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Ding M, Nielsen K. Inbred Mouse Models in Cryptococcus neoformans Research. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:426. [PMID: 38921412 PMCID: PMC11204852 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are frequently used as surrogates to understand human disease. In the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus species complex, several variations of a mouse model of disease were developed that recapitulate different aspects of human disease. These mouse models have been implemented using various inbred and outbred mouse backgrounds, many of which have genetic differences that can influence host response and disease outcome. In this review, we will discuss the most commonly used inbred mouse backgrounds in C. neoformans infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Scott HM, Smith MH, Coleman AK, Armijo KS, Chapman MJ, Apostalo SL, Wagner AR, Watson RO, Patrick KL. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 promotes the type I interferon response by activating Irf7 transcription. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113816. [PMID: 38393946 PMCID: PMC11056844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of macrophage immune gene expression is required to fight infection without risking harmful inflammation. The contribution of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to shaping the macrophage response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that a member of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) family of mRNA processing factors, SRSF7, is required for optimal expression of a cohort of interferon-stimulated genes in macrophages. Using genetic and biochemical assays, we discover that in addition to its canonical role in regulating alternative splicing, SRSF7 drives transcription of interferon regulatory transcription factor 7 (IRF7) to promote antiviral immunity. At the Irf7 promoter, SRSF7 maximizes STAT1 transcription factor binding and RNA polymerase II elongation via cooperation with the H4K20me1 histone methyltransferase KMT5a (SET8). These studies define a role for an SR protein in activating transcription and reveal an RBP-chromatin network that orchestrates macrophage antiviral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Mackenzie H Smith
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Aja K Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kaitlyn S Armijo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Morgan J Chapman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Summer L Apostalo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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3
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Scott HM, Smith MH, Coleman AK, Apostalo SL, Wagner AR, Watson RO, Patrick KL. Serine arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF7) cooperates with the histone methyltransferase KMT5a to promote the type I interferon response via transcriptional activation of IRF7. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.540055. [PMID: 37503164 PMCID: PMC10369877 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Tight regulation of macrophage immune gene expression is required to fight infection without risking harmful inflammation. The contribution of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to shaping the macrophage response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that a member of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) family of mRNA processing factors, SRSF7, is required for optimal expression of a cohort of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in macrophages. Using genetic and biochemical assays, we discovered that in addition to its canonical role in regulating alternative splicing, SRSF7 drives transcription of interferon regulatory transcription factor 7 (IRF7) to promote antiviral immunity. At the Irf7 promoter, SRSF7 maximizes STAT1 transcription factor binding and RNA polymerase II elongation via cooperation with the H4K20me1 histone methyltransferase KMT5a (SET8). These studies define an unorthodox role for an SR protein in activating transcription and reveal an unappreciated RNA binding protein-chromatin network that orchestrates macrophage antiviral gene expression.
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4
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Huang C, Guo F, Wang H, Olivares J, Dalton Iii J, Belyanina O, Wattam AR, Cucinell CA, Dickerman AW, Qin QM, Han A, de Figueiredo P. An automated system for interrogating the evolution of microbial endosymbiosis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:671-683. [PMID: 36227118 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inter-kingdom endosymbiotic interactions between bacteria and eukaryotic cells are critical to human health and disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive the emergence of endosymbiosis remain obscure. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic system, named SEER (S̲ystem for the E̲volution of E̲ndosymbiotic R̲elationships), that automates the evolutionary selection of bacteria with enhanced intracellular survival and persistence within host cells, hallmarks of endosymbiosis. Using this system, we show that a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli that initially possessed limited abilities to survive within host cells, when subjected to SEER selection, rapidly evolved to display a 55-fold enhancement in intracellular survival. Notably, molecular dissection of the evolved strains revealed that a single-point mutation in a flexible loop of CpxR, a gene regulator that controls bacterial stress responses, substantially contributed to this intracellular survival. Taken together, these results establish SEER as the first microfluidic system for investigating the evolution of endosymbiosis, show the importance of CpxR in endosymbiosis, and set the stage for evolving bespoke inter-kingdom endosymbiotic systems with novel or emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fengguang Guo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmine Olivares
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - James Dalton Iii
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Olga Belyanina
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alice R Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Clark A Cucinell
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Allan W Dickerman
- Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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5
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Zou L, Liao M, Zhen Y, Zhu S, Chen X, Zhang J, Hao Y, Liu B. Autophagy and beyond: Unraveling the complexity of UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) from biological functions to therapeutic implications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3743-3782. [PMID: 36213540 PMCID: PMC9532564 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), as a serine/threonine kinase, is an autophagic initiator in mammals and a homologous protein of autophagy related protein (Atg) 1 in yeast and of UNC-51 in Caenorhabditis elegans. ULK1 is well-known for autophagy activation, which is evolutionarily conserved in protein transport and indispensable to maintain cell homeostasis. As the direct target of energy and nutrition-sensing kinase, ULK1 may contribute to the distribution and utilization of cellular resources in response to metabolism and is closely associated with multiple pathophysiological processes. Moreover, ULK1 has been widely reported to play a crucial role in human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and infections, and subsequently targeted small-molecule inhibitors or activators are also demonstrated. Interestingly, the non-autophagy function of ULK1 has been emerging, indicating that non-autophagy-relevant ULK1 signaling network is also linked with diseases under some specific contexts. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the structure and functions of ULK1 as an autophagic initiator, with a focus on some new approaches, and further elucidated the key roles of ULK1 in autophagy and non-autophagy. Additionally, we also discussed the relationships between ULK1 and human diseases, as well as illustrated a rapid progress for better understanding of the discovery of more candidate small-molecule drugs targeting ULK1, which will provide a clue on novel ULK1-targeted therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiya Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
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6
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Wells KM, He K, Pandey A, Cabello A, Zhang D, Yang J, Gomez G, Liu Y, Chang H, Li X, Zhang H, Feng X, da Costa LF, Metz R, Johnson CD, Martin CL, Skrobarczyk J, Berghman LR, Patrick KL, Leibowitz J, Ficht A, Sze SH, Song J, Qian X, Qin QM, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Brucella activates the host RIDD pathway to subvert BLOS1-directed immune defense. eLife 2022; 11:e73625. [PMID: 35587649 PMCID: PMC9119680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens in lysosomes constitute central elements of innate immune defense. Here, we show that Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis, the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis globally, subverts this immune defense pathway by activating regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD) of Bloc1s1 mRNA encoding BLOS1, a protein that promotes endosome-lysosome fusion. RIDD-deficient cells and mice harboring a RIDD-incompetent variant of IRE1α were resistant to infection. Inactivation of the Bloc1s1 gene impaired the ability to assemble BLOC-1-related complex (BORC), resulting in differential recruitment of BORC-related lysosome trafficking components, perinuclear trafficking of Brucella-containing vacuoles (BCVs), and enhanced susceptibility to infection. The RIDD-resistant Bloc1s1 variant maintains the integrity of BORC and a higher-level association of BORC-related components that promote centrifugal lysosome trafficking, resulting in enhanced BCV peripheral trafficking and lysosomal destruction, and resistance to infection. These findings demonstrate that host RIDD activity on BLOS1 regulates Brucella intracellular parasitism by disrupting BORC-directed lysosomal trafficking. Notably, coronavirus murine hepatitis virus also subverted the RIDD-BLOS1 axis to promote intracellular replication. Our work establishes BLOS1 as a novel immune defense factor whose activity is hijacked by diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Michelle Wells
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Kai He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Ana Cabello
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Haowu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xueqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xuehuang Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | | | - Richard Metz
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Services, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Charles D Johnson
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Services, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Cameron Lee Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Jill Skrobarczyk
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Julian Leibowitz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Allison Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterCollege StationUnited States
| | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics & Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityJilinChina
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science CenterBryanUnited States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
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7
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Si W, Xie Y, Dong J, Wang C, Zhang F, Yue J, Jian S, Wei J, Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H. AMPK activation enhances neutrophil's fungicidal activity in vitro and improves the clinical outcome of Fusarium solani keratitis in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1131-1143. [PMID: 35575029 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2078494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Yue
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Shoujun Jian
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Susu Liu
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
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8
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The Inflammasome NLRC4 Protects against Cryptococcus gattii by Inducing the Classic Caspase-1 to Activate the Pyroptosis Signal. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7355485. [PMID: 35340249 PMCID: PMC8942663 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7355485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus is one of the most pathogenic invasive fungi, and its interaction with the host's natural immunity, especially the role of the inflammasome family, has not been fully elucidated. As an important member of the inflammasome family, NOD-like receptor (NLR) family caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing 4 (NLRC4) has been proven to protect lungs from damage from a variety of pathogens. In this study, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of NLRC4 on cryptococcal pulmonary infection using NLRC4-/-mice in vivo and NLRC4-/-macrophages in vitro models stimulated by cryptococcal cells. We apply small animal fluorescence imaging to detect the fungal burden in the lungs and living body micro-CT scans of mice and in vitro tissue micro-CT scans to compare differences in infection foci nodules and histopathological lesions, and the activation of caspase-1 and downstream cytokines were detected by Western bolt and ELISA, etc. The results demonstrated that cryptococcal infection can activate the Nod-like receptors of caspase-1 activation and NLRC4 inflammasomes in macrophages and dendritic cells and affect downstream IL-1β and IL-18 release. After cryptococcal infection, the survival rate, lung fungal burden, and histopathological damage of NLRC4−/− mice were significantly impaired. NLRC4−/− macrophages showed a lower release of inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Collectively, our results demonstrated that the activation of caspase-1 and downstream cytokines mediated by NLRC4 inflammasome in immune cells during Cryptococcus infection can enhance pyroptosis of macrophages, affect the phagocytic ability of macrophages, and inhibit the intracellular parasitism of cryptococcus, eventually reducing the burden of fungi.
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9
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Li Y, Li H, Sun T, Ding C. Pathogen-Host Interaction Repertoire at Proteome and Posttranslational Modification Levels During Fungal Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:774340. [PMID: 34926320 PMCID: PMC8674643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.774340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of fungal diseases has increased globally in recent years, which often associated with increased immunocompromised patients, aging populations, and the novel Coronavirus pandemic. Furthermore, due to the limitation of available antifungal agents mortality and morbidity rates of invasion fungal disease remain stubbornly high, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi exacerbates the problem. Fungal pathogenicity and interactions between fungi and host have been the focus of many studies, as a result, lots of pathogenic mechanisms and fungal virulence factors have been identified. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a novel approach to better understand fungal pathogenicities and host–pathogen interactions at protein and protein posttranslational modification (PTM) levels. The approach has successfully elucidated interactions between pathogens and hosts by examining, for example, samples of fungal cells under different conditions, body fluids from infected patients, and exosomes. Many studies conclude that protein and PTM levels in both pathogens and hosts play important roles in progression of fungal diseases. This review summarizes mass spectrometry studies of protein and PTM levels from perspectives of both pathogens and hosts and provides an integrative conceptual outlook on fungal pathogenesis, antifungal agents development, and host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjian Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hailong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Medical Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Chen S, Zhang D, Roberts AJ, Lu HC, Cannon CL, Qin QM, de Figueiredo P. Host Protease Activity on Bacterial Pathogens Promotes Complement and Antibiotic-Directed Killing. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111506. [PMID: 34832660 PMCID: PMC8618517 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how the host immune system thwarts bacterial evasive mechanisms remains incomplete. Here, we show that host protease neutrophil elastase acts on Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to destroy factors that prevent serum-associated, complement-directed killing. The protease activity also enhances bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in sera. These findings implicate a new paradigm where host protease activity on bacteria acts combinatorially with the host complement system and antibiotics to defeat bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Alexandria-Jade Roberts
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Hsueh-Chung Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Carolyn L. Cannon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
- Correspondence: (Q.-M.Q.); (P.d.F.)
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (S.C.); (D.Z.); (A.-J.R.); (H.-C.L.); (C.L.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-M.Q.); (P.d.F.)
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11
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Muselius B, Durand SL, Geddes-McAlister J. Proteomics of Cryptococcus neoformans: From the Lab to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12390. [PMID: 34830272 PMCID: PMC8618913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens cause an array of diseases by targeting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. Fungi overcome our current arsenal of antifungals through the emergence and evolution of resistance. In particular, the human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans is found ubiquitously within the environment and causes severe disease in immunocompromised individuals around the globe with limited treatment options available. To uncover fundamental knowledge about this fungal pathogen, as well as investigate new detection and treatment strategies, mass spectrometry-based proteomics provides a plethora of tools and applications, as well as bioinformatics platforms. In this review, we highlight proteomics approaches within the laboratory to investigate changes in the cellular proteome, secretome, and extracellular vesicles. We also explore regulation by post-translational modifications and the impact of protein-protein interactions. Further, we present the development and comprehensive assessment of murine models of cryptococcal infection, which provide valuable tools to define the dynamic relationship between the host and pathogen during disease. Finally, we explore recent quantitative proteomics studies that begin to extrapolate the findings from the bench to the clinic for improved methods of fungal detection and monitoring. Such studies support a framework for personalized medical approaches to eradicate diseases caused by C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.M.); (S.-L.D.)
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12
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Han B, Wang Y, Zheng M. Inhibition of autophagy promotes human RSV NS1-induced inflammation and apoptosis in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1054. [PMID: 34434268 PMCID: PMC8353648 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major health challenge due to the lack of a safe and effective vaccine and antiviral drugs. RSV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is the main inhibitor of antiviral signaling pathways in RSV infection; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate of the role of NS1 and its relationship with autophagy. NS1-Flag plasmid was transfected into A549 cells and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, autophagy markers and apoptosis were detected. In addition, the cells were treated with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine for 12 h prior to transfection with the NS1 plasmid to explore the role of autophagy in NS1-transfected cells. The results showed that the production of inflammatory cytokines and autophagy was induced in NS1-transfected cells, and indicated that autophagy prevents the production of cytokines and the activation of apoptosis. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that NS1 activated autophagy partly through the mTOR-p70 S6 kinase signaling pathway. The results suggest that autophagy induced by NS1 transfection through the mTOR pathway can hinder the production of inflammatory cytokines and interferon-α and inhibit cell apoptosis, which may help to explain why autophagy has been shown to be beneficial to viral replication in most studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yizhong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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13
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Wagner AR, Scott HM, West KO, Vail KJ, Fitzsimons TC, Coleman AK, Carter KE, Watson RO, Patrick KL. Global Transcriptomics Uncovers Distinct Contributions From Splicing Regulatory Proteins to the Macrophage Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656885. [PMID: 34305890 PMCID: PMC8299563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen sensing via pattern recognition receptors triggers massive reprogramming of macrophage gene expression. While the signaling cascades and transcription factors that activate these responses are well-known, the role of post-transcriptional RNA processing in modulating innate immune gene expression remains understudied. Given their crucial role in regulating pre-mRNA splicing and other RNA processing steps, we hypothesized that members of the SR/hnRNP protein families regulate innate immune gene expression in distinct ways. We analyzed steady state gene expression and alternatively spliced isoform production in ten SR/hnRNP knockdown RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell lines following infection with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella). We identified thousands of transcripts whose abundance is increased or decreased by SR/hnRNP knockdown in macrophages. Notably, we observed that SR and hnRNP proteins influence expression of different genes in uninfected versus Salmonella-infected macrophages, suggesting functionalization of these proteins upon pathogen sensing. Likewise, we found that knockdown of SR/hnRNPs promoted differential isoform usage (DIU) for thousands of macrophage transcripts and that these alternative splicing changes were distinct in uninfected and Salmonella-infected macrophages. Finally, having observed a surprising degree of similarity between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DIUs in hnRNP K and U knockdown macrophages, we found that hnRNP K and U knockdown macrophages are both more restrictive to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), while hnRNP K knockdown macrophages are more permissive to Salmonella Typhimurium. Based on these findings, we conclude that many innate immune genes evolved to rely on one or more SR/hnRNPs to ensure the proper magnitude of their induction, supporting a model wherein pre-mRNA splicing is critical for regulating innate immune gene expression and controlling infection outcomes in macrophages ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Haley M Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Kelsi O West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Krystal J Vail
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Timothy C Fitzsimons
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Aja K Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Kaitlyn E Carter
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health, Bryan, TX, United States
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14
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Ding S, Yang J, Feng X, Pandey A, Barhoumi R, Zhang D, Bell SL, Liu Y, da Costa LF, Rice-Ficht A, Watson RO, Patrick KL, Qin QM, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Interactions between fungal hyaluronic acid and host CD44 promote internalization by recruiting host autophagy proteins to forming phagosomes. iScience 2021; 24:102192. [PMID: 33718841 PMCID: PMC7920835 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy play critical roles in immune defense. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) subverts host autophagy-initiation complex (AIC)-related proteins, to promote its phagocytosis and intracellular parasitism of host cells. The mechanisms by which the pathogen engages host AIC-related proteins remain obscure. Here, we show that the recruitment of host AIC proteins to forming phagosomes is dependent upon the activity of CD44, a host cell surface receptor that engages fungal hyaluronic acid (HA). This interaction elevates intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and activates CaMKKβ and its downstream target AMPKα, which results in activation of ULK1 and the recruitment of AIC components. Moreover, we demonstrate that HA-coated beads efficiently recruit AIC components to phagosomes and CD44 interacts with AIC components. Taken together, these findings show that fungal HA plays a critical role in directing the internalization and productive intracellular membrane trafficking of a fungal pathogen of global importance. Fungal HA drives non-canonical and ligand-induced autophagy in phagocytic cells Cn recruits host CD44 to forming phagocytic cups to initiate fungal internalization Fungal HA-CD44 interactions elevate intracellular Ca2+ levels and activate CaMKKβ A Ca2+-CaMKKβ-AMPK-ULK1 signaling axis is involved in HA-CD44 induced autophagy
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Luciana Fachini da Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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15
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Retanal C, Ball B, Geddes-McAlister J. Post-Translational Modifications Drive Success and Failure of Fungal-Host Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020124. [PMID: 33572187 PMCID: PMC7914884 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) change the structure and function of proteins and regulate a diverse array of biological processes. Fungal pathogens rely on PTMs to modulate protein production and activity during infection, manipulate the host response, and ultimately, promote fungal survival. Given the high mortality rates of fungal infections on a global scale, along with the emergence of antifungal-resistant species, identifying new treatment options is critical. In this review, we focus on the role of PTMs (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and methylation) among the highly prevalent and medically relevant fungal pathogens, Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cryptococcus spp. We explore the role of PTMs in fungal stress response and host adaptation, the use of PTMs to manipulate host cells and the immune system upon fungal invasion, and the importance of PTMs in conferring antifungal resistance. We also provide a critical view on the current knowledgebase, pose questions key to our understanding of the intricate roles of PTMs within fungal pathogens, and provide research opportunities to uncover new therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Quäschling T, Friedrich D, Deepe GS, Rupp J. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Antifungal Immunity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102150. [PMID: 32977563 PMCID: PMC7598272 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine is challenged by several potentially severe fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, or Histoplasma capsulatum. Though not all fungal pathogens have evolved as primary pathogens, opportunistic pathogens can still cause fatal infections in immuno-compromised patients. After infection with these fungi, the ingestion and clearance by innate immune cells is an important part of the host immune response. Innate immune cells utilize two different autophagic pathways, the canonical pathway and the non-canonical pathway, also called microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) -associated pathway (LAP), to clear fungal pathogens from the intracellular environment. The outcome of autophagy-related host immune responses depends on the pathogen and cell type. Therefore, the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy is crucial for the development and improvement of antifungal therapies. One of those molecular mechanisms is the interaction of the transcription-factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) with the autophagic immune response. During this review, we will focus on a comprehensive overview of the role of autophagy and HIF-1α on the outcome of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Quäschling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
| | - Dirk Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-45300
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17
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LKB1 inhibits intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by repressing the transcriptional activity of the immune checkpoint PD-L1. Life Sci 2020; 257:118068. [PMID: 32653521 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly malignant tumour with increasing incidence and high mortality. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) regulates cellular energy metabolism and cell division and affects immune microenvironment. This study aimed to uncover the underlying function and mechanism of LKB1 in ICC. MAIN METHODS To determine the correlation between LKB1 levels and clinicopathological features, the expression profile of LKB1 in ICC tissue specimens was examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. In vitro experiments were conducted to examine the anticancer effect of LKB1 in ICC. Changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers and immune checkpoints were analysed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The influence of LKB1 on the transcriptional activity of PD-L1 was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays and IFNγ induction. KEY FINDINGS LKB1 was expressed at low levels in ICC and tightly associated with poor prognosis. LKB1 knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration, matrix adhesion and EMT of ICC cells. Notably, LKB1 silencing upregulated the surface expression of PD-L1 in ICC cells. Suppressed and mutated LKB1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of PD-L1 in ICC cells, leading to high expression of the immune checkpoint PD-L1. Furthermore, inhibiting LKB1 suppressed ICC cell apoptosis induced by IFNγ. SIGNIFICANCE By suppressing malignant transformation and the immune checkpoint PD-L1 of cancer cells, LKB1 plays an important role in inhibiting ICC and is a potential target for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This study may provide new strategies for improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Qin QM, Pei J, Gomez G, Rice-Ficht A, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. A Tractable Drosophila Cell System Enables Rapid Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii Host Factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:240. [PMID: 32528902 PMCID: PMC7264411 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important causative agent of nosocomial infections worldwide. The pathogen also readily acquires resistance to antibiotics, and pan-resistant strains have been reported. A. baumannii is widely regarded as an extracellular bacterial pathogen. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the pathogen can invade, survive or persist in infected mammalian cells. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling these processes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Drosophila S2 cells provide several attractive advantages as a model system for investigating the intracellular lifestyle of the pathogen, including susceptibility to bacterial intracellular replication and limited infection-induced host cell death. We also show that the Drosophila system can be used to rapidly identify host factors, including MAP kinase proteins, which confer susceptibility to intracellular parasitism. Finally, analysis of the Drosophila system suggested that host proteins that regulate organelle biogenesis and membrane trafficking contribute to regulating the intracellular lifestyle of the pathogen. Taken together, these findings establish a novel model system for elucidating interactions between A. baumannii and host cells, define new factors that regulate bacterial invasion or intracellular persistence, and identify subcellular compartments in host cells that interact with the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan TX, United States
| | - Jianwu Pei
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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19
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Sacchi S, Sena P, Addabbo C, Cuttone E, La Marca A. Gonadotrophins modulate cell death-related genes expression in human endometrium. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2019-0074. [PMID: 32304301 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gonadotrophins exert their functions by binding follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) or luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) present on endometrium. Within ovaries, FSH induces autophagy and apoptosis of granulosa cells leading to atresia of non-growing follicles, whereas hCG and LH have anti-apoptotic functions. Endometrial cells express functioning gonadotrophin receptors. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of gonadotrophins on physiology and endometrial cells survival. Materials and methods Collected endometria were incubated for 48 or 72 h with 100 ng/mL of recombinant human FSH (rhFSH), recombinant human LH (rhLH) or highly purified hCG (HPhCG) alone or combined. Controls omitted gonadotrophins. The effect of gonadotrophins on cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP11A1), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), and cell-death-related genes expression was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Immunohistochemistry for microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B) and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1) was performed. Results Gonadotrophins are able to modulate the endometrial cells survival. FSH induced autophagy and apoptosis by increasing the relative expression of MAP1LC3B and FAS receptor. In FSH-treated samples, expression of apoptosis marker APAF-1 was detected and co-localized on autophagic cells. hCG and LH does not modulate the expression of cell-death-related genes while the up-regulation of pro-proliferative epiregulin gene was observed. When combined with FSH, hCG and LH prevent autophagy and apoptosis FSH-induced. Conclusions Different gonadotrophins specifically affect endometrial cells viability differently: FSH promotes autophagy and apoptosis while LH and hCG alone or combined with rhFSH does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sacchi
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Sena
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Addabbo
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Erika Cuttone
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio La Marca
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy, Phone: +390594224671
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20
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Hou J, Feng HQ, Chang HW, Liu Y, Li GH, Yang S, Sun CH, Zhang MZ, Yuan Y, Sun J, Zhu-Salzman K, Zhang H, Qin QM. The H3K4 demethylase Jar1 orchestrates ROS production and expression of pathogenesis-related genes to facilitate Botrytis cinerea virulence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:930-947. [PMID: 31529514 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Histone 3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylation is ubiquitous in organisms, however the roles of H3K4 demethylase JARID1(Jar1)/KDM5 in fungal development and pathogenesis remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that Jar1/KDM5 in Botrytis cinerea, the grey mould fungus, plays a crucial role in these processes. The BcJAR1 gene was deleted and its roles in fungal development and pathogenesis were investigated using approaches including genetics, molecular/cell biology, pathogenicity and transcriptomic profiling. BcJar1 regulates H3K4me3 and both H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 methylation levels during vegetative and pathogenic development, respectively. Loss of BcJAR1 impairs conidiation, appressorium formation and stress adaptation; abolishes infection cushion (IC) formation and virulence, but promotes sclerotium production in the ΔBcjar1 mutants. BcJar1 controls reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and proper assembly of Sep4, a core septin protein and virulence determinant, to initiate infection structure (IFS) formation and host penetration. Exogenous cAMP partially restored the mutant appressorium, but not IC, formation. BcJar1 orchestrates global expression of genes for ROS production, stress response, carbohydrate transmembrane transport, secondary metabolites, etc., which may be required for conidiation, IFS formation, host penetration and virulence of the pathogen. Our work systematically elucidates BcJar1 functions and provides novel insights into Jar1/KDM5-mediated H3K4 demethylation in regulating fungal development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Forestry, BeiHua University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Feng
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao-Wu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Hua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen-Hao Sun
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Ball B, Geddes‐McAlister J. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of
Cryptococcus neoformans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:e94. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Ball
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
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22
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West KO, Scott HM, Torres-Odio S, West AP, Patrick KL, Watson RO. The Splicing Factor hnRNP M Is a Critical Regulator of Innate Immune Gene Expression in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1594-1609.e5. [PMID: 31693898 PMCID: PMC6981299 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While transcriptional control of innate immune gene expression is well characterized, almost nothing is known about how pre-mRNA splicing decisions influence, or are influenced by, macrophage activation. Here, we demonstrate that the splicing factor hnRNP M is a critical repressor of innate immune gene expression and that its function is regulated by pathogen sensing cascades. Loss of hnRNP M led to hyperinduction of a unique regulon of inflammatory and antimicrobial genes following diverse innate immune stimuli. While mutating specific serines on hnRNP M had little effect on its ability to control pre-mRNA splicing or transcript levels of housekeeping genes in resting macrophages, it greatly impacted the protein's ability to dampen induction of specific innate immune transcripts following pathogen sensing. These data reveal a previously unappreciated role for pattern recognition receptor signaling in controlling splicing factor phosphorylation and establish pre-mRNA splicing as a critical regulatory node in defining innate immune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi O West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Haley M Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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24
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Fungal Pathogenesis, Host-Fungal Interactions, and Antifungal Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020052. [PMID: 31212923 PMCID: PMC6616953 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal diseases is increasing on a global scale, ranging from acute to systemic infections caused by commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, often associated with the immune status of the host. Morbidity and mortality rates remain high and our ability to treat fungal infections is challenged by a limited arsenal of antifungal agents and the emergence of drug resistant pathogens. There is a high demand for new approaches to elucidate the fungal mechanisms of pathogenesis and the interplay between host and pathogen to discover novel treatment options. Moreover, the need for improved drug efficacy and reduced host toxicity requires the identification and characterization of antifungal biological targets and molecular mechanisms of action. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a rapidly advancing field capable of addressing these priorities by providing comprehensive information on the dynamics of cellular processes, modifications, and interactions. In this Review, we focus on applications of MS-based proteomics in a diverse array of fungal pathogens and host systems to define and distinguish the molecular details of fungal pathogenesis and host–fungal interactions. We also explore the emerging role of MS-based proteomics in the discovery and development of novel antifungal therapies and provide insight into the future of MS-based proteomics in fungal biology.
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25
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Vaz C, Reales-Calderon JA, Pitarch A, Vellosillo P, Trevisan M, Hernáez ML, Monteoliva L, Gil C. Enrichment of ATP Binding Proteins Unveils Proteomic Alterations in Human Macrophage Cell Death, Inflammatory Response, and Protein Synthesis after Interaction with Candida albicans. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2139-2159. [PMID: 30985132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in the primary human response to Candida albicans. After pathogen recognition, signaling pathways are activated, leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. ATP binding proteins are crucial for this regulation. Here, a quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic approach was carried out for the study of human macrophage ATP-binding proteins after interaction with C. albicans. From a total of 547 nonredundant quantified proteins, 137 were ATP binding proteins and 59 were detected as differentially abundant. From the differentially abundant ATP-binding proteins, 6 were kinases (MAP2K2, SYK, STK3, MAP3K2, NDKA, and SRPK1), most of them involved in signaling pathways. Furthermore, 85 phosphopeptides were quantified. Macrophage proteomic alterations including an increase of protein synthesis with a consistent decrease in proteolysis were observed. Besides, macrophages showed changes in proteins of endosomal trafficking together with mitochondrial proteins, including some involved in the response to oxidative stress. Regarding cell death mechanisms, an increase of antiapoptotic over pro-apoptotic signals is suggested. Furthermore, a high pro-inflammatory response was detected, together with no upregulation of key mi-RNAs involved in the negative feedback of this response. These findings illustrate a strategy to deepen the knowledge of the complex interactions between the host and the clinically important pathogen C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Vaz
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Reales-Calderon
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Aida Pitarch
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Perceval Vellosillo
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Laboratorio de Proteómica Cardiovascular , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - María Luisa Hernáez
- Unidad de Proteómica , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain.,Unidad de Proteómica , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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26
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Silwal P, Kim JK, Yuk JM, Jo EK. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Host Defense against Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113495. [PMID: 30404221 PMCID: PMC6274990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays diverse roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. AMPK is involved in energy metabolism, which is perturbed by infectious stimuli. Indeed, various pathogens modulate AMPK activity, which affects host defenses against infection. In some viral infections, including hepatitis B and C viral infections, AMPK activation is beneficial, but in others such as dengue virus, Ebola virus, and human cytomegaloviral infections, AMPK plays a detrimental role. AMPK-targeting agents or small molecules enhance the antiviral response and contribute to the control of microbial and parasitic infections. In addition, this review focuses on the double-edged role of AMPK in innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Understanding how AMPK regulates host defenses will enable development of more effective host-directed therapeutic strategies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
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27
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Evans RJ, Sundaramurthy V, Frickel EM. The Interplay of Host Autophagy and Eukaryotic Pathogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:118. [PMID: 30271774 PMCID: PMC6146372 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For intracellular pathogens, host cells provide a replicative niche, but are also armed with innate defense mechanisms to combat the intruder. Co-evolution of host and pathogens has produced a complex interplay of host-pathogen interactions during infection, with autophagy emerging as a key player in the recent years. Host autophagy as a degradative process is a significant hindrance to intracellular growth of the pathogens, but also can be subverted by the pathogens to provide support such as nutrients. While the role of host cell autophagy in the pathogenesis mechanisms of several bacterial and viral pathogens have been extensively studied, less is known for eukaryotic pathogens. In this review, we focus on the interplay of host autophagy with the eukaryotic pathogens Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasma, Leishmania spp and the fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. The differences between these eukaryotic pathogens in terms of the host cell types they infect, infective strategies and the host responses required to defend against them provide an interesting insight into how they respond to and interact with host cell autophagy. Due to the ability to infect multiple host species and cell types during the course of their usually complex lifestyles, autophagy plays divergent roles even for the same pathogen. The scenario is further compounded since many of the eukaryotic pathogens have their own sets of either complete or partial autophagy machinery. Eukaryotic pathogen-autophagy interplay is thus a complex relationship with many novel insights for the basic understanding of autophagy, and potential for clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Evans
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Casadevall A, Coelho C, Alanio A. Mechanisms of Cryptococcus neoformans-Mediated Host Damage. Front Immunol 2018; 9:855. [PMID: 29760698 PMCID: PMC5936990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is not usually considered a cytotoxic fungal pathogen but there is considerable evidence that this microbe can damage host cells and tissues. In this essay, we review the evidence that C. neoformans damages host cells and note that the mechanisms involved are diverse. We consider C. neoformans-mediated host damage at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organism level. Direct mechanisms of cytotoxicity include lytic exocytosis, organelle dysfunction, phagolysosomal membrane damage, and cytoskeletal alterations. Cytotoxicity contributes to pathogenesis by interfering with immune effector cell function and disrupting endothelial barriers thus allowing dissemination. When C. neoformans-mediated and immune-mediated host damage is sufficient to affect homeostasis, cryptococcosis occurs at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, CNRS UMR2000, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière, Saint-Louis, Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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29
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Pandey A, Lin F, Cabello AL, da Costa LF, Feng X, Feng HQ, Zhang MZ, Iwawaki T, Rice-Ficht A, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P, Qin QM. Activation of Host IRE1α-Dependent Signaling Axis Contributes the Intracellular Parasitism of Brucella melitensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:103. [PMID: 29732320 PMCID: PMC5919948 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are intracellular vacuolar pathogens that causes brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis of profound importance. We previously demonstrated that the activity of host unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1) and ER-associated autophagy confer susceptibility to Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus intracellular replication. However, the mechanism by which host IRE1α regulates the pathogen intracellular lifestyle remains elusive. In this study, by employing a diverse array of molecular approaches, including biochemical analyses, fluorescence microscopy imaging, and infection assays using primary cells derived from Ern1 (encoding IRE1) conditional knockout mice, we address this gap in our understanding by demonstrating that a novel IRE1α to ULK1, an important component for autophagy initiation, signaling axis confers susceptibility to Brucella intracellular parasitism. Importantly, deletion or inactivation of key signaling components along this axis, including IRE1α, BAK/BAX, ASK1, and JNK as well as components of the host autophagy system ULK1, Atg9a, and Beclin 1, resulted in striking disruption of Brucella intracellular trafficking and replication. Host kinases in the IRE1α-ULK1 axis, including IRE1α, ASK1, JNK1, and/or AMPKα as well as ULK1, were also coordinately phosphorylated in an IRE1α-dependent fashion upon the pathogen infection. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the IRE1α-ULK1 signaling axis is subverted by the bacterium to promote intracellular parasitism, and provide new insight into our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of intracellular lifestyle of Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Pandey
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Furong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ana L Cabello
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Luciana F da Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hui-Qiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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30
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RNA Interference Screening Reveals Host CaMK4 as a Regulator of Cryptococcal Uptake and Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00195-17. [PMID: 28970273 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00195-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative agent of cryptococcosis, is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that kills over 200,000 individuals annually. This yeast may grow freely in body fluids, but it also flourishes within host cells. Despite extensive research on cryptococcal pathogenesis, host genes involved in the initial engulfment of fungi and subsequent stages of infection are woefully understudied. To address this issue, we combined short interfering RNA silencing and a high-throughput imaging assay to identify host regulators that specifically influence cryptococcal uptake. Of 868 phosphatase and kinase genes assayed, we discovered 79 whose silencing significantly affected cryptococcal engulfment. For 25 of these, the effects were fungus specific, as opposed to general alterations in phagocytosis. Four members of this group significantly and specifically altered cryptococcal uptake; one of them encoded CaMK4, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Pharmacological inhibition of CaMK4 recapitulated the observed defects in phagocytosis. Furthermore, mice deficient in CaMK4 showed increased survival compared to wild-type mice upon infection with C. neoformans This increase in survival correlated with decreased expression of pattern recognition receptors on host phagocytes known to recognize C. neoformans Altogether, we have identified a kinase that is involved in C. neoformans internalization by host cells and in host resistance to this deadly infection.
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31
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Starr AE, Deeke SA, Li L, Zhang X, Daoud R, Ryan J, Ning Z, Cheng K, Nguyen LVH, Abou-Samra E, Lavallée-Adam M, Figeys D. Proteomic and Metaproteomic Approaches to Understand Host–Microbe Interactions. Anal Chem 2017; 90:86-109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Starr
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelley A. Deeke
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Leyuan Li
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rachid Daoud
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - James Ryan
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zhibin Ning
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kai Cheng
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Linh V. H. Nguyen
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elias Abou-Samra
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Molecular Architecture of Life Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
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