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Dembek Z, Hadeed S, Tigabu B, Schwartz-Watjen K, Glass M, Dressner M, Frankel D, Blaney D, Eccles Iii TG, Chekol T, Owens A, Wu A. Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks: Lessons Learned From Past and Facing Future Challenges. Mil Med 2024; 189:e1470-e1478. [PMID: 38743575 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this review is to examine African Ebola outbreaks from their first discovery to the present, to determine how the medical and public health response has changed and identify the causes for those changes. We sought to describe what is now known about the epidemiology and spread of Ebola virus disease (EVD) from the significant outbreaks that have occurred and outbreak control methods applied under often challenging circumstances. Given the substantial role that the U.S. Government and the U.S. DoD have played in the 2014 to 2016 West African Ebola outbreak, the role of the DoD and the U.S. Africa Command in controlling EVD is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive method design was used to collect and analyze all available Ebola outbreak literature using the PubMed database. An initial literature search was conducted by searching for, obtaining, and reading original source articles on all major global Ebola outbreaks. To conduct a focused search, we used initial search terms "Ebola outbreak," "Ebola virus disease," "Ebola response," "Ebola countermeasures," and also included each country's name where Ebola cases are known to have occurred. From the 4,673 unique articles obtained from this search and subsequent article title review, 307 articles were identified for potential inclusion. Following abstract and article review, 45 original source articles were used to compile the history of significant Ebola outbreaks. From this compilation, articles focused on each respective subsection of this review to delineate and describe the history of EVD and response, identifying fundamental changes, were obtained and incorporated. RESULTS We present known Ebola virus and disease attributes, including a general description, seasonality and location, transmission capacity, clinical symptoms, surveillance, virology, historical EVD outbreaks and response, international support for Ebola outbreak response, U.S. DoD support, medical countermeasures supporting outbreak response, remaining gaps to include policy limitations, regional instability, climate change, migration, and urbanization, public health education and infrastructure, and virus persistence and public awareness. CONCLUSIONS The health and societal impacts of EVD on Africa has been far-reaching, with about 35,000 cases and over 15,000 deaths, with small numbers of cases spreading globally. However, the history of combatting EVD reveals that there is considerable hope for African nations to quickly and successfully respond to Ebola outbreaks, through use of endemic resources including Africa CDC and African Partner Outbreak Response Alliance and the U.S. Africa Command with greater DoD reachback. Although there remains much to be learned about the Ebola virus and EVD including whether the potential for novel strains to become deadly emerging infections, invaluable vaccines, antivirals, and public health measures are now part of the resources that can be used to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygmunt Dembek
- Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Steven Hadeed
- Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Bersabeh Tigabu
- Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Global Systems Engineering (GSE), Alexandria, VA 22312, USA
| | - Kierstyn Schwartz-Watjen
- Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Applied Research Associates (ARA), Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA
| | - Michael Glass
- SME Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Manta Solutions, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| | - Michelle Dressner
- Office of the Command Surgeon, U.S. Africa Command, APO, AE 09751, USA
| | - Dianne Frankel
- Office of the Command Surgeon, U.S. Africa Command, APO, AE 09751, USA
| | - David Blaney
- Office of the Command Surgeon, U.S. Africa Command, APO, AE 09751, USA
- Office of Readiness and Response, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Tesema Chekol
- Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Akeisha Owens
- Technical Reachback, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Technical Reachback, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
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Lin X, Yang F, Yan S, Wu H, Wang P, Zhao Y, Shi D, Yao H, Wu H, Li L. Preparation and characterization of mouse-derived monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin of the H1N1 influenza virus. Virus Res 2024; 345:199402. [PMID: 38772446 PMCID: PMC11156778 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
H1N1 influenza virus is a significant global public health concern. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting specific viral proteins such as hemagglutinin (HA) have become an important therapeutic strategy, offering highly specific targeting to block viral transmission and infection. This study focused on the development of mAbs targeting HA of the A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1pdm09, VIC-19) strain by utilizing hybridoma technology to produce two mAbs with high binding capacity. Notably, mAb 2B2 has demonstrated a strong affinity for HA proteins in recent H1N1 influenza vaccine strains. In vitro assessments showed that both mAbs exhibited broad-spectrum hemagglutination inhibition and potent neutralizing effects against various vaccine strains of H1N1pdm09 viruses. 2B2 was also effective in animal models, offering both preventive and therapeutic protection against infections caused by recent H1N1 strains, highlighting its potential for clinical application. By individually co-cultivating each of the aforementioned mAbs with the virus in chicken embryos, four amino acid substitution sites in HA (H138Q, G140R, A141E/V, and D187E) were identified in escape mutants, three in the antigenic site Ca2, and one in Sb. The identification of such mutations is pivotal, as it compels further investigation into how these alterations could undermine the binding efficacy and neutralization capacity of antibodies, thereby impacting the design and optimization of mAb therapies and influenza vaccines. This research highlights the necessity for continuous exploration into the dynamic interaction between viral evolution and antibody response, which is vital for the formulation of robust therapeutic and preventive strategies against influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Mice
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Chick Embryo
- Female
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantian Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Sijing Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Danrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China.
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Donnellan FR, Rayaprolu V, Rijal P, O'Dowd V, Parvate A, Callaway H, Hariharan C, Parekh D, Hui S, Shaffer K, Avalos RD, Hastie K, Schimanski L, Müller-Kräuter H, Strecker T, Balaram A, Halfmann P, Saphire EO, Lightwood DJ, Townsend AR, Draper SJ. A broadly-neutralizing antibody against Ebolavirus glycoprotein that potentiates the breadth and neutralization potency of other antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600001. [PMID: 38979279 PMCID: PMC11230233 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Ebolavirus disease (EVD) is caused by multiple species of Ebolavirus . Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the virus glycoprotein (GP) are the only class of therapeutic approved for treatment of EVD caused by Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). Therefore, mAbs targeting multiple Ebolavirus species may represent the next generation of EVD therapeutics. Broadly reactive anti-GP mAbs were produced; among these, mAbs 11886 and 11883 were broadly neutralizing in vitro . A 3.0 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of EBOV GP bound to both mAbs shows that 11886 binds a novel epitope bridging the glycan cap (GC), 3 10 pocket and GP2 N-terminus, whereas 11883 binds the receptor binding region (RBR) and GC. In vitro , 11886 synergized with a range of mAbs with epitope specificities spanning the RBR/GC, including 11883. Notably, 11886 increased the breadth of neutralization by partner mAbs against different Ebolavirus species. These data provide a strategic route to design improved mAb-based next-generation EVD therapeutics.
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Gehring AJ, Salimzadeh L. Current and future use of antibody-based passive immunity to prevent or control HBV/HDV infections. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105893. [PMID: 38679166 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing momentum and success of monoclonal antibody therapy in conventional medical practices, there is a revived emphasis on the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis D (HDV). Combination therapies of anti-HBs monoclonal antibodies, and novel anti-HBV compounds and immunomodulatory drugs presenting a promising avenue to enhanced therapeutic outcomes in HBV/HDV cure regimens. In this review, we will cover the role of antibodies in the protection and clearance of HBV infection, the association of anti-HBV surface antigen antibodies (anti-HBs) in protection against HBV and how antibody effector functions, beyond neutralization, are likely necessary. Lastly, we will review clinical data from previous and ongoing clinical trials of passive antibody therapy to provide a state-of-the-are perspective on passive antibody therapies in combinations with additional novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gehring
- Schwartz-Reisman Liver Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Loghman Salimzadeh
- Schwartz-Reisman Liver Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lee HN, Xu B, Lewkowicz AP, Engel K, Kelley-Baker L, McWilliams IL, Ireland DDC, Kielczewski JL, Li J, Fariss RN, Campos MM, Baum A, Kyratsous C, Pascal K, Chan CC, Caspi RR, Manangeeswaran M, Verthelyi D. Ebola virus-induced eye sequelae: a murine model for evaluating glycoprotein-targeting therapeutics. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105170. [PMID: 38823088 PMCID: PMC11169960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors experience ocular sequelae including retinal lesions, cataracts, and vision loss. While monoclonal antibodies targeting the Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) have shown promise in improving prognosis, their effectiveness in mitigating ocular sequelae remains uncertain. METHODS We developed and characterized a BSL-2-compatible immunocompetent mouse model to evaluate therapeutics targeting EBOV-GP by inoculating neonatal mice with vesicular stomatitis virus expressing EBOV-GP (VSV-EBOV). To examine the impact of anti-EBOV-GP antibody treatment on acute retinitis and ocular sequelae, VSV-EBOV-infected mice were treated with polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibody preparations with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC-mAb) or neutralizing activity (NEUT-mAb). FINDINGS Treatment with all anti-EBOV-GP antibodies tested dramatically reduced viremia and improved survival. Further, all treatments reduced the incidence of cataracts. However, NEUT-mAb alone or in combination with ADCC-mAb reduced viral load in the eyes, downregulated the ocular immune and inflammatory responses, and minimized retinal damage more effectively. INTERPRETATION Anti-EBOV-GP antibodies can improve survival among EVD patients, but improved therapeutics are needed to reduce life altering sequelae. This animal model offers a new platform to examine the acute and long-term effect of the virus in the eye and the relative impact of therapeutic candidates targeting EBOV-GP. Results indicate that even antibodies that improve systemic viral clearance and survival can differ in their capacity to reduce acute ocular inflammation, and long-term retinal pathology and corneal degeneration. FUNDING This study was partly supported by Postgraduate Research Fellowship Awards from ORISE through an interagency agreement between the US DOE and the US FDA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Humans
- Viral Load
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Lee
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Biying Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aaron P Lewkowicz
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Logan Kelley-Baker
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ian L McWilliams
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Derek D C Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Jinbo Li
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mercedes M Campos
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alina Baum
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | - Kristen Pascal
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Iketani S, Ho DD. SARS-CoV-2 resistance to monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:632-657. [PMID: 38640902 PMCID: PMC11084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Over four years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientific response has been rapid and effective, with many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small molecules developed for clinical use. However, given the ability for viruses to become resistant to antivirals, it is perhaps no surprise that the field has identified resistance to nearly all of these compounds. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the resistance profile for each of these therapeutics. We hope that this resource provides an atlas for mutations to be aware of for each agent, particularly as a springboard for considerations for the next generation of antivirals. Finally, we discuss the outlook and thoughts for moving forward in how we continue to manage this, and the next, pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Sagar, Takhellambam M, Rattan A, Prajapati VK. Unleashing the power of antibodies: Engineering for tomorrow's therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:1-36. [PMID: 38762268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against various diseases. Antibody engineering is a multidisciplinary field that seeks to improve the quality of life of humans. In the context of disease, antibodies are highly specialized proteins that form a critical line of defense against pathogens and the disease caused by them. These infections trigger the innate arm of immunity by presenting on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells. This ultimately links to the adaptive arm, where antibody production and maturation occur against that particular antigen. Upon binding with their specific antigens, antibodies trigger various immune responses to eliminate pathogens in a process called complement-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by immune cells or induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is done by antibodies. These engineered antibodies are being used for various purposes, such as therapeutics, diagnostics, and biotechnology research. Cutting-edge techniques that include hybridoma technology, transgenic mice, display techniques like phage, yeast and ribosome displays, and next-generation sequencing are ways to engineer antibodies and mass production for the use of humankind. Considering the importance of antibodies in protecting from a diverse array of pathogens, investing in research holds great promise to develop future therapeutic targets to combat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malemnganba Takhellambam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Rattan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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El Ayoubi LW, Mahmoud O, Zakhour J, Kanj SS. Recent advances in the treatment of Ebola disease: A brief overview. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012038. [PMID: 38489257 PMCID: PMC10942026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ebola disease (EBOD) remains a significant and ongoing threat to African countries, characterized by a mortality rate of 25% to 90% in patients with high viral load and significant transmissibility. The most recent outbreak, reported in Uganda in September 2022, was declared officially over in January 2023. However, it was caused by the Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV), a culprit species not previously reported for a decade. Since its discovery in 1976, the management of EBOD has primarily relied on supportive care. Following the devastating outbreak in West Africa from 2014 to 2016 secondary to the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV), where over 28,000 lives were lost, dedicated efforts to find effective therapeutic agents have resulted in considerable progress in treating and preventing disease secondary to EBOV. Notably, 2 monoclonal antibodies-Ebanga and a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies, called Inmazeb-received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2020. Additionally, multiple vaccines have been approved for EBOD prevention by various regulatory bodies, with Ervebo, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored vaccine against EBOV being the first vaccine to receive approval by the FDA in 2019. This review covers the key signs and symptoms of EBOD, its modes of transmission, and the principles guiding supportive care. Furthermore, it explores recent advancements in treating and preventing EBOD, highlighting the unique properties of each therapeutic agent and the ongoing progress in discovering new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L’Emir Wassim El Ayoubi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar Mahmoud
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Johnny Zakhour
- Internal Medicine Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Souha S. Kanj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Dobbs KR, Lobb A, Dent AE. Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:488-495. [PMID: 37903937 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Ebola disease is a severe disease with extremely high case-fatality rates ranging from 28-100%. Observations made during the 2013-2016 West African epidemic improved our understanding of the clinical course of Ebola disease and accelerated the study of therapeutic and preventative strategies. The epidemic also highlighted the unique challenges associated with providing optimal care for children during Ebola disease outbreaks. In this review, we outline current understanding of Ebola disease epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention, highlighting data pertinent to the care of children. IMPACT: In this review, we summarize recent advancements in our understanding of Ebola disease epidemiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic and preventative strategies. We highlight recent data pertinent to the care of children and pregnant women and identify research gaps for this important emerging viral infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Dobbs
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Alyssa Lobb
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arlene E Dent
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Almeida-Pinto F, Pinto R, Rocha J. Navigating the Complex Landscape of Ebola Infection Treatment: A Review of Emerging Pharmacological Approaches. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:21-55. [PMID: 38240994 PMCID: PMC10828234 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1976 Ebola revealed itself to the world, marking the beginning of a series of localized outbreaks. However, it was the Ebola outbreak that began in 2013 that incited fear and anxiety around the globe. Since then, our comprehension of the virus has been steadily expanding. Ebola virus (EBOV), belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus of the Filoviridae family, possesses a non-segmented, negative single-stranded RNA genome comprising seven genes that encode multiple proteins. These proteins collectively orchestrate the intricate process of infecting host cells. It is not possible to view each protein as monofunctional. Instead, they synergistically contribute to the pathogenicity of the virus. Understanding this multifaceted replication cycle is crucial for the development of effective antiviral strategies. Currently, two antibody-based therapeutics have received approval for treating Ebola virus disease (EVD). In 2022, the first evidence-based clinical practice guideline dedicated to specific therapies for EVD was published. Although notable progress has been made in recent years, deaths still occur. Consequently, there is an urgent need to enhance the therapeutic options available to improve the outcomes of the disease. Emerging therapeutics can target viral proteins as direct-acting antivirals or host factors as host-directed antivirals. They both have advantages and disadvantages. One way to bypass some disadvantages is to repurpose already approved drugs for non-EVD indications to treat EVD. This review offers detailed insight into the role of each viral protein in the replication cycle of the virus, as understanding how the virus interacts with host cells is critical to understanding how emerging therapeutics exert their activity. Using this knowledge, this review delves into the intricate mechanisms of action of current and emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Pinto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
- Dr. Joaquim Chaves, Medicine Laboratory, Joaquim Chaves Saúde (JCS), Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - João Rocha
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Saphire E, Salie ZL, Ke Z, Halfmann P, DeWald LE, McArdle S, Grinyo A, Davidson E, Schendel S, Hariharan C, Norris M, Yu X, Chennareddy C, Xiong X, Heinrich M, Holbrook M, Doranz B, Crozier I, Hastie K, Kawaoka Y, Branco L, Kuhn J, Briggs J, Worwa G, Davis C, Ahmed R. Anti-Ebola virus mAb 3A6 with unprecedented potency protects highly viremic animals from fatal outcome and physically lifts its glycoprotein target from the virion membrane. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3722563. [PMID: 38196595 PMCID: PMC10775387 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3722563/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP1,2) are the standard of care for Ebola virus disease (EVD). Anti-GP1,2 mAbs targeting the stalk and membrane proximal external region (MPER) potently neutralize EBOV in vitro. However, their neutralization mechanism is poorly understood because they target a GP1,2 epitope that has evaded structural characterization. Moreover, their in vivo efficacy has only been evaluated in the mouse model of EVD. Using x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron tomography of 3A6 complexed with its stalk- GP1,2 MPER epitope we reveal a novel mechanism in which 3A6 elevates the stalk or stabilizes a conformation of GP1,2 that is lifted from the virion membrane. In domestic guinea pig and rhesus monkey EVD models, 3A6 provides therapeutic benefit at high viremia levels, advanced disease stages, and at the lowest dose yet demonstrated for any anti-EBOV mAb-based monotherapy. These findings can guide design of next-generation, highly potent anti-EBOV mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Michael Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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12
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Olmedillas E, Rajamanickam RR, Avalos RD, Sosa FA, Zandonatti MA, Harkins SS, Shresta S, Hastie KM, Saphire EO. Structure of a SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 subunit in a pre-fusion, open conformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571764. [PMID: 38168261 PMCID: PMC10760097 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The 800 million human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and the likely emergence of new variants and additional coronaviruses necessitate a better understanding of the essential spike glycoprotein and the development of immunogens that foster broader and more durable immunity. The S2 fusion subunit is more conserved in sequence, is essential to function, and would be a desirable immunogen to boost broadly reactive antibodies. It is, however, unstable in structure and in its wild-type form, cannot be expressed alone without irreversible collapse into a six-helix bundle. In addition to the irreversible conformational changes of fusion, biophysical measurements indicate that spike also undergoes a reversible breathing action. However, spike in an open, "breathing" conformation has not yet been visualized at high resolution. Here we describe an S2-only antigen, engineered to remain in its relevant, pre-fusion viral surface conformation in the absence of S1. We also describe a panel of natural human antibodies specific for S2 from vaccinated and convalescent individuals. One of these mAbs, from a convalescent individual, afforded a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the prefusion S2. The structure reveals a complex captured in an "open" conformation with greater stabilizing intermolecular interactions at the base and a repositioned fusion peptide. Together, this work provides an antigen for advancement of next-generation "booster" immunogens and illuminates the likely breathing adjustments of the coronavirus spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Olmedillas
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roshan R. Rajamanickam
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fernanda A. Sosa
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle A. Zandonatti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie S. Harkins
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Kasumba DM, Misasi J, Mulangu S, Mbala-Kingebeni P. Exploring host-virus interaction to improve immunotherapy against Ebola virus. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:857-861. [PMID: 37845170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent immunological advances have led to the development of FDA-approved immunotherapies against Ebola virus (EBOV). However, patients with high viral loads have not seen as large a benefit as mild cases. Here we discuss areas of investigation that may lead to adjunctive immune therapy for patients with severe EBOV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacquin M Kasumba
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Axis of Molecular Immunology and Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - John Misasi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sabue Mulangu
- Global Medical Affairs, Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, Miami, FL, USA.
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14
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Undi RB, Ahsan N, Larabee JL, Darlene-Reuter N, Papin J, Dogra S, Hannafon BN, Bronze MS, Houchen CW, Huycke MM, Ali N. Blocking of doublecortin-like kinase 1-regulated SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle restores cell signaling network. J Virol 2023; 97:e0119423. [PMID: 37861336 PMCID: PMC10688311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01194-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae often afflict patients with underlying co-morbidities. There is a pressing need for highly effective treatment, particularly in light of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. In a previous study, we demonstrated that DCLK1, a protein associated with cancer stem cells, is highly expressed in the lungs of COVID-19 patients and enhances viral production and hyperinflammatory responses. In this study, we report the pivotal role of DCLK1-regulated mechanisms in driving SARS-CoV-2 replication-transcription processes and pathogenic signaling. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of DCLK1 kinase during SARS-CoV-2 effectively impedes these processes and counteracts virus-induced alternations in global cell signaling. These findings hold significant potential for immediate application in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Babu Undi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Mass Spectrometry, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jason L. Larabee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicole Darlene-Reuter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - James Papin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Samrita Dogra
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bethany N. Hannafon
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael S. Bronze
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mark M. Huycke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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15
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Yu X, Hastie KM, Davis CW, Avalos RD, Williams D, Parekh D, Hui S, Mann C, Hariharan C, Takada A, Ahmed R, Saphire EO. The evolution and determinants of neutralization of potent head-binding antibodies against Ebola virus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113366. [PMID: 37938974 PMCID: PMC11045044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against the Ebola virus (EBOV) surface glycoprotein are effective treatments for EBOV disease. Antibodies targeting the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) head epitope have potent neutralization and Fc effector function activity and thus are of high interest as therapeutics and for vaccine design. Here we focus on the head-binding antibodies 1A2 and 1D5, which have been identified previously in a longitudinal study of survivors of EBOV infection. 1A2 and 1D5 have the same heavy- and light-chain germlines despite being isolated from different individuals and at different time points after recovery from infection. Cryoelectron microscopy analysis of each antibody in complex with the EBOV surface GP reveals key amino acid substitutions in 1A2 that contribute to greater affinity, improved neutralization potency, and enhanced breadth as well as two strategies for antibody evolution from a common site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dewight Williams
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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16
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Han JJ, Song HA, Pierson SL, Shen-Gunther J, Xia Q. Emerging Infectious Diseases Are Virulent Viruses-Are We Prepared? An Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2618. [PMID: 38004630 PMCID: PMC10673331 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 affected the global population, resulting in a significant loss of lives and global economic deterioration. COVID-19 highlighted the importance of public awareness and science-based decision making, and exposed global vulnerabilities in preparedness and response systems. Emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks are becoming more frequent due to increased international travel and global warming. These viral outbreaks impose serious public health threats and have transformed national strategies for pandemic preparedness with global economic consequences. At the molecular level, viral mutations and variations are constantly thwarting vaccine efficacy, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prevention strategies. Here, we discuss viral infectious diseases that were epidemic and pandemic, currently available treatments, and surveillance measures, along with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J. Han
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Hannah A. Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - Sarah L. Pierson
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Jane Shen-Gunther
- Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
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17
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Rijal P, Donnellan FR. A review of broadly protective monoclonal antibodies to treat Ebola virus disease. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101339. [PMID: 37392670 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The filovirus vaccine and the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) research have made substantial progress. However, existing vaccines and mAbs approved for use in humans are specific to Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). Since other Ebolavirus species are a continuing threat to public health, the search for broadly protective mAbs has drawn attention. Here, we review viral glycoprotein-targeting mAbs that have proved their broader protective efficacy in animal models. MBP134AF, the most advanced of these new-generation mAb therapies, has recently been deployed in Uganda during the Sudan ebolavirus outbreak. Furthermore, we discuss the measures associated with enhancing antibody therapies and the risks associated with them, including the rise of escape mutations following the mAb treatment and naturally occurring EBOV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Rijal
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, UK.
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