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Zhou S, Su Q, Zhong D, Guo J, Liu J, Li A. Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1195. [PMID: 37698675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) has been increasingly observed during the past decade. Among numerous PHCZ congeners, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) is often among the most frequently detected at higher concentrations. Although the environmental level of the legacy pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) has been declining, it continues to be ubiquitously detected. These two compounds were found to interfere with each other during analyses using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS or MS/MS). The base peak in the mass spectra was that of m/z 235 for both compounds. In MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the same transitions (235 → 200 and 235 → 165) were often used. Under the same GC operating conditions, the SH-I-5MS capillary column used in this work did not resolve the two compounds at baseline. Pre-treatment using cleanup column chromatography can fractionate the sample extract, with the two compounds separated in different fractions before instrumental analyses. Reversed-phase HPLC columns also work for resolving 36-CCZ and p,p'-DDT. Possible overlaps in GC retention and similarity in MS spectra might have caused data inaccuracy for 36-CCZ as well as p,p'-DDT in some studies published to date, and steps to avoid the interference should be taken into quality control protocols in future research and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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2
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Palát J, Kukučka P, Codling GP, Price EJ, Janků P, Klánová J. Application of 96-well plate SPE method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants in low volume blood serum samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132300. [PMID: 34563784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are closely regulated the human population is still exposed to these ubiquitous chemicals from the environment and diet. Safe management and human biomonitoring of POPs is necessary to understand the risk of exposure. Within human biomonitoring the mass of sample is often limited, therefore robust methods using smaller sample amounts are necessary. This study developed a 96-well plate solid phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of selected POPs: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and non-persistent novel flame retardants (NFRs) in low volume blood serum. Non-destructive clean-up coupling Oasis HLB extraction plate with Phree phospholipid removal plate was employed. Extraction efficiency was determined at low and high concentrations in certified reference materials NIST SRM 1957 and 1958, respectively. Target compounds deviated from certified values on average by 15% and 21% for SRM 1957 and SRM 1958, respectively. Observed limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.36 pg/mL (PCB 180) to 66.07 pg/mL (δ-HCH). The applicability for real samples is demonstrated on 48 samples from pregnant women enrolled in the pilot phase of the CELSPAC: TNG study. In total, 30 target compounds were detected in at least one sample. The method developed here provides a fast and reliable analysis of human blood serum with possibility to introduce automation for the sample preparation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Palát
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Garry P Codling
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr, SK, S7N 5B3, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Janků
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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Manz KE, Yamada K, Scheidl L, La Merrill MA, Lind L, Pennell KD. Targeted and Nontargeted Detection and Characterization of Trace Organic Chemicals in Human Serum and Plasma Using QuEChERS Extraction. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:77-88. [PMID: 34668567 PMCID: PMC8714361 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a broad range of organic chemicals. Although targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques are used to quantify a limited number of persistent organic pollutants and trace organic contaminants in biological samples, nontargeted, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods assess the human exposome more extensively. We present a QuEChERS extraction for targeted and nontargeted analysis of trace organic contaminants using HRMS and compare this method to a traditional, cartridge-based solid-phase extraction (SPE). Following validation using reference and spiked serum samples, the method was applied to plasma samples (n = 75) from the Prospective investigation of Obesity, Energy, and Metabolism (POEM) study. We quantified 44 analytes using targeted analysis and 6247 peaks were detected using the nontargeted approach. Over 90% of targeted analytes were at least 90% recovered using the QuEChERS method in spiked serum samples. In nontargeted analysis, 84% of the peaks were above the method detection limit with area counts up to 3.0 × 105 times greater using the QuEChERS method. Of the targeted compounds, 88% were also identified in the nontargeted analysis. We categorized the 4212 chemicals assigned an identity in using EPA's CompTox Dashboard and 1076 chemicals were found in at least one list. The category with the highest number of chemicals was "androgen or estrogen receptor activity." The findings demonstrate that a QuEChERS technique is suitable for both targeted and nontargeted analysis of trace organic contaminants in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kyle Yamada
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lukas Scheidl
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Martinez G, Niu J, Takser L, Bellenger JP, Zhu J. A review on the analytical procedures of halogenated flame retardants by gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and their levels in human samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117476. [PMID: 34082369 PMCID: PMC8355089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) market is continuously evolving and have moved from the extensive use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) to more recent introduced mixtures such as Firemaster 550, Firemaster 680, DP-25, DP-35, and DP-515. These substitutes are mainly composed of non-PBDEs HFRs such as 2-ethyl-hexyl tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Other HFRs commonly being monitored include Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec604), 5,6-dibromo-1,10, 11, 12,13,13-hexachloro- 11-tricyclo[8.2.1.02,9]tridecane (HCDBCO) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene (OBTMPI). This review aims at highlighting the advances in the past decade (2010-2020) on both the analytical procedures of HFRs in human bio-specimens using gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and synthesizing the information on the levels of these HFRs in human samples. Human specimen included in this review are blood, milk, stool/meconium, hair and nail. The review summarizes the analytical methods, including extraction and clean-up techniques, used for measuring HFRs in biological samples, which are largely adopted from those for analysing PBDEs. In addition, new challenges in the analysis to include both PBDEs and a wide range of other HFRs are also discussed in this review. Review of the levels of HFRs in human samples shows that PBDEs are still the most predominant HFRs in many cases, followed by DP. However, emerging HFRs are also being detected in human despite of the fact that both their detection frequencies and levels are lower than PBDEs and DP. It is clearly demonstrated in this review that people working in the industry or living close to the industrial areas have higher HFR levels in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianjun Niu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Phillipe Bellenger
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Yang L, Liu G, Shen J, Wang M, Yang Q, Zheng M. Environmental characteristics and formations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106450. [PMID: 33684732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have similar or higher toxicities than the notorious dioxins. Toxicities, formation mechanisms, and environmental fates of PBDD/Fs are lacking because accurate quantification, especially of higher brominated congeners, is challenging. PBDD/F analysis is difficult because of photolysis and thermal degradation and interference from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Here, literatures on PBDD/F analysis and environmental occurrences are reviewed to improve our understanding of PBDD/F environmental pollution and human exposure levels. Although PBDD/Fs behave similarly to dioxins, different congener profiles between PBDD/Fs and dioxins in the environment indicates their different sources and formation mechanisms. Herein, potential sources and formation mechanisms of PBDD/Fs were critically discussed, and current knowledge gaps and future directions for PBDD/F research are highlighted. An understanding of PBDD/F formation pathways will allow for development of synergistic control strategies for PBDD/Fs, dioxins, and other dioxin-like POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Yang J, Yang Y, Xie Z, Yu H, Huang Q, Xu Y, He J, Wen T, Liu Q. Ca 2+ mediated mechanism of octa-brominated dioxin/furan formation via BDE-209 thermolysis: Introducing the Mayer bond order difference. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123229. [PMID: 32585521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) that form during industrial thermal processes, such as the cement kiln co-processing of BDE-209, are highly toxic contaminants. Nevertheless, the formation mechanisms of octa-brominated dioxins/furans (OBDD/Fs), most PBDD/F congeners, and one precursor of the more toxic lower PBDD/Fs from BDE-209 have received little attention. In cement kiln co-processes, the Ca2+-mediated regulation of OBDD/F formation is still debated. In this study, simulation experiments revealed that the average brominating degree of PBDD/Fs was 7.8, indicating that OBDD/Fs are dominant congeners (93.6 % median). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations found a new transition state (TS1) with a lower energy barrier than that found in a previous study. Three major OBDD/F formation reactions suggested that the presence of Ca2+ was thermodynamically beneficial to the formation of OBDD/Fs. This promotion effect can be attributed to the transfer of electron density leading to a change in the Mayer bond order (MBO) among elements when Ca2+ was bound. Intriguingly, in the transition state structures of the Ca2+-bound and Ca2+-free systems, the MBO difference among the old and new bonds can reveal the difficulty of Ca2+-mediated OBDD/F formation reactions from BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Haibin Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Ya Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Tao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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Zhang X, Saini A, Hao C, Harner T. Passive air sampling and nontargeted analysis for screening POP-like chemicals in the atmosphere: Opportunities and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Yang J, Yu H, Xie Z, Yang Y, Zheng X, Zhang J, Huang Q, Wen T, Wang J. Pathways and influential factors study on the formation of PBDD/Fs during co-processing BDE-209 in cement kiln simulation system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110246. [PMID: 32028153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermal processes of cement kilns are sources of polybrominated dibenzofurans and dioxins (PBDD/Fs); however, when co-processing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) soil in cement kilns, very few reports have investigated the mechanism of PBDD/Fs formation from BDE-209. Therefore, the pathways and factors that influence the formation of PBDD/Fs were investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) at lab-scale. The PBDEs, HBr/Br2 and PBDD/Fs emissions in flue gas from the simulated thermal process were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), and ion chromatography (IC). Density functional theory (DFT) was also used to further discuss the formation of PBDD/Fs. The major products of BDE-209 thermal decomposition in flue gas were 97.1% HBr/Br2 (a.v. 26.6%/70.6%) > 2.7% PBDEs >0.2% PBDD/Fs. Formation of precursors were the main pathways for PBDD/Fs, and those precursors were dominated by higher-brominated PBDEs (heptã deca-BDEs); debromination of BDE-209 was also a crucial pathway for the formation of PBDD/Fs throughout the thermal process. Interestingly, it was easier to form HpBDD/Fs from OBDD/Fs than from PBDEs. The O2 percentage and interaction factors of O2 percentage, temperature, and CaCO3 percentage have the largest influence on PBDD/Fs emissions and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Haibin Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Jingxing Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Tao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
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Cetin B, Yurdakul S, Odabasi M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) pollution in soil of a highly industrialized region (Dilovasi) in Turkey: concentrations, spatial and temporal variations and possible sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:474. [PMID: 31256268 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in soil were studied for a whole year in highly industrialized region of Turkey (Dilovasi) at 23 sampling sites. Σ8PBDE concentrations were between 0.15 and 286 μg kg-1 and the overall average concentration was 14.45 ± 25.07 μg kg-1 (average ± SD). BDE-209 was the most abundant compound. PBDEs concentrations decreased spatially as follows: industrial/urban > urban > suburban > rural. However, there was not any significant seasonal trend except for some industrial/urban sites. In the region, calm weather conditions prevailed during the sampling periods, enhancing the impact of the industrial emissions on nearby soil concentrations by atmospheric deposition without being diluted by winds. All congeners had significant but weak correlations with soil organic matter content indicating the impact of nearby sources rather than soil properties on soil PBDEs concentrations at the sampling sites. Positive matrix factorization method was also used for the apportionment of the PBDEs sources in Dilovasi soil. Industrial activities (i.e., iron-steel production, metallurgical processes, and recycling of plastics), traffic, and residential areas were found to be the primary sources of the measured PBDEs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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10
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Determination of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Blood from Baltic Grey Seals. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Cruz R, Marques A, Casal S, Cunha SC. Fast and environmental-friendly methods for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their metabolites in fish tissues and feed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1503-1515. [PMID: 30235635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental-friendly, cost-effective and fast methods were developed and validated for the analysis of seven PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in three distinct seafood matrices (muscle, liver and plasma) and feed using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction approach for solid samples and a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) for plasma. Instrumental analyses were performed with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using electron impact source (GC-EI-MS/MS) and negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS) to assess BDE-209. Statistical validation showed recoveries for all target substances near 100% with average Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) lower than 9% and recovery standards higher than 65% (average RSD below 20%). Average calculated Method Detection Limits (MDLs) were lower than 65 pg·g-1 wet weight (WW) for muscle, 5.35 ng·g-1 WW for liver, 4.50 ng·g-1 WW for feed, and 0.60 ng·mL-1 for plasma samples. Quality assurance and quality control practices were comprehensively described. Methods scored high in an analytical Eco-scale, thus being classified as "an excellent green analysis". Finally, real seafood samples collected in local markets and local fishermen were analyzed. Positive samples presented both PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in safe amounts (0.28-125.80 ng·g-1 WW) for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cruz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Zhou Y, Liu J. Emissions, environmental levels, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33082-33102. [PMID: 30269281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were labeled potential persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention and have structures and toxicities similar to those of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which has caused considerable concern. This article reviews the current available literature on the status, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of PBDD/Fs. PBDD/Fs are widely generated in industrial thermal processes, such as those for brominated flame retardant (BFR) products, e-waste dismantling, metal smelting processes, and waste incineration. PBDD/Fs can form via the following routes: precursor formation, de novo formation, biosynthesis, and natural formation. The levels of PBDD/Fs in the environment and in organisms and humans have increased due to extensive consumption and the increasing inventory of BFRs; thus, the risk of human exposure to PBDD/Fs is expected to be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Pirard C, Charlier C. Simple and fast method for the measurement of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in human serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:918-925. [PMID: 30119023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent and reliable human biomonitoring data on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), either legacy or new BFRs, are still needed to assess human exposure. The aim of this work was therefore to develop and validate an accurate, fast and user-friendly analytical strategy for the determination of 15 legacy and novel BFRs in human serum namely 8 polybrominated diphenylethers (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209), 1 hexabromobiphenyl (PBB-153), and 6 novel BFRs (pentabromotoluene, hexabromobenzene, pentabromoethylbenzene, 2-ethylhexy-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, and decabromodiphenylethane). This analytical procedure consisted in a simple liquid-liquid extraction followed by elution on a PHREE cartridge avoiding further laborious purification steps. The final determination was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization mode (GC-ECNI-MS). The 15 m long RTX-1614 allowed the simultaneous measurement of the 15 BFRs including low and high brominated species within a single injection on a single column. Except for 2-ethylhexy-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) which showed very high response variations resulting in poor linearity, trueness and precision, and decabromodiphenylethane for which very low sensitivity was achieved, the 13 other BFRs passed the validation process with recoveries varying between 56 and 82%, and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 pg/ml (34.5 pg/ml for BDE-209). Within the validated range of concentrations, the relative bias from the introduced levels were below 20% while the intra and inter precisions were maintained below 15%. The reliability of the technique was confirmed by successfully analyzing interlaboratory test materials (AMAP ring test for POPs in human serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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14
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Richman KE, Butt CM, Young CJ. Size-resolved particle measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers indoors: Implications for sources and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:481-490. [PMID: 28892245 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardant polymer additives that are widely detected in outdoor and indoor environments. Release of PBDEs from consumer products leads to high concentrations indoors, but mechanisms of release are poorly understood. Although ingestion of dust is a well-studied indoor PBDE exposure route, the importance of inhalation exposure is uncertain. To address these unknowns, dust was collected from household vacuum cleaners, and suspended particulate matter was collected from the same homes in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, using a cascade impactor. Size-fractionated particulate matter samples (0.01-18 μm diameter) were analyzed for PBDEs. The sum of PBDEs in all particulate matter ranged from 8.7 ± 0.5 to 15.7 ± 0.5 pg/m3 , with >50% of PBDE mass in respirable particulate matter (<1 μm). Mass loadings as a function of particle size suggested that both abrasion and off-gassing led to the presence of PBDEs in particulate matter. Variability in the particulate matter mass loadings indicated that emission mechanisms were both product- and location-dependent. Congener profiles in colocated vacuum dust and particulate matter samples were different, indicating that vacuum dust cannot accurately predict PBDE congeners in respirable particulate matter. A calculated lower limit inhalation exposure to PBDEs (0.19 ng/d) is lower than exposure via diet or ingestion of dust, although the different biochemical pathways for inhalation compared with ingestion may have different biological effects. The present study highlights the importance of contaminant analysis in size-fractionated particulate matter to assess human exposure via inhalation compared with traditional vacuum dust methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:481-490. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Richman
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Levine Science Research Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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15
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Xu F, Feng X, Shi N, Pan J, Zhan H, Han Y. Development and validation of a subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane extraction technique: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated biphenyl ethers in aquatic products. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4213-4221. [PMID: 28744979 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and green method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated biphenyl ethers in aquatic products using subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Effects of the extraction temperature, pressure, and cosolvent volume on the extraction efficiency were investigated by extracting spiked oyster samples. The results show that the maximum extraction efficiency was obtained at 40°C, 12 MPa, and a cosolvent (dichloromethane) volume of 5.0 mL. Under these conditions, the calibration curves had good linearity with square of the correlation larger than 0.998 in the concentration range of 5-800 ng/mL; limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.16-2.83 and 0.55-9.43 ng/g, respectively. At spiked levels of 10, 30, and 50 ng/g, the average recoveries were 70.4-80.4% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 74.0-83.6% for polychlorinated biphenyls, and 66.9-78.0% for polybrominated biphenyl ethers, with average relative standard deviations of less than 16.3%. The established method has no significant differences in recovery compared to traditional methods and is suitable for the analysis of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomei Feng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nianrong Shi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangbo Pan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology and Equipment, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huashu Zhan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology and Equipment, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuqian Han
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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16
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He C, Wang X, Thai P, Mueller JF, Gallen C, Li Y, Baduel C. Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust. Talanta 2017; 164:503-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Cruz R, Cunha SC, Marques A, Casal S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites – An analytical review on seafood occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Brits M, de Vos J, Weiss JM, Rohwer ER, de Boer J. Critical review of the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their environmental levels in Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:174-189. [PMID: 27591369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
World-wide, the prevalence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is well documented for routine analysis of environmental and biological matrices. There is, however, limited information on these compounds in the African environment and insufficient information on the analytical approaches used to obtain data. This paper presents a review on BFR levels in the African environment and the various analytical methodologies specifically applied in Africa for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls and alternative-BFRs. The analyses include liquid sample preparation using liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction and solid sample preparation involving Soxhlet extraction, with ultrasound-assisted extraction increasingly being applied. Instrumental detection techniques were limited to gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector and electron impact ionisation with single quadrupole mass spectrometers. Information on congener profile prevalence in indoor dust, soil, aquatic environment (water, sediment, and aquatic organisms), eggs, wastewater treatment plant compartments, landfills (leachate and sediment) and breast milk are presented. Although PBDEs were inconsistently detected, contamination was reported for all investigated matrices in the African environment. The manifestation in remote regions indicates the ubiquitous prevalence and long-range transport of these compounds. Levels in sediment, and breast milk from some African countries were higher than reported for Asia and Europe. Due to limited data or non-detection of alternative-BFRs, it is unclear whether banned formulations were replaced in Africa. Most of the data reported for BFR levels in Africa were obtained in non-African laboratories or in South Africa and formed the basis for our discussion of reported contamination levels and related methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brits
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa; VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Separation Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Jayne de Vos
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Laboratory for Separation Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Badea SL, Niculescu VC, Ionete RE, Eljarrat E. Advances in enantioselective analysis of chiral brominated flame retardants. Current status, limitations and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1120-1130. [PMID: 27265736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analysis is a powerful tool for the discrimination of biotic and abiotic transformation processes of chiral environmental contaminants because their environmental biodegradation is mostly stereospecific. However, it is challenging when applied to new contaminants since enantioselective analysis methods are currently available only for a limited number of compounds. The enantioselective analysis of chiral novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) either using gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) with various chiral stationary phases (CSP) coupled with various mass spectrometric techniques was extensively discussed. The elution order of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) enantiomers in chiral LC was reviewed using the experimental LC data combined also with predictions from a multi-mode Hamiltonian dynamics simulation model based on interaction energies of HBCD enantiomers with β-permethylated cyclodextrin. The further development of analytical methodologies for new chiral BFRs using advanced hyphenated analytical techniques, but also the next generation mass spectrometer analyzers (i.e. GC-Qrbitrap MS-MS, LC-Qrbitrap MS-MS), will contribute to a better characterization of the transformation pathways of chiral BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Violeta Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Poma G, Malarvannan G, Voorspoels S, Symons N, Malysheva SV, Van Loco J, Covaci A. Determination of halogenated flame retardants in food: Optimization and validation of a method based on a two-step clean-up and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Kadari R, Rabba G, Ganti S, Bhukya M, Urlagaddala R, Manda RPR, Munirathnam NR. Quantitative estimation of brominated compounds for restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) present in computer key board switches (CKBS) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481601010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Xu P, Tao B, Ye Z, Qi L, Ren Y, Zhou Z, Li N, Huang Y, Chen J. Simultaneous determination of three alternative flame retardants (dechlorane plus, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane, and decabromodiphenyl ethane) in soils by gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 144:1014-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Comparison of GC–NCI MS, GC–ICP-MS, and GC–EI MS–MS for the determination of PBDEs in water samples according to the Water Framework Directive. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8009-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Zhang H, Bayen S, Kelly BC. Multi-residue analysis of legacy POPs and emerging organic contaminants in Singapore's coastal waters using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:219-232. [PMID: 25863512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) based method was developed for determination of 86 hydrophobic organic compounds in seawater. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was employed for sequestration of target analytes in the dissolved phase. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and florisil chromatography were utilized for determination of concentrations in suspended sediments (particulate phase). The target compounds included multi-class hydrophobic contaminants with a wide range of physical-chemical properties. This list includes several polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, methyl triclosan, chlorobenzenes, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Spiked MilliQ water and seawater samples were used to evaluate the method performance. Analyte recoveries were generally good, with the exception of some of the more volatile target analytes (chlorobenzenes and bromobenzenes). The method is very sensitive, with method detection limits typically in the low parts per quadrillion (ppq) range. Analysis of 51 field-collected seawater samples (dissolved and particulate-bound phases) from four distinct coastal sites around Singapore showed trace detection of several polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other legacy POPs, as well as several current-use emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). Polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks, bromobenzenes, dechlorane plus isomers (syn-DP, anti-DP) and methyl triclosan were frequently detected at appreciable levels (2-20,000pgL(-1)). The observed concentrations of the monitored contaminants in Singapore's marine environment were generally comparable to previously reported levels in other coastal marine systems. To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of these emerging contaminants of concern in Singapore or Southeast Asia. The developed method may prove beneficial for future environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine environments. Further, the study provides novel information regarding several potentially hazardous contaminants of concern in Singapore's marine environment, which will aid future risk assessment initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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25
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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26
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Iparraguirre A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Bizkarguenaga E, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Cela R, Fernández LA. Matrix solid-phase dispersion of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated analogues in lettuce, carrot and soil. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:57-65. [PMID: 25130091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel analytical method for the simultaneous determination of ten polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and seven hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) in soil, lettuce and carrot samples was developed. The procedure was based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Under optimum conditions, 0.5g of sample (freeze-dried in the case of lettuce and carrot samples) was dispersed with 0.5g of octadecyl-functionalized silica (C18) and 1.75g of acidified silica (10% H2SO4, w/w) was used as clean-up sorbent. A two-step fractionated elution was carried out. First, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were eluted in 75:25% (v/v) n-hexane/dichloromethane mixture and, then, the retained OH-PBDEs were eluted in pure dichloromethane. Both extracts were analyzed by GC-NCI-MS separately, in the case of OH-PBDEs after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy for soil, lettuce and carrot matrices, spiked at two fortification levels (5 and 25ngg(-1)). After correction with the corresponding surrogate, apparent recovery values (defined as the recovery obtained after correction with the corresponding surrogate) were in the 80-129% range. Precision (as relative standard deviation) in the 1-21% range and method detection limits (MDLs) in the 0.003 and 0.3ngg(-1) range for soil and in the 0.003-0.4ngg(-1) range (dry weight) for lettuce and carrot samples were obtained. For PBDEs the method was also validated with a standard reference material (SRM-2585) of house dust. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of target analytes in soil, lettuce and carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L A Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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27
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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of polybrominated diphenylethers using a portable Raman spectrometer. Talanta 2013; 116:14-7. [PMID: 24148366 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Xu W, Wang X, Cai Z. Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm Convention: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 790:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Zhang S, Zhao TB, Luo G, Huang H, Wang J, Cai ZZ. A Total Solution to Baseline Separation of 20 Brominated Flame Retardant Additives in Electronic Products with Automated Soxhlet Hot Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Development of a method for simultaneous analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, PBDEs, PCNs and PAHs in Antarctic air. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:917-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Wang J, Chen S, Nie X, Tian M, Luo X, An T, Mai B. Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:844-9. [PMID: 22658133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an alternative flame retardant to decabromodiphenyl ether, was investigated in a variety of matrixes (n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran, methanol/water, humic acid/water, and silica gel) by irradiation under ultraviolet light and in n-hexane under natural light. Photolytic degradation of DBDPE occurs in all the matrixes investigated within the irradiation period (<320 min). The degradation experiments showed varied reaction rates, dependent on the matrixes, with increasing half-lives (t(1/2)) in the order of tetrahydrofuran (t(1/2)=6.0 min)>n-hexane (t(1/2)=16.6 min)>humic acid/water (30<t(1/2)<60)>silica gel (t(1/2)=75.9 min)>methanol/water (t(1/2)>240 min). The reaction in tetrahydrofuran, n-hexane, and silica gel matrixes can be described by the pseudo first order kinetics. Nevertheless, the matrixes have little effect on the degradation product distributions of DBDPE. A numbers of debrominated intermediates were identified. The degradation involves the initial formation of nona-BDPEs and the subsequent decomposition of these congeners to lower brominated congeners (octa- and hepta-BDPEs) within the irradiation time. To our knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to investigate the photolytic degradation kinetics and the identification of intermediates, as well as the degradation mechanism, during the degradation of DBDPE. Further research is needed to understand the photolytic degradation pattern of DBDPE in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples - review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2075-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fulara
- Central Laboratory; Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas; Katowice Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Environmental Protection Department; Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals; Gliwice Poland
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Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus, brominated flame retardants, by-products and formulation intermediates in water. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1241:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Implementation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of halogenated contaminants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2813-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Heating of BDE-209 and BDE-47 in plant oil in presence of o,p′-DDT or iron(III) chloride can produce monochloro–polybromo diphenyl ethers. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1697-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Viganò L, Roscioli C, Guzzella L. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) enters the food web of the River Po and is metabolically debrominated in resident cyprinid fishes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4966-72. [PMID: 21925710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the primary constituent of a widely used flame retardant formulation, is present at relatively high levels in sediments and macroinvertebrates of the River Po. Since it was demonstrated that BDE-209 can be biotransformed to smaller and more toxic polybrominated dipheyl ethers (PBDEs), the main objective of this study was to assess whether the large quantities of BDE-209 present in the River Po are bioavailable to the higher levels of the food web and are biotransformed in feral fishes. To this aim, 23 cyprinids, mainly common carp, were analysed for the hepatic contents of PBDEs. Contrary to sediments and invertebrates of the same area, no fish sample contained detectable levels of BDE-209. All fishes contained typical PBDE representatives, e.g. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 and BDE-154, but more importantly they contained three congeners, i.e. BDE-179, BDE-188 and BDE-202, which are not present in any technical formulations and are known products of BDE-209 debromination in fish. The age of carps had no effects on the bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Conversely, the contents of PCBs, which also were determined in the same fish samples, showed a positive correlation with age. Both groups of chemicals displayed a tendency to a higher contamination in male fish. This study shows that BDE-209 enters the food web of the River Po contributing to the load of lower brominated PBDEs and thus to the load of chemical stressors threatening the aquatic life of the major Italian watercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Viganò
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, 20861 Brugherio (Milan), Italy.
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37
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Comparing columns for gas chromatography with the two-parameter model for retention prediction. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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40
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Influence of Gas Chromatographic Parameters on Determination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Wang D, Li QX. Application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:737-775. [PMID: 19722247 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review summarized the applications of mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of the important flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to understand the environmental sources, fate and toxicity of PBDEs that were briefly discussed to give a general idea for the need of analytical methodologies. Specific performance of various mass spectrometers hyphenated with, for example, gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, and inductively coupled plasma (GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP/MS, respectively) for the analysis of PBDEs was compared with an objective to present the information on the evolution of MS techniques for determining PBDEs in environmental and human samples. GC/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole MS (GC/NCI qMS), GC/high resolution MS (GC/HRMS) and GC ion trap MS (GC/ITMS) are most commonly used MS techniques for the determination of PBDEs. New analytical technologies such as fast tandem GC/MS and LC/MS become available to improve analyses of higher PBDEs. The development and application of the tandem MS techniques have helped to understand environmental fate and transformations of PBDEs of which abiotic and biotic degradation of decaBDE is thought to be one major source of Br(1-9)BDEs present in the environment in addition to direct loading from commercial mixtures. MS-based proteomics will offer an insight into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential developmental and neurotoxicity of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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ZHAO X, LI Y, ZHANG H, NI Y, CHEN J. Applications of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of emerging organic pollutants. Se Pu 2010; 28:435-41. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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43
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Mingwu S, Chao W, Yongjuan J, Xinhua D, Xiang F. Determination of Selected Polybrominated Diphenylethers and Polybrominated Biphenyl in Polymers by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5154-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1003618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Mingwu
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chao
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yongjuan
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China
| | - Dai Xinhua
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China
| | - Fang Xiang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China
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Wei H, Yang R, Li A, Christensen ER, Rockne KJ. Gas chromatographic retention of 180 polybrominated diphenyl ethers and prediction of relative retention under various operational conditions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2964-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Wei H, Dassanayake PS, Li A. Parametric evaluation for programmable temperature vaporization large volume injection in gas chromatographic determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 90:535-547. [PMID: 20383321 PMCID: PMC2850545 DOI: 10.1080/03067310902871299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work is a thorough investigation on the major operating parameters of the programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet used for gas chromatographic injection, including injection mode and volume, inlet temperature, vent and purge flow rates. The results clearly demonstrate the advantage of large volume injection in enhancing the detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Partial loss of injected PBDEs occurred during solvent venting and due to incomplete sample transfer. Such loss was minimized by lowering the initial inlet temperature and vent flow and elevating the final inlet temperature. The results show that 50 mL/min vent flow, as low as 0 degrees C initial and higher than 300 degrees C final inlet temperatures produced the relatively high responses. Two mass spectrometric parameters were also evaluated. Indoor dust, lake sediment and human placenta tissue samples were analyzed to demonstrate reliability and sensitivity improvement of the PTV large volume injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - An Li
- Correspondence author information: Dr. An Li EOHS, SPH, UIC MC-922 2121 W. Taylor Street Chicago, IL 60612 Phone: +1 312-996-9597, Fax: +1 312-413-9898
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Covaci A, Dirtu AC, Voorspoels S, Roosens L, Lepom P. Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods Applied to Congener-Specific Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Evaluating the impact of GC operating settings on GC–FID performance for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) determination. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by anaerobic bacteria from soils and sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:794-802. [PMID: 20008168 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01872-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have attracted attention recently due to their proven adverse effects on animals and their increasing concentrations in various environmental media and biota. To gain insight into the fate of PBDEs, microcosms established with soils and sediments from 28 locations were investigated to determine their debromination potential with an octa-brominated diphenyl ether (octa-BDE) mixture consisting of hexa- to nona-BDEs. Debromination occurred in microcosms containing samples from 20 of the 28 locations when they were spiked with octa-BDE dissolved in the solvent trichloroethene (TCE), which is a potential cosubstrate for stimulating PBDE debromination, and in microcosms containing samples from 11 of the 28 locations when they were spiked with octa-BDE dissolved in nonane. Debromination products ranging from hexa- to mono-BDEs were generated within 2 months. Notably, the toxic tetra-BDEs accounted for 50% of the total product. In sediment-free culture C-N-7* amended with the octa-BDE mixture and nonane (containing 45 nM nona-BDE, 181 nM octa-BDEs, 294 nM hepta-BDE, and 19 nM hexa-BDE) there was extensive debromination of the parent compounds, which produced hexa-BDE (56 nM), penta-BDEs (124 nM), and tetra-BDEs (150 nM) within 42 days, possibly by a metabolic process. A 16S rRNA gene-based analysis revealed that Dehalococcoides species were present in 11 of 14 active microcosms. However, unknown debrominating species in some of the microcosms debrominated the octa-BDE mixture in the absence of other added halogenated electron acceptors (such as TCE). These findings provide information that is useful for assessing microbial reductive debromination of higher brominated PBDEs to less-brominated congeners, a possible source of the more toxic congeners (e.g., penta- and tetra-BDEs) detected in the environment.
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Vizcaino E, Arellano L, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO. Analysis of whole congener mixtures of polybromodiphenyl ethers by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in both environmental and biological samples at femtogram levels. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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