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Banerjee S, Minshall N, Webb H, Carrington M. How are Trypanosoma brucei receptors protected from host antibody-mediated attack? Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400053. [PMID: 38713161 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is the causal agent of African Trypanosomiasis in humans and other animals. It maintains a long-term infection through an antigenic variation based population survival strategy. To proliferate in a mammal, T. brucei acquires iron and haem through the receptor mediated uptake of host transferrin and haptoglobin-hemoglobin respectively. The receptors are exposed to host antibodies but this does not lead to clearance of the infection. Here we discuss how the trypanosome avoids this fate in the context of recent findings on the structure and cell biology of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Minshall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Webb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Gkeka A, Aresta-Branco F, Triller G, Vlachou EP, van Straaten M, Lilic M, Olinares PDB, Perez K, Chait BT, Blatnik R, Ruppert T, Verdi JP, Stebbins CE, Papavasiliou FN. Immunodominant surface epitopes power immune evasion in the African trypanosome. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112262. [PMID: 36943866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome survives the immune response of its mammalian host by antigenic variation of its major surface antigen (the variant surface glycoprotein or VSG). Here we describe the antibody repertoires elicited by different VSGs. We show that the repertoires are highly restricted and are directed predominantly to distinct epitopes on the surface of the VSGs. They are also highly discriminatory; minor alterations within these exposed epitopes confer antigenically distinct properties to these VSGs and elicit different repertoires. We propose that the patterned and repetitive nature of the VSG coat focuses host immunity to a restricted set of immunodominant epitopes per VSG, eliciting a highly stereotyped response, minimizing cross-reactivity between different VSGs and facilitating prolonged immune evasion through epitope variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gkeka
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Panosome GmbH, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Aresta-Branco
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianna Triller
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evi P Vlachou
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monique van Straaten
- Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirjana Lilic
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Dominic B Olinares
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn Perez
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Renata Blatnik
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph P Verdi
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Panosome GmbH, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Erec Stebbins
- Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - F Nina Papavasiliou
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Triller G, Vlachou EP, Hashemi H, van Straaten M, Zeelen JP, Kelemen Y, Baehr C, Marker CL, Ruf S, Svirina A, Chandra M, Urban K, Gkeka A, Kruse S, Baumann A, Miller AK, Bartel M, Pravetoni M, Stebbins CE, Papavasiliou FN, Verdi JP. A trypanosome-derived immunotherapeutics platform elicits potent high-affinity antibodies, negating the effects of the synthetic opioid fentanyl. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112049. [PMID: 36719797 PMCID: PMC10387133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Poorly immunogenic small molecules pose challenges for the production of clinically efficacious vaccines and antibodies. To address this, we generate an immunization platform derived from the immunogenic surface coat of the African trypanosome. Through sortase-based conjugation of the target molecules to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of the trypanosome surface coat, we develop VSG-immunogen array by sortase tagging (VAST). VAST elicits antigen-specific memory B cells and antibodies in a murine model after deploying the poorly immunogenic molecule fentanyl as a proof of concept. We also develop a single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based computational method that synergizes with VAST to specifically identify memory B cell-encoded antibodies. All computationally selected antibodies bind to fentanyl with picomolar affinity. Moreover, these antibodies protect mice from fentanyl effects after passive immunization, demonstrating the ability of these two coupled technologies to elicit therapeutic antibodies to challenging immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Triller
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evi P Vlachou
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Panosome GmbH, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamidreza Hashemi
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monique van Straaten
- Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan P Zeelen
- Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cheryl L Marker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Iuvo Bioscience, Rush, NY 14543, USA
| | - Sandra Ruf
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Svirina
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monica Chandra
- Panosome GmbH, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Urban
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Gkeka
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Panosome GmbH, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Baumann
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Bartel
- Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Center for Medication Development for Substance Use Disorders, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Erec Stebbins
- Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Nina Papavasiliou
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph P Verdi
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Hepione Therapeutics, Inc., New York, NY 10014, USA.
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4
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Abstract
African trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites that infect mammals including humans, where they cause sleeping sickness. Long-lasting infection is required to favor parasite transmission between hosts. Therefore, trypanosomes have developed strategies to continuously escape innate and adaptive responses of the immune system, while also preventing premature death of the host. The pathology linked to infection mainly results from inflammation and includes anemia and brain dysfunction in addition to loss of specificity and memory of the antibody response. The serum of humans contains an efficient trypanolytic factor, the membrane pore-forming protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1). In the two human-infective trypanosomes, specific parasite resistance factors inhibit APOL1 activity. In turn, many African individuals express APOL1 variants that counteract these resistance factors, enabling them to avoid sleeping sickness. However, these variants are associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly in the context of virus-induced inflammation such as coronavirus disease 2019. Vaccination perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Heme-deficient metabolism and impaired cellular differentiation as an evolutionary trade-off for human infectivity in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7075. [PMID: 36400774 PMCID: PMC9674590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to African trypanosomes in humans relies in part on the high affinity targeting of a trypanosome lytic factor 1 (TLF1) to a trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (HpHbR). While TLF1 avoidance by the inactivation of HpHbR contributes to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human infectivity, the evolutionary trade-off of this adaptation is unknown, as the physiological function of the receptor remains to be elucidated. Here we show that uptake of hemoglobin via HpHbR constitutes the sole heme import pathway in the trypanosome bloodstream stage. T. b. gambiense strains carrying the inactivating mutation in HpHbR, as well as genetically engineered T. b. brucei HpHbR knock-out lines show only trace levels of intracellular heme and lack hemoprotein-based enzymatic activities, thereby providing an uncommon example of aerobic parasitic proliferation in the absence of heme. We further show that HpHbR facilitates the developmental progression from proliferating long slender forms to cell cycle-arrested stumpy forms in T. b. brucei. Accordingly, T. b. gambiense was found to be poorly competent for slender-to-stumpy differentiation unless a functional HpHbR receptor derived from T. b. brucei was genetically restored. Altogether, we identify heme-deficient metabolism and disrupted cellular differentiation as two distinct HpHbR-dependent evolutionary trade-offs for T. b. gambiense human infectivity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To critically appraise new insights into HDL structure and function in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). RECENT FINDINGS In young T1DM patients with early renal impairment and a high inflammatory score, both HDL antioxidative activity and endothelial vasodilatory function were impaired, revealing a critical link between HDL dysfunction, subclinical vascular damage, systemic inflammation and end organ damage. HDL may inhibit development of T2DM by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptotic loss of pancreatic β-cells, an effect due in part to ABC transporter-mediated efflux of specific oxysterols with downstream activation of the hedghehog signalling receptor, Smoothened. The apoM-sphingosine-1-phosphate complex is critical to HDL antidiabetic activity, encompassing protection against insulin resistance, promotion of insulin secretion, enhanced β-cell survival and inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Structure-function studies of HDL in hyperglycemic, dyslipidemic T2DM patients revealed both gain and loss of lipidomic and proteomic components. Such changes attenuated both the optimal protective effects of HDL on mitochondrial function and its capacity to inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis. Distinct structural components associated with individual HDL functions. SUMMARY Extensive evidence indicates that both the proteome and lipidome of HDL are altered in T1DM and T2DM, with impairment of multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. John Chapman
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University
- Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
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7
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Rivera-Correa J, Verdi J, Sherman J, Sternberg JM, Raper J, Rodriguez A. Autoimmunity to phosphatidylserine and anemia in African Trypanosome infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009814. [PMID: 34587165 PMCID: PMC8505006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia caused by trypanosome infection is poorly understood. Autoimmunity during Trypanosoma brucei infection was proposed to have a role during anemia, but the mechanisms involved during this pathology have not been elucidated. In mouse models and human patients infected with malaria parasites, atypical B-cells promote anemia through the secretion of autoimmune anti-phosphatidylserine (anti-PS) antibodies that bind to uninfected erythrocytes and facilitate their clearance. Using mouse models of two trypanosome infections, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, we assessed levels of autoantibodies and anemia. Our results indicate that acute T. brucei infection, but not T. cruzi, leads to early increased levels of plasma autoantibodies against different auto antigens tested (PS, DNA and erythrocyte lysate) and expansion of atypical B cells (ABCs) that secrete these autoantibodies. In vitro studies confirmed that a lysate of T. brucei, but not T. cruzi, could directly promote the expansion of these ABCs. PS exposure on erythrocyte plasma membrane seems to be an important contributor to anemia by delaying erythrocyte recovery since treatment with an agent that prevents binding to it (Annexin V) ameliorated anemia in T. brucei-infected mice. Analysis of the plasma of patients with human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) revealed high levels of anti-PS antibodies that correlated with anemia. Altogether these results suggest a relation between autoimmunity against PS and anemia in both mice and patients infected with T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera-Correa
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Verdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julian Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy M Sternberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
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Machado H, Bizarra-Rebelo T, Costa-Sequeira M, Trindade S, Carvalho T, Rijo-Ferreira F, Rentroia-Pacheco B, Serre K, Figueiredo LM. Trypanosoma brucei triggers a broad immune response in the adipose tissue. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009933. [PMID: 34525131 PMCID: PMC8476018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is one of the major reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei parasites, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, a fatal disease in humans. In mice, the gonadal adipose tissue (AT) typically harbors 2–5 million parasites, while most solid organs show 10 to 100-fold fewer parasites. In this study, we tested whether the AT environment responds immunologically to the presence of the parasite. Transcriptome analysis of T. brucei infected adipose tissue revealed that most upregulated host genes are involved in inflammation and immune cell functions. Histochemistry and flow cytometry confirmed an increasingly higher number of infiltrated macrophages, neutrophils and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes upon infection. A large proportion of these lymphocytes effectively produce the type 1 effector cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Additionally, the adipose tissue showed accumulation of antigen-specific IgM and IgG antibodies as infection progressed. Mice lacking T and/or B cells (Rag2-/-, Jht-/-), or the signature cytokine (Ifng-/-) displayed a higher parasite load both in circulation and in the AT, demonstrating the key role of the adaptive immune system in both compartments. Interestingly, infections of C3-/- mice showed that while complement system is dispensable to control parasite load in the blood, it is necessary in the AT and other solid tissues. We conclude that T. brucei infection triggers a broad and robust immune response in the AT, which requires the complement system to locally reduce parasite burden. African trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease with significant socio-economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, a causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, can be found in the blood and extra-vascular spaces of the infected host. For an unknown reason, T. brucei accumulates in adipose tissue (AT) in very high numbers. Here we used a multidisciplinary approach to assess whether an immune response was mounted in AT during a T. brucei infection. We found that as infection progresses, a broad variety of immune cells and antibodies accumulate in the AT. We also found that this broad immune response is partially able to control parasite numbers in the AT. Our study provides evidence that T. brucei parasites present in the AT are subjected to immune surveillance. The reason why T. brucei accumulates to such a high extent in AT remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Machado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Bizarra-Rebelo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Costa-Sequeira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Trindade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Barbara Rentroia-Pacheco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Karine Serre
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail: (KS); (LMF)
| | - Luisa M. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail: (KS); (LMF)
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9
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Schaub C, Lee P, Racho-Jansen A, Giovinazzo J, Terra N, Raper J, Thomson R. Coiled-coil binding of the leucine zipper domains of APOL1 is necessary for the open cation channel conformation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101009. [PMID: 34331942 PMCID: PMC8446801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L-I (APOL1) is a channel-forming effector of innate immunity. The common human APOL1 variant G0 provides protection against infection with certain Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasite species, but it cannot protect against the trypanosomes responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. Human APOL1 variants G1 and G2 protect against human-infective trypanosomes but also confer a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Trypanosome-killing activity is dependent on the ability of APOL1 to insert into membranes at acidic pH and form pH-gated cation channels. We previously mapped the channel’s pore-lining region to the C-terminal domain (residues 332–398) and identified a membrane-insertion domain (MID, residues 177–228) that facilitates acidic pH-dependent membrane insertion. In this article, we further investigate structural determinants of cation channel formation by APOL1. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and targeted chemical modification, our data indicate that the C-terminal heptad-repeat sequence (residues 368–395) is a bona fide leucine zipper domain (ZIP) that is required for cation channel formation as well as lysis of trypanosomes and mammalian cells. Using protein-wide cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, coupled with the substituted cysteine accessibility method, we determined that, in the open channel state, both the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal ZIP domain are exposed on the intralumenal/extracellular side of the membrane and provide evidence that each APOL1 monomer contributes four transmembrane domains to the open cation channel conformation. Based on these data, we propose an oligomeric topology model in which the open APOL1 cation channel is assembled from the coiled-coil association of C-terminal ZIP domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Schaub
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; The Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Penny Lee
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; John Jay College, City University of New York, USA
| | - Alisha Racho-Jansen
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA
| | - Joe Giovinazzo
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nada Terra
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; The Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA.
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10
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Fan T, Lu Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Tian H, Zheng Y, Zheng B, Xue L, Tan F, Xue Q, Gao S, Li C, He J. A Novel Immune-Related Seventeen-Gene Signature for Predicting Early Stage Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665407. [PMID: 34177903 PMCID: PMC8226174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasingly early stage lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) being discovered, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of the prognostic characteristics of early stage LUSC. Here, we developed an immune-related gene signature for outcome prediction of early stage LUSC based on three independent cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using CIBERSORT and ESTMATE algorithm. Then, a 17-immune-related gene (RPRM, APOH, SSX1, MSGN1, HPR, ISM2, FGA, LBP, HAS1, CSF2, RETN, CCL2, CCL21, MMP19, PTGIS, F13A1, C1QTNF1) signature was identified using univariate Cox regression, LASSO regression and stepwise multivariable Cox analysis based on the verified DEGs from 401 cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Subsequently, a cohort of GSE74777 containing 107 cases downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and an independent data set consisting of 36 frozen tissues collected from National Cancer Center were used to validate the predictive value of the signature. Seventeen immune-related genes were identified from TCGA cohort, which were further used to establish a classification system to construct cases into high- and low-risk groups in terms of overall survival. This classifier was still an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. In addition, another two independent cohorts and different clinical subgroups validated the significant predictive value of the signature. Further mechanism research found early stage LUSC patients with high risk had special immune cell infiltration characteristics and gene mutation profiles. In conclusion, we characterized the tumor microenvironment and established a highly predictive model for evaluating the prognosis of early stage LUSC, which may provide a lead for effective immunotherapeutic options tailored for each subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Xue
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengwei Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shugeng Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060679. [PMID: 34072674 PMCID: PMC8229994 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are human infective sub-species of T. brucei causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT—sleeping sickness). The related T. b. brucei parasite lacks the resistance to survive in human serum, and only inflicts animal infections. Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is not restricted to Africa, but is present on all continents. T. congolense and T. vivax are the most widespread pathogenic trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Through mechanical transmission, T. vivax has also been introduced into South America. T. evansi is a unique animal trypanosome that is found in vast territories around the world and can cause atypical human trypanosomiasis (aHT). All salivarian trypanosomes are well adapted to survival inside the host’s immune system. This is not a hostile environment for these parasites, but the place where they thrive. Here we provide an overview of the latest insights into the host-parasite interaction and the unique survival strategies that allow trypanosomes to outsmart the immune system. In addition, we review new developments in treatment and diagnosis as well as the issues that have hampered the development of field-applicable anti-trypanosome vaccines for the implementation of sustainable disease control.
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Pays E, Nolan DP. Genetic and immunological basis of human African trypanosomiasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:13-20. [PMID: 33721725 PMCID: PMC8589022 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, results from infection by two subspecies of the protozoan flagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei, termed Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, prevalent in western and eastern Africa respectively. These subspecies escape the trypanolytic potential of human serum, which efficiently acts against the prototype species Trypanosoma brucei brucei, responsible for the Nagana disease in cattle. We review the various strategies and components used by trypanosomes to counteract the immune defences of their host, highlighting the adaptive genomic evolution that occurred in both parasite and host to take the lead in this battle. The main parasite surface antigen, named Variant Surface Glycoprotein or VSG, appears to play a key role in different processes involved in the dialogue with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Derek P Nolan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Jones K, Savulescu AF, Brombacher F, Hadebe S. Immunoglobulin M in Health and Diseases: How Far Have We Come and What Next? Front Immunol 2020; 11:595535. [PMID: 33193450 PMCID: PMC7662119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are important in secreting antibodies that protect against invading pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also in mediating pathogenesis of allergic diseases and autoimmunity. B lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow and contain heavy and light chains, which upon ligation form an immunoglobulin M (IgM) B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the surface of naïve immature B cells. Naïve B cells expressing either IgM or IgD isotypes are thought to play interchangeable functions in antibody responses to T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. IgM short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) and antigen-specific IgM memory B cells (MBCs-M) are critical in the first few days of infection, as well as long-term memory induced by vaccination, respectively. At mucosal surfaces, IgM is thought to play a critical part in promoting mucosal tolerance and shaping microbiota together with IgA. In this review, we explore how IgM structure and BCR signaling shapes B cell development, self and non-self-antigen-specific antibody responses, responses to infectious (such as viruses, parasites, and fungal) and non-communicable diseases (such as autoimmunity and allergic asthma). We also explore how metabolism could influence other B cell functions such as mucosal tolerance and class switching. Finally, we discuss some of the outstanding critical research questions in both experimental and clinical settings targeting IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Jones
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anca F. Savulescu
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Polyreactive Antibodies Bridge Immunity Particles to Pathogen. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:804-806. [PMID: 32792213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans are protected from most African trypanosomes via high-density lipoproteins, known as trypanosome lytic factor (TLF). In humans, IgM antibodies are found associated with TLF. The recent work by Verdi et al. studied the origin of these antibodies and their binding partners, suggesting a new model for TLF uptake.
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Schaub C, Verdi J, Lee P, Terra N, Limon G, Raper J, Thomson R. Cation channel conductance and pH gating of the innate immunity factor APOL1 are governed by pore-lining residues within the C-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13138-13149. [PMID: 32727852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human innate immunity factor apolipoprotein L-I (APOL1) protects against infection by several protozoan parasites, including Trypanosoma brucei brucei Endocytosis and acidification of high-density lipoprotein-associated APOL1 in trypanosome endosomes leads to eventual lysis of the parasite due to increased plasma membrane cation permeability, followed by colloid-osmotic swelling. It was previously shown that recombinant APOL1 inserts into planar lipid bilayers at acidic pH to form pH-gated nonselective cation channels that are opened upon pH neutralization. This corresponds to the pH changes encountered during endocytic recycling, suggesting APOL1 forms a cytotoxic cation channel in the parasite plasma membrane. Currently, the mechanism and domains required for channel formation have yet to be elucidated, although a predicted helix-loop-helix (H-L-H) was suggested to form pores by virtue of its similarity to bacterial pore-forming colicins. Here, we compare recombinant human and baboon APOL1 orthologs, along with interspecies chimeras and individual amino acid substitutions, to identify regions required for channel formation and pH gating in planar lipid bilayers. We found that whereas neutralization of glutamates within the H-L-H may be important for pH-dependent channel formation, there was no evidence of H-L-H involvement in either pH gating or ion selectivity. In contrast, we found two residues in the C-terminal domain, tyrosine 351 and glutamate 355, that influence pH gating properties, as well as a single residue, aspartate 348, that determines both cation selectivity and pH gating. These data point to the predicted transmembrane region closest to the APOL1 C terminus as the pore-lining segment of this novel channel-forming protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Schaub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA; Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Verdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA; Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, USA; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Penny Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Nada Terra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Gina Limon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA; NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA.
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