribute to diverse downstream effects such as pathogen transmission, horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of virulence and antibiotic resistance. Ultimately, such studies will help to improve therapeutic control of antibiotic- recalcitrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Pm Newson
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marla S Gaissmaier
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C McHugh
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Schulte M, Hensel M, Miskiewicz K. Exposure to stressors and antimicrobials induces cell-autonomous ultrastructural heterogeneity of an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:963354. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.963354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their clonality, intracellular bacterial pathogens commonly show remarkable physiological heterogeneity during infection of host cells. Physiological heterogeneity results in distinct ultrastructural morphotypes, but the correlation between bacterial physiological state and ultrastructural appearance remains to be established. In this study, we showed that individual cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are heterogeneous in their ultrastructure. Two morphotypes based on the criterion of cytoplasmic density were discriminated after growth under standard culture conditions, as well as during intracellular lifestyle in mammalian host cells. We identified environmental conditions which affect cytoplasmic densities. Using compounds generating oxygen radicals and defined mutant strains, we were able to link the occurrence of an electron-dense ultrastructural morphotype to exposure to oxidative stress and other stressors. Furthermore, by combining ultrastructural analyses of Salmonella during infection and fluorescence reporter analyses for cell viability, we provided evidence that two characterized ultrastructural morphotypes with electron-lucent or electron-dense cytoplasm represent viable cells. Moreover, the presence of electron-dense types is stress related and can be experimentally induced only when amino acids are available in the medium. Our study proposes ultrastructural morphotypes as marker for physiological states of individual intracellular pathogens providing a new marker for single cell analyses.
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Wang Y, Ramos M, Jefferson M, Zhang W, Beraza N, Carding S, Powell PP, Stewart JP, Mayer U, Wileman T. Control of infection by LC3-associated phagocytosis, CASM, and detection of raised vacuolar pH by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3298. [PMID: 36288298 PMCID: PMC9604538 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of pathogens to lysosomes for degradation provides an important defense against infection. Degradation is enhanced when LC3 is conjugated to endosomes and phagosomes containing pathogens to facilitate fusion with lysosomes. In phagocytic cells, TLR signaling and Rubicon activate LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) where stabilization of the NADPH oxidase leads to sustained ROS production and raised vacuolar pH. Raised pH triggers the assembly of the vacuolar ATPase on the vacuole membrane where it binds ATG16L1 to recruit the core LC3 conjugation complex (ATG16L1:ATG5-12). This V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis is also activated in nonphagocytic cells to conjugate LC3 to endosomes containing extracellular microbes. Pathogens provide additional signals for recruitment of LC3 when they raise vacuolar pH with pore-forming toxins and proteins, phospholipases, or specialized secretion systems. Many microbes secrete virulence factors to inhibit ROS production and/or the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis to slow LC3 recruitment and avoid degradation in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Maria Ramos
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Weijiao Zhang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Penny P. Powell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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25
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Gehrer CM, Hoffmann A, Hilbe R, Grubwieser P, Mitterstiller AM, Talasz H, Fang FC, Meyron-Holtz EG, Atkinson SH, Weiss G, Nairz M. Availability of Ferritin-Bound Iron to Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13087. [PMID: 36361875 PMCID: PMC9657528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequestration of iron in case of infection, termed nutritional immunity, is an established strategy of host defense. However, the interaction between pathogens and the mammalian iron storage protein ferritin is hitherto not completely understood. To better characterize the function of ferritin in Gram-negative infections, we incubated iron-starved cultures of Salmonella Typhimurium and knockout mutant strains defective for major iron uptake pathways or Escherichia coli with horse spleen ferritin or ionic iron as the sole iron source. Additionally, we added bovine superoxide dismutase and protease inhibitors to the growth medium to assess the effect of superoxide and bacterial proteases, respectively, on Salmonella proliferation and reductive iron release. Compared to free ionic iron, ferritin-bound iron was less available to Salmonella, but was still sufficient to significantly enhance the growth of the bacteria. In the absence of various iron acquisition genes, the availability of ferritin iron further decreased. Supplementation with superoxide dismutase significantly reduced the growth of the ΔentC knockout strain with holoferritin as the sole iron source in comparison with ionic ferrous iron. In contrast, this difference was not observed in the wildtype strain, suggesting that superoxide dismutase undermines bacterial iron uptake from ferritin by siderophore-independent mechanisms. Ferritin seems to diminish iron availability for bacteria in comparison to ionic iron, and its iron sequestering effect could possibly be enhanced by host superoxide dismutase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Universitiy of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Sarah H. Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Salmonella as a Promising Curative Tool against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102100. [PMID: 36297535 PMCID: PMC9609134 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy has become a topic of interest under the broad umbrella of oncotherapy. Among many bacterial species, Salmonella remains at the forefront due to its ability to localize and proliferate inside tumor microenvironments and often suppress tumor growth. Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most promising mediators, with engineering plasticity and cancer specificity. It can be used to deliver toxins that induce cell death in cancer cells specifically, and also as a cancer-specific instrument for immunotherapy by delivering tumor antigens and exposing the tumor environment to the host immune system. Salmonella can be used to deliver prodrug converting enzymes unambiguously against cancer. Though positive responses in Salmonella-mediated cancer treatments are still at a preliminary level, they have paved the way for developing combinatorial therapy with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, and can be used synergistically to combat multi-drug resistant and higher-stage cancers. With this background, Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy was approved for clinical trials by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but the results were not satisfactory and more pre-clinical investigation is needed. This review summarizes the recent advancements in Salmonella-mediated oncotherapy in the fight against cancer. The present article emphasizes the demand for Salmonella mutants with high stringency toward cancer and with amenable elements of safety by virulence deletions.
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Luk CH, Enninga J, Valenzuela C. Fit to dwell in many places – The growing diversity of intracellular Salmonella niches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:989451. [PMID: 36061869 PMCID: PMC9433700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.989451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is capable of invading different host cell types including epithelial cells and M cells during local infection, and immune cells and fibroblasts during the subsequent systemic spread. The intracellular lifestyles of Salmonella inside different cell types are remarkable for their distinct residential niches, and their varying replication rates. To study this, researchers have employed different cell models, such as various epithelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. In epithelial cells, S. Typhimurium dwells within modified endolysosomes or gains access to the host cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the pathogen is exposed to the host autophagy machinery or poised for rapid multiplication, whereas it grows at a slower rate or remains dormant within the endomembrane-bound compartments. The swift bimodal lifestyle is not observed in fibroblasts and immune cells, and it emerges that these cells handle intracellular S. Typhimurium through different clearance machineries. Moreover, in these cell types S. Typhimurium grows withing modified phagosomes of distinct functional composition by adopting targeted molecular countermeasures. The preference for one or the other intracellular niche and the diverse cell type-specific Salmonella lifestyles are determined by the complex interactions between a myriad of bacterial effectors and host factors. It is important to understand how this communication is differentially regulated dependent on the host cell type and on the distinct intracellular growth rate. To support the efforts in deciphering Salmonella invasion across the different infection models, we provide a systematic comparison of the findings yielded from cell culture models. We also outline the future directions towards a better understanding of these differential Salmonella intracellular lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Hon Luk
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chak Hon Luk, ; Camila Valenzuela,
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Chak Hon Luk, ; Camila Valenzuela,
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28
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Gutierrez MG, Enninga J. Intracellular niche switching as host subversion strategy of bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102081. [PMID: 35487154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bacterial pathogens "confine" themselves within host cells with an intracellular localization as main or exclusive niche. Many of them switch dynamically between a membrane-bound or cytosolic lifestyle. This requires either membrane damage and/or repair of the bacterial-containing compartment. Niche switching has profound consequences on how the host cell recognizes the pathogens in time and space for elimination. Moreover, niche switching impacts how bacteria communicate with host cells to obtain nutrients, and it affects the accessibility to antibiotics. Understanding the local environments and cellular phenotypes that lead to niche switching is critical for developing new host-targeted antimicrobial strategies, and has the potential to shed light into fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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29
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Rosenberg G, Riquelme S, Prince A, Avraham R. Immunometabolic crosstalk during bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:497-507. [PMID: 35365784 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following detection of bacteria, macrophages switch their metabolism from oxidative respiration through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. This immunometabolic shift enables pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses and is facilitated by the accumulation of fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid-derived metabolites and catabolism of amino acids. Recent studies have shown that these immunometabolites are co-opted by pathogens as environmental cues for expression of virulence genes. We review mechanisms by which host immunometabolites regulate bacterial pathogenicity and discuss opportunities for the development of therapeutics targeting metabolic host-pathogen crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alice Prince
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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30
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Fang Z, Méresse S. Endomembrane remodeling and dynamics in Salmonella infection. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:24-41. [PMID: 35127930 PMCID: PMC8796136 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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31
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Lau N, Thomas DR, Lee YW, Knodler LA, Newton HJ. Perturbation of ATG16L1 function impairs the biogenesis of Salmonella and Coxiella replication vacuoles. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:235-251. [PMID: 34874584 PMCID: PMC8844213 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-bacterial autophagy, known as xenophagy, is a host innate immune response that targets invading pathogens for degradation. Some intracellular bacteria, such as the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), utilize effector proteins to interfere with autophagy. One such S. Typhimurium effector, SopF, inhibits recruitment of ATG16L1 to damaged Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs), thereby inhibiting the host xenophagic response. SopF is also required to maintain the integrity of the SCV during the early stages of infection. Here we show disruption of the SopF-ATG16L1 interaction leads to an increased proportion of cytosolic S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, SopF was utilized as a molecular tool to examine the requirement for ATG16L1 in the intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that requires a functional autophagy pathway to replicate efficiently and form a single, spacious vacuole called the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). ATG16L1 is required for CCV expansion and fusion but does not influence C. burnetii replication. In contrast, SopF did not affect CCV formation or replication, demonstrating that the contribution of ATG16L1 to CCV biogenesis is via its role in autophagy, not xenophagy. This study highlights the diverse capabilities of bacterial effector proteins to dissect the molecular details of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lau
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hayley J Newton
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Petit TJ, Lebreton A. Adaptations of intracellular bacteria to vacuolar or cytosolic niches. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:736-748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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33
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Liu X, Wu Y, Mao C, Shen J, Zhu K. Host-acting antibacterial compounds combat cytosolic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Fulde M, van Vorst K, Zhang K, Westermann AJ, Busche T, Huei YC, Welitschanski K, Froh I, Pägelow D, Plendl J, Pfarrer C, Kalinowski J, Vogel J, Valentin-Weigand P, Hensel M, Tedin K, Repnik U, Hornef MW. SPI2 T3SS effectors facilitate enterocyte apical to basolateral transmigration of Salmonella-containing vacuoles in vivo. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1973836. [PMID: 34542008 PMCID: PMC8475570 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1973836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 2 type three secretion system (T3SS)-mediated effector molecules facilitate bacterial survival in phagocytes but their role in the intestinal epithelium in vivo remains ill-defined. Using our neonatal murine infection model in combination with SPI2 reporter technology and RNA-Seq of sorted primary enterocytes, we demonstrate expression of SPI2 effector molecules by intraepithelial Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Contrary to expectation, immunostaining revealed that infection with SPI2 T3SS-mutants resulted in significantly enlarged intraepithelial Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV) with altered cellular positioning, suggesting impaired apical to basolateral transmigration. Also, infection with isogenic tagged S. Typhimurium strains revealed a reduced spread of intraepithelial SPI2 T3SS mutant S. Typhimurium to systemic body sites. These results suggest that SPI2 T3SS effector molecules contribute to enterocyte apical to basolateral transmigration of the SCV during the early stage of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fulde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Berlin, Germany,CONTACT Mathias Hornef Institute for Medical Microbiology; RWTH University Hospital; Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaiyi Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Rwth University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J. Westermann
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technology Platform Genomics, Center for Biotechnology (Cebitec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yong Chiun Huei
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Rwth University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Welitschanski
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Froh
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dennis Pägelow
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technology Platform Genomics, Center for Biotechnology (Cebitec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias W. Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Rwth University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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35
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Peptidoglycan editing in non-proliferating intracellular Salmonella as source of interference with immune signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010241. [PMID: 35077524 PMCID: PMC8815878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes intracellular infections that can be limited to the intestine or spread to deeper tissues. In most cases, intracellular bacteria show moderate growth. How these bacteria face host defenses that recognize peptidoglycan, is poorly understood. Here, we report a high-resolution structural analysis of the minute amounts of peptidoglycan purified from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infecting fibroblasts, a cell type in which this pathogen undergoes moderate growth and persists for days intracellularly. The peptidoglycan of these non-proliferating bacteria contains atypical crosslinked muropeptides with stem peptides trimmed at the L-alanine-D-glutamic acid-(γ) or D-glutamic acid-(γ)-meso-diaminopimelic acid motifs, both sensed by intracellular immune receptors. This peptidoglycan has a reduced glycan chain average length and ~30% increase in the L,D-crosslink, a type of bridge shared by all the atypical crosslinked muropeptides identified. The L,D-transpeptidases LdtD (YcbB) and LdtE (YnhG) are responsible for the formation of these L,D-bridges in the peptidoglycan of intracellular bacteria. We also identified in a fraction of muropeptides an unprecedented modification in the peptidoglycan of intracellular S. Typhimurium consisting of the amino alcohol alaninol replacing the terminal (fourth) D-alanine. Alaninol was still detectable in the peptidoglycan of a double mutant lacking LdtD and LdtE, thereby ruling out the contribution of these enzymes to this chemical modification. Remarkably, all multiple mutants tested lacking candidate enzymes that either trim stem peptides or form the L,D-bridges retain the capacity to modify the terminal D-alanine to alaninol and all attenuate NF-κB nuclear translocation. These data inferred a potential role of alaninol-containing muropeptides in attenuating pro-inflammatory signaling, which was confirmed with a synthetic tetrapeptide bearing such amino alcohol. We suggest that the modification of D-alanine to alaninol in the peptidoglycan of non-proliferating intracellular S. Typhimurium is an editing process exploited by this pathogen to evade immune recognition inside host cells. The peptidoglycan, built as a giant polymer of glycan chains crosslinked with short peptides, is essential for cell shape and survival in most bacteria. Its unique chemistry is recognized by innate immune receptors, thereby enabling neutralization of invading microbes. A striking feature of the peptidoglycan is its constant remodeling by a plethora of endogenous enzymes. In addition, some bacterial pathogens introduce structural modifications that interfere with immune recognition. These modifications have been characterized in pathogens mostly in laboratory nutrient media. Whether facultative intracellular pathogens modify peptidoglycan structure inside host cells, was unknown. The work presented here shows that non-proliferating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium remodels the peptidoglycan structure in response to intracellular cues and that some of these modifications involve unprecedented changes as the presence of an amino alcohol that hampers activation of the master immune regulator NF-κB. Peptidoglycan editing might therefore empower persistence of bacterial pathogens in the intracellular niche.
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36
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Godínez-Oviedo A, Cabrera-Díaz E, Palacios-Marmolejo A, Pérez-Covarrubias OB, Vargas-Daniel RC, Tamplin ML, Bowman JP, Hernández-Iturriaga M. Detection, quantification, and characterization of Salmonella enterica in mango, tomato, and raw chicken purchased in the central region of Mexico. J Food Sci 2021; 87:370-382. [PMID: 34954835 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To estimate human exposure to Salmonella enterica, it is essential to understand the pathogen distribution and characteristics. Prevalence and concentration of S. enterica were determined in mango, tomato, and raw chicken samples purchased in three states (Aguascalientes, Querétaro, and Guadalajara) located in the central region of Mexico during two seasons. In addition, S. enterica isolates were characterized by absence/presence of 13 virulence genes (chromosomal, prophage, and plasmid) and resistance to 14 antibiotics. A total of 300 samples of mango, 272 of tomato, and 354 of raw chicken were analyzed. The mean of the prevalence (24.9%) and concentration (-0.61 Log MPN/g) of S. enterica in chicken was higher than in mango (1.3%, -1.7 Log MPN/g) and tomato (1.1%, -1.7 Log MPN). Among S. enterica isolates (284), there were 7 different virulotypes, belonging 68.7% of isolates to V2; there was high variability in the presence of mobile genetic elements. The occurrence of specific mobile elements ranged from 81.4% to 11.3% among isolates. Among the isolates, 91.5% were resistant to at least one antibiotic with ampicillin being the most frequent; 54.9% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Data from this study can be used for quantitative microbial risk assessment of S. enterica related to mango, tomato, and raw chicken consumption in the central region of Mexico. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Data on the prevalence and concentration of Salmonella enterica obtained in this study can be used to estimate the exposure assessment for the consumption of mango, tomato, and chicken in the central region of Mexico. In addition, the characteristics of the S. enterica isolates could be used to select representative strains for future studies to evaluate the intraspecies variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Godínez-Oviedo
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro, México
| | - Elisa Cabrera-Díaz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, México
| | | | - Olga Berenice Pérez-Covarrubias
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, México
| | | | - Mark L Tamplin
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Montserrat Hernández-Iturriaga
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro, México
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Quantitative proteomic screen identifies annexin A2 as a host target for Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 effectors SopD2 and PipB2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23630. [PMID: 34880286 PMCID: PMC8655068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens need to establish an intracellular replicative niche to promote survival and replication within the hostile environment inside the host cell. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) initiates formation of the unique Salmonella-containing vacuole and an extensive network of Salmonella-induced tubules in order to survive and thrive within host cells. At least six effectors secreted by the type III secretion system encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2), namely SifA, SopD2, PipB2, SteA, SseJ, and SseF, purportedly manipulate host cell intracellular trafficking and establish the intracellular replicative niche for S. Typhimurium. The phenotypes of these effectors are both subtle and complex, complicating elucidation of the mechanism underpinning host cell manipulation by S. Typhimurium. In this work we used stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and a S. Typhimurium mutant that secretes increased amounts of effectors to identify cognate effector binding partners during infection. Using this method, we identified the host protein annexin A2 (AnxA2) as a binding partner for both SopD2 and PipB2 and were able to confirm its binding to SopD2 and PipB2 by reciprocal pull down, although there was a low level of non-specific binding of SopD2-2HA and PipB2-2HA to the Ni-Sepharose beads present. We further showed that knockdown of AnxA2 altered the intracellular positioning of the Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV). This suggests that AnxA2 plays a role in the subcellular positioning of the SCV which could potentially be mediated through protein–protein interactions with either SopD2 or PipB2. This demonstrates the value of studying effector interactions using proteomic techniques and natural effector delivery during infection rather than transfection.
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Fang Z, Fallet M, Moest T, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. The Salmonella effector SifA initiates a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment process mirroring that mediated by Arl8a/b. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273658. [PMID: 34878110 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When intracellular, pathogenic Salmonella reside in a membrane compartment composed of interconnected vacuoles and tubules, the formation of which depends on the translocation of bacterial effectors into the host cell. Cytoskeletons and their molecular motors are prime targets for these effectors. In this study, we show that the microtubule molecular motor KIF1Bß, a member of the kinesin-3 family, is a key element for the establishment of the Salmonella replication niche as its absence is detrimental to the stability of bacterial vacuoles and the formation of associated tubules. Kinesin-3 interacts with the Salmonella effector SifA but also with SKIP, a host protein complexed to SifA. The interaction with SifA is essential for the recruitment of kinesin-3 on Salmonella vacuoles while that with SKIP is incidental. In the non-infectious context, however, the interaction with SKIP is essential for the recruitment and activity of kinesin-3 on a part of lysosomes. Finally, our results show that in infected cells, the presence of SifA establishes a kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 recruitment pathway that is analogous to and functions independently of that mediated by the Arl8a/b GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Tomas Moest
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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Vaughn B, Abu Kwaik Y. Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722433. [PMID: 34858868 PMCID: PMC8632064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Vaughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Raman V, Van Dessel N, Hall CL, Wetherby VE, Whitney SA, Kolewe EL, Bloom SMK, Sharma A, Hardy JA, Bollen M, Van Eynde A, Forbes NS. Intracellular delivery of protein drugs with an autonomously lysing bacterial system reduces tumor growth and metastases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6116. [PMID: 34675204 PMCID: PMC8531320 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical cancer pathways often cannot be targeted because of limited efficiency crossing cell membranes. Here we report the development of a Salmonella-based intracellular delivery system to address this challenge. We engineer genetic circuits that (1) activate the regulator flhDC to drive invasion and (2) induce lysis to release proteins into tumor cells. Released protein drugs diffuse from Salmonella containing vacuoles into the cellular cytoplasm where they interact with their therapeutic targets. Control of invasion with flhDC increases delivery over 500 times. The autonomous triggering of lysis after invasion makes the platform self-limiting and prevents drug release in healthy organs. Bacterial delivery of constitutively active caspase-3 blocks the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma and lung metastases, and increases survival in mice. This success in targeted killing of cancer cells provides critical evidence that this approach will be applicable to a wide range of protein drugs for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Nele Van Dessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Christopher L Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | | | - Samantha A Whitney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Emily L Kolewe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shoshana M K Bloom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA.
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Röder J, Felgner P, Hensel M. Single-cell analyses reveal phosphate availability as critical factor for nutrition of Salmonella enterica within mammalian host cells. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13374. [PMID: 34160116 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen and acquisition of nutrients from host cells is essential for survival and proliferation of intracellular STM. The nutritional environment of intracellular STM is only partially understood. We deploy bacteria harbouring reporter plasmids to interrogate the environmental cues acting on intracellular STM, and flow cytometry allows analyses on level of single STM. Phosphorus is a macro-element for cellular life, and in STM inorganic phosphate (Pi ), homeostasis is mediated by the two-component regulatory system PhoBR, resulting in expression of the high affinity phosphate transporter pstSCAB-phoU. Using fluorescent protein reporters, we investigated Pi availability for intracellular STM at single-cell level over time. We observed that Pi concentration in the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) is limiting and activates the promoter of pstSCAB-phoU encoding a high affinity phosphate uptake system. Correlation between reporter activation by STM in defined media and in host cells indicates Pi concentration less 10 μM within the SCV. STM proliferating within the SCV experience increasing Pi limitations. Activity of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) is crucial for efficient intracellular proliferation, and SPI2-T3SS-mediated endosomal remodelling also reliefs Pi limitation. STM that are released from SCV to enter the cytosol of epithelial cells did not indicate Pi limitations. Addition of Pi to culture media of infected cells partially relieved Pi limitations in the SCV, as did inhibition of intracellular proliferation. We conclude that availability of Pi is critical for intracellular lifestyle of STM, and Pi acquisition is maintained by multiple mechanisms. Our work demonstrates the use of bacterial pathogens as sensitive single-cell reporters for their environment in host cell or host organisms. TAKE AWAY: Salmonella strains were engineered to report their intracellular niche and the availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi ) on level of single intracellular bacteria Within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), Pi is limited and limitation increases with bacterial proliferation Salmonella located in host cell cytosol are not limited in Pi availability Remodelling of the host cell endosomal system mediated by T3SS-2 reliefs Pi limitation in the SCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Röder
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pascal Felgner
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,CellNanOs-Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Reuter T, Scharte F, Franzkoch R, Liss V, Hensel M. Single cell analyses reveal distinct adaptation of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars to intracellular lifestyle. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009319. [PMID: 34143852 PMCID: PMC8244875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne, facultative intracellular enteropathogen. Human-restricted typhoidal S. enterica serovars Typhi (STY) or Paratyphi A (SPA) cause severe typhoid or paratyphoid fever, while many S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) strains have a broad host range and in human hosts usually lead to a self-limiting gastroenteritis. Due to restriction of STY and SPA to primate hosts, experimental systems for studying the pathogenesis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever are limited. Therefore, STM infection of susceptible mice is commonly considered as model system for studying these diseases. The type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2-T3SS) is a key factor for intracellular survival of Salmonella. Inside host cells, the pathogen resides within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and induces tubular structures extending from the SCV, termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF). This study applies single cell analyses approaches, which are flow cytometry of Salmonella harboring dual fluorescent protein reporters, effector translocation, and correlative light and electron microscopy to investigate the fate and activities of intracellular STY and SPA. The SPI2-T3SS of STY and SPA is functional in translocation of effector proteins, SCV and SIF formation. However, only a low proportion of intracellular STY and SPA are actively deploying SPI2-T3SS and STY and SPA exhibited a rapid decline of protein biosynthesis upon experimental induction. A role of SPI2-T3SS for proliferation of STY and SPA in epithelial cells was observed, but not for survival or proliferation in phagocytic host cells. Our results indicate that reduced intracellular activities are factors of the stealth strategy of STY and SPA and facilitate systemic spread and persistence of the typhoidal Salmonella. Typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (STY) and Paratyphi A (SPA) cause a major disease burden to the human population. The restriction of these pathogens to human hosts limits experimental analyses of molecular mechanisms of diseases. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium is commonly used as surrogate model for typhoidal Salmonella (TS), and allowed the identification of virulence factors for intracellular lifestyle of S. enterica in mammalian host cells. If virulence factors, such as the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-encoded type III secretion system (SPI2-T3SS) have similar roles for intracellular lifestyle of TS is largely unknown. We analyzed, on single cell level, the intracellular activities of STY and SPA in comparison to STM. STY and SPA deploy SPI2-T3SS to actively manipulate their host cells, but with far lower frequency than STM. Our work supports a model of TS as stealth pathogens that persist in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Reuter
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- iBiOs–integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Viktoria Liss
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- iBiOs–integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs–Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kellermann M, Scharte F, Hensel M. Manipulation of Host Cell Organelles by Intracellular Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126484. [PMID: 34204285 PMCID: PMC8235465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic intracellular bacteria, parasites and viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate mammalian host cells to serve as niches for persistence and proliferation. The intracellular lifestyles of pathogens involve the manipulation of membrane-bound organellar compartments of host cells. In this review, we described how normal structural organization and cellular functions of endosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, or lipid droplets are targeted by microbial virulence mechanisms. We focus on the specific interactions of Salmonella, Legionella pneumophila, Rickettsia rickettsii, Chlamydia spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis representing intracellular bacterial pathogens, and of Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii representing intracellular parasites. The replication strategies of various viruses, i.e., Influenza A virus, Poliovirus, Brome mosaic virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Hepatitis C virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS), Dengue virus, Zika virus, and others are presented with focus on the specific manipulation of the organelle compartments. We compare the specific features of intracellular lifestyle and replication cycles, and highlight the communalities in mechanisms of manipulation deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Kellermann
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastr 11, Universität Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.)
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastr 11, Universität Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.)
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Barbarastr 11, Universität Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (M.K.); (F.S.)
- CellNanOs–Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-541-969-3940
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Jacobovitz MR, Rupp S, Voss PA, Maegele I, Gornik SG, Guse A. Dinoflagellate symbionts escape vomocytosis by host cell immune suppression. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:769-782. [PMID: 33927382 PMCID: PMC7611106 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alveolata comprises diverse taxa of single-celled eukaryotes, many of which are renowned for their ability to live inside animal cells. Notable examples are apicomplexan parasites and dinoflagellate symbionts, the latter of which power coral reef ecosystems. Although functionally distinct, they evolved from a common, free-living ancestor and must evade their host's immune response for persistence. Both the initial cellular events that gave rise to this intracellular lifestyle and the role of host immune modulation in coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis are poorly understood. Here, we use a comparative approach in the cnidarian endosymbiosis model Aiptasia, which re-establishes endosymbiosis with free-living dinoflagellates every generation. We find that uptake of microalgae is largely indiscriminate, but non-symbiotic microalgae are expelled by vomocytosis, while symbionts induce host cell innate immune suppression and form a lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-positive niche. We demonstrate that exogenous immune stimulation results in symbiont expulsion and, conversely, inhibition of canonical Toll-like receptor signalling enhances infection of host animals. Our findings indicate that symbiosis establishment is dictated by local innate immune suppression, to circumvent expulsion and promote niche formation. This work provides insight into the evolution of the cellular immune response and key steps involved in mediating endosymbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Jacobovitz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rupp
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp A Voss
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ira Maegele
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Guse
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Fernandes SE, Alakesh A, Rajmani RS, Jhunjhunwala S, Saini DK. Aging associated altered response to intracellular bacterial infections and its implication on the host. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119063. [PMID: 34022281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of senescence on geriatric disorders are well explored, but how it influences infections in the elderly is poorly addressed. Here, we show that several anti-microbial responses are elevated in senescent epithelial cells and old mice, which results in decreased bacterial survival in the host after infection. We identify higher levels of iNOS as a crucial host response and show that p38 MAPK in senescent epithelial cells acts as a negative regulator of iNOS transcription. However, in older mice, the ability to impede bacterial infection does not result in enhanced survival, possibly because elevated pro-inflammatory responses are not countered by a robust host protective anti-inflammatory response. Overall, while addressing an alternate advantage of senescent cells, our study demonstrates that infection-associated morbidity in the elderly may not be the sole outcome of pathogen loads but may also be influenced by the host's ability to resolve inflammation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Erica Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Alakesh Alakesh
- Center For BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - R S Rajmani
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- Center For BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Center For BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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The protected physiological state of intracellular Salmonella enterica persisters reduces host cell-imposed stress. Commun Biol 2021; 4:520. [PMID: 33947954 PMCID: PMC8096953 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During infectious diseases, small subpopulations of bacterial pathogens enter a non-replicating (NR) state tolerant to antibiotics. After phagocytosis, intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) forms persisters able to subvert immune defenses of the host. Physiological state and sensing properties of persisters are difficult to analyze, thus poorly understood. Here we deploy fluorescent protein reporters to detect intracellular NR persister cells, and to monitor their stress response on single cell level. We determined metabolic properties of NR STM during infection and demonstrate that NR STM persisters sense their environment and respond to stressors. Since persisters showed a lower stress response compared to replicating (R) STM, which was not consequence of lower metabolic capacity, the persistent state of STM serves as protective niche. Up to 95% of NR STM were metabolically active at beginning of infection, very similar to metabolic capacity of R STM. Sensing and reacting to stress with constant metabolic activity supports STM to create a more permissive environment for recurrent infections. Stress sensing and response of persister may be targeted by new antimicrobial approaches. Schulte et al. show that non-replicating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium persisters, which are tolerant to antibiotics, sense their environment and respond to stressors. This study suggests that stress sensing and response of persisters may be targeted as an antimicrobial strategy.
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Greene AR, Owen KA, Casanova JE. Salmonella Typhimurium manipulates macrophage cholesterol homeostasis through the SseJ-mediated suppression of the host cholesterol transport protein ABCA1. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13329. [PMID: 33742761 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection of host cells, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium resides in a modified-endosomal compartment referred to as the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). SCV biogenesis is driven by multiple effector proteins translocated through two type III secretion systems (T3SS-1 and T3SS-2). While many host proteins targeted by these effector proteins have been characterised, the role of host lipids in SCV dynamics remains poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that S. Typhimurium infection in macrophages leads to accumulation of intracellular cholesterol, some of which concentrates in and around SCVs; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that S. Typhimurium utilises the T3SS-2 effector SseJ to downregulate expression of the host cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in macrophages, leading to a ~45% increase in cellular cholesterol. Mechanistically, SseJ activates a signalling cascade involving the host kinases FAK and Akt to suppress Abca1 expression. Mutational inactivation of SseJ acyltransferase activity, silencing FAK, or inhibiting Akt prevents Abca1 downregulation and the corresponding accumulation of cholesterol during infection. Importantly, RNAi-mediated silencing of ABCA1 rescued bacterial survival in FAK-deficient macrophages, suggesting that Abca1 downregulation and cholesterol accumulation are important for intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Greene
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine A Owen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Ampel Biosolutions, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James E Casanova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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48
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Pérez-Morales D, Bustamante VH. Cross-kingdom metabolic manipulation promotes Salmonella replication inside macrophages. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1862. [PMID: 33767154 PMCID: PMC7994845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deyanira Pérez-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Víctor H Bustamante
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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49
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Röder J, Felgner P, Hensel M. Comprehensive Single Cell Analyses of the Nutritional Environment of Intracellular Salmonella enterica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624650. [PMID: 33834004 PMCID: PMC8021861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (STM) resides in a specific membrane-bound compartment termed the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). STM is able to obtain all nutrients required for rapid proliferation, although being separated from direct access to host cell metabolites. The formation of specific tubular membrane compartments, called Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) are known to provides bacterial nutrition by giving STM access to endocytosed material and enabling proliferation. Additionally, STM expresses a range of nutrient uptake system for growth in nutrient limited environments to overcome the nutrition depletion inside the host. By utilizing dual fluorescence reporters, we shed light on the nutritional environment of intracellular STM in various host cells and distinct intracellular niches. We showed that STM uses nutrients of the host cell and adapts uniquely to the different nutrient conditions. In addition, we provide further evidence for improved nutrient supply by SIF formation or presence in the cytosol of epithelial cells, and the correlation of nutrient supply to bacterial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Röder
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pascal Felgner
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs – Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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50
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Type I IFNs facilitate innate immune control of the opportunistic bacteria Burkholderia cenocepacia in the macrophage cytosol. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009395. [PMID: 33684179 PMCID: PMC7971856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is constantly challenged by signals from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Many of these non-pathogenic microbes have pathogenic potential if the immune system is compromised. The importance of type I interferons (IFNs) in orchestrating innate immune responses to pathogenic microbes has become clear in recent years. However, the control of opportunistic pathogens-and especially intracellular bacteria-by type I IFNs remains less appreciated. In this study, we use the opportunistic, Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia (Bc) to show that type I IFNs are capable of limiting bacterial replication in macrophages, preventing illness in immunocompetent mice. Sustained type I IFN signaling through cytosolic receptors allows for increased expression of autophagy and linear ubiquitination mediators, which slows bacterial replication. Transcriptomic analyses and in vivo studies also show that LPS stimulation does not replicate the conditions of intracellular Gram-negative bacterial infection as it pertains to type I IFN stimulation or signaling. This study highlights the importance of type I IFNs in protection against opportunistic pathogens through innate immunity, without the need for damaging inflammatory responses.
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