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Dos Santos ID, Zomer P, Pizzutti IR, Wagner R, Mol H. Multi-residue determination of biocides in dairy products and slurry feed using QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QOrbitrap™-MS). Food Chem 2024; 457:140117. [PMID: 38905841 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Given that the determination of biocides in food and feed is currently not routinely done, more information on these compounds is useful for consumer's safety. This work describes a sensitive and reliable method for quantitative analysis of a wide range of biocides in dairy products and slurry feed. The method comprises acetate-buffered QuEChERS extraction without clean-up. Analyses were performed by LC-Q-Orbitrap™-MS and a full-scan acquisition event without fragmentation was followed by five fragmentation events (data-independent acquisition-DIA). The quantitative validation was performed according to SANTE/11312/2021 at 10, 50 and 200 ng g-1 spiking levels, and the results showed that the vast majority of the compounds met the criteria for trueness and precision. The LOQ was 10 ng g-1 for the majority of biocides depending on the matrix. The method was successfully applied to quantify biocides in dairy products and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid D Dos Santos
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue 1000, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul state, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ionara R Pizzutti
- Center of Research and Analysis of Contaminants (CEPARC), Department of Chemistry, Roraima Avenue 1000, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul state, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue 1000, Camobi, Rio Grande do Sul state, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Chukwu KB, Abafe OA, Amoako DG, Essack SY, Abia ALK. Antibiotic, Heavy Metal, and Biocide Concentrations in a Wastewater Treatment Plant and Its Receiving Water Body Exceed PNEC Limits: Potential for Antimicrobial Resistance Selective Pressure. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1166. [PMID: 37508262 PMCID: PMC10376008 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the rise in antimicrobial resistance has been attributed mainly to the extensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials such as antibiotics and biocides in humans, animals and on plants, studies investigating the impact of this use on water environments in Africa are minimal. This study quantified selected antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and its receiving water body in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, in the context of the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) for the selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Water samples were collected from the WWTP effluent discharge point and upstream and downstream from this point. Heavy metals were identified and quantified using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method 200.7. Biocides and antibiotic residues were determined using validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based methods. The overall highest mean antibiotic, metal and biocide concentrations were observed for sulfamethoxazole (286.180 µg/L), neodymium (Nd; 27.734 mg/L), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC 12) (7.805 µg/L), respectively. In decreasing order per sampling site, the pollutant concentrations were effluent > downstream > upstream. This implies that the WWTP significantly contributed to the observed pollution in the receiving water. Furthermore, most of the pollutants measured recorded values exceeding the recommended predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values, suggesting that the microbes in such water environments were at risk of developing resistance due to the selection pressure exerted by these antimicrobials. Further studies are required to establish such a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi B Chukwu
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Residue Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Campus, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa
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Lazofsky A, Doherty C, Szary P, Buckley B. A surface sampling and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds collected from public transportation buses in New Jersey. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS 2022; 8:318-328. [PMID: 35791422 PMCID: PMC9247117 DOI: 10.1016/j.emcon.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of antimicrobial disinfectants whose use in cleaning products increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chemically, their low vapor pressure indicates a proclivity to persist on surfaces, and their presence suggests a level of protection against microorganisms. The widespread application of QACs in response to the SARS CoV-2 virus created a need to evaluate their longevity on surfaces, for both efficacy and possible health risks. There are however, no standardized analytical methods for QAC surface sampling and analysis, and no published studies quantifying their concentrations on mass transportation vehicles-a high occupancy, close-contact microenvironment documented to facilitate the spread the SARS CoV-2 virus. Here, we describe a robust liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the analysis of QACs and simultaneous development of a direct surface sampling and extraction protocol. We demonstrate the applicability of the method through the analysis of surface samples collected from in-service public transportation buses. The rapid, sensitive LC-MS method included 8 target QACs quantified on a Q-Exactive HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization source and Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system for analyte separation. QAC standard mixtures at concentrations between 0.1 ng mL-1 and 2000 ng mL-1 were analyzed, and chromatographic separation of all analytes was achieved in less than 10 min. All correlation coefficients were reported at r > 0.986, and LODs ranged from 0.007 to 2.103 ng mL-1 for all compounds, confirming the method's sensitivity. A previously reported surface sampling and extraction protocol was modified to further simplify the procedure and expand the number of target compounds. The new sampling protocol was optimized from 10 commercially available wipes and 4 solvent types by quantifying recovery from the surface. Band-Aid brand small gauze pads saturated with isopropanol had the highest recovery efficiencies, ranging from 61.5 to 102.9% across all analytes. To test the real-world applicability, wipe samples were collected from 4 in-circulation New Jersey Transit buses on 5 separate days over the course of a month to assess the occurrence and longevity of QACs on sanitized mass transportation vehicles. Concentrations of QACs were detected on every wipe sample taken, and at all sampled time points, confirming their persistence on hard surfaces. QACs have the potential to form polymers, and detection of the polymer might serve as a secondary indication of their effectiveness on surfaces. None of the polymers detected however, were unique to QACs from this study. The polymers detected were already present in the wipe and used as an internal standard to demonstrate the efficacy of extraction and analysis of polymeric QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lazofsky
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Cathleen Doherty
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Patrick Szary
- Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation, Rutgers University, 100 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Romani M, Warscheid T, Nicole L, Marcon L, Di Martino P, Suzuki MT, Lebaron P, Lami R. Current and future chemical treatments to fight biodeterioration of outdoor building materials and associated biofilms: Moving away from ecotoxic and towards efficient, sustainable solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149846. [PMID: 34464791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
All types of building materials are rapidly colonized by microorganisms, initially through an invisible and then later a visible biofilm that leads to their biodeterioration. Over centuries, this natural phenomenon has been managed using mechanical procedures, oils, or even wax. In modern history, many treatments such as high-pressure cleaners, biocides (mainly isothiazolinones and quaternary ammonium compounds) are commercially available, as well as preventive ones, such as the use of water-repellent coatings in the fabrication process. While all these cleaning techniques offer excellent cost-benefit ratios, their limitations are numerous. Indeed, building materials are often quickly recolonized after application, and microorganisms are increasingly reported as resistant to chemical treatments. Furthermore, many antifouling compounds are ecotoxic, harmful to human health and the environment, and new regulations tend to limit their use and constrain their commercialization. The current state-of-the-art highlights an urgent need to develop innovative antifouling strategies and the widespread use of safe and eco-friendly solutions to biodeterioration. Interestingly, innovative approaches and compounds have recently been identified, including the use of photocatalysts or natural compounds such as essential oils or quorum sensing inhibitors. Most of these solutions developed in laboratory settings appear very promising, although their efficiency and ecotoxicological features remain to be further tested before being widely marketed. This review highlights the complexity of choosing the adequate antifouling compounds when fighting biodeterioration and proposes developing case-to-case innovative strategies to raise this challenge, relying on integrative and multidisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Romani
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Lionel Nicole
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de chimie de la matière condensée de Paris (LCMCP), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Marcon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Di Martino
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Laboratoire ERRMECe, rue Descartes site de Neuville-sur-Oise, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Marcelino T Suzuki
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Raphaël Lami
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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5
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Heyde BJ, Barthel A, Siemens J, Mulder I. A fast and robust method for the extraction and analysis of quaternary alkyl ammonium compounds from soil and sewage sludge. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237020. [PMID: 32750078 PMCID: PMC7402506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs), dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs) and benzylalkyldimethylethylammonium compounds (BACs) are quaternary alkylammonium compounds (QAAC), which are released into the environment in large quantities after their use in cleaning agents and disinfectants. Despite their potential role as selective agents promoting resistance against QAACs as well as antibiotics, there is a lack of data for QAACs in soil due to the lack of sensitive analytical methods. Therefore, we present a robust and fast method for the extraction and quantification of concentrations of these compounds in soil and sewage sludge. The method is based on ultrasonic extraction (USE) with a mixture of acetonitrile and HCl followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) cleaning step and a subsequent quantification of concentrations with high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in multi mass reaction mode (MRM). The proposed method is suitable for the quantification of ATMACs (chain length C-8 to C-16), BACs (C-8 to C-18) and DADMACs (C-8 to C-16). The achieved limits of quantification (LOQ) range from 0.1 μg kg-1 to 2.1 μg kg-1. The recovery rates of spiked soil samples for non-deuterated homologues were between 47% and 57%. The analysis of sewage sludge samples and soil samples revealed that BAC-C12 was the most abundant QAAC with concentrations up to 38600 μg kg-1 in sewage sludge and up to 81 μg kg-1 in a Mexican soil that was irrigated with wastewater. Overall, the presented methods open perspectives for effectively studying fate and effects of QAACs in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Justus Heyde
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Barthel
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ines Mulder
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Pati SG, Arnold WA. Comprehensive screening of quaternary ammonium surfactants and ionic liquids in wastewater effluents and lake sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:430-441. [PMID: 32003378 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00554d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely applied as surfactants and biocides in cleaning and personal-care products. Because of incomplete removal during wastewater treatment, QACs are present in wastewater effluents, with which they are discharged into natural waters, where they accumulate in sediments. To assess the levels of QACs in aquatic environments, a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry method using both target and suspect screening was developed. The water and sediment sample preparation, measurement, and data analysis workflow were optimized for 22 target compounds with a wide range of hydrophobicity, including ionic liquids that have potential use as solvents and QACs common in personal-care and sanitizing products. In wastewater effluents, average concentrations of all target and suspect QACs combined ranged from 0.4 μg L-1 to 6.6 μg L-1. Various homologs of benzylalkyldimethylammonium (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) as well as the ionic liquid butylpyridinium and 15 suspect QACs were detected in at least one wastewater effluent sample. A spatial profile of sediment samples in a lake demonstrated potential inputs from both municipal wastewater effluent and agricultural sources for BACs. In sediment cores, two distinct trends of temporal QAC accumulation were observed. In lakes with large watersheds and mixed domestic and industrial wastewater sources (Lake Pepin and Duluth Harbor), peak concentrations of QACs were found at depths corresponding to deposition in the 1980s and decreases after this time are attributed to improved wastewater treatment and source control. In a smaller lake with predominantly domestic wastewater inputs (Lake Winona), concentrations of QACs increased slowly over time until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Pati
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, USA.
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, USA.
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7
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Turnipseed SB, Storey JM, Wu IL, Andersen WC, Madson MR. Extended liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry screening method for veterinary drug, pesticide and human pharmaceutical residues in aquaculture fish. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1501-1514. [PMID: 31361192 PMCID: PMC7377552 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1637945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) screening method was developed previously to analyze for veterinary drug residues commonly found in different types of aquaculture products. This method has been further evaluated for its feasibility to detect several other classes of compounds that might also be a concern as possible contaminants in farmed tilapia, salmon, eel and shrimp. Some chemicals could contaminate water sources used in aquaculture production through agricultural run-off. These compounds include several widely used triazine herbicides, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, as well as various discarded human pharmaceuticals. Other possible contaminants investigated were selected disinfectants, some newer antibiotics, growth promoters, and various parasiticides. The sample preparation consisted of an acidic acetonitrile extraction followed by solid-phase extraction clean-up. Data were collected with a quadrupole-Orbitrap MS using both non-targeted and targeted acquisition. This rapid clean-up procedure and HRMS detection method described previously for veterinary drug residues also worked well for many other types of compounds. Most analytes had screening limit levels between 0.5-10 ng/g in the matrices examined using exact mass identification criteria. The strategy described in this paper for testing the performance of additional analytes will help expand the applicability of the HRMS procedure as aquaculture samples can now be analyzed for a wider range of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Joseph M Storey
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Denver , CO , USA
| | - I-Lin Wu
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Wendy C Andersen
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Mark R Madson
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Denver , CO , USA
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8
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Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multiresidue method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in cheese and milk products: Development and validation using the total error approach. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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LeBouf RF, Virji MA, Ranpara A, Stefaniak AB. Air and Surface Sampling Method for Assessing Exposures to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:724-736. [PMID: 28927165 PMCID: PMC5826613 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This method was designed for sampling select quaternary ammonium (quat) compounds in air or on surfaces followed by analysis using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Target quats were benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. For air sampling, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters are recommended for 15-min to 24-hour sampling. For surface sampling, Pro-wipe® 880 (PW) media was chosen. Samples were extracted in 60:40 acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid for 1 hour on an orbital shaker. Method detection limits range from 0.3 to 2 ng/ml depending on media and analyte. Matrix effects of media are minimized through the use of multiple reaction monitoring versus selected ion recording. Upper confidence limits on accuracy meet the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 25% criterion for PTFE and PW media for all analytes. Using PTFE and PW analyzed with multiple reaction monitoring, the method quantifies levels among the different quats compounds with high precision (<10% relative standard deviation) and low bias (<11%). The method is sensitive enough with very low method detection limits to capture quats on air sampling filters with only a 15-min sample duration with a maximum assessed storage time of 103 days before sample extraction. This method will support future exposure assessment and quantitative epidemiologic studies to explore exposure-response relationships and establish levels of quats exposures associated with adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Mohammed Abbas Virji
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Anand Ranpara
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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10
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Gallart-Mateu D, Armenta S, Esteve-Turrillas FA, de la Guardia M. Ion mobility spectrometry as a fast analytical tool in benzalkonium chloride homologs determination. Talanta 2017; 164:110-115. [PMID: 28107903 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure is proposed for the determination by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) of C12, C14 and C16 benzalkonium chloride (BAC) homologs. The proposed method requires minimum sample treatment and the measurement was made in less than one minute. A high sensitivity was obtained for BAC determination by IMS with limit of detection values from 37 to 69µgL-1. Accuracy of the proposed methodology was evaluated through the analysis of aqueous and alcoholic samples spiked with BAC at concentration levels from 0.002% to 20% (w/v), providing recovery values from 91% to 104%. BAC was determined in sanitary alcohols, nasal sprays, postharvest products, algaecides, and treated swimming pool water. Results obtained by the proposed IMS methodology were statistically comparable to those provided by a liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) reference methodology. The Green Certificate evaluation of the proposed IMS methodology provided 91 score points in the Eco-Scale as compared with 77 for LC-UV method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallart-Mateu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - F A Esteve-Turrillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride Biocide Residues in Soil Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Kang
- Department of Environmental Science; Kongju National University; Kongju 314-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education; Kongju National University; Kongju 314-701 Republic of Korea
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12
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Zhang C, Cui F, Zeng GM, Jiang M, Yang ZZ, Yu ZG, Zhu MY, Shen LQ. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): a review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:352-62. [PMID: 25770948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely applied in household and industrial products. Most uses of QACs can be expected to lead to their release to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and then dispersed into various environmental compartments through sewage effluent and sludge land application. Although QACs are considered to be aerobically biodegradable, the degradation is affected by its chemical structures, dissolved oxygen concentration, complexing with anionic surfactants, etc. High abundance of QACs has been detected in sediment and sludge samples due to its strong sorption and resistance to biodegradation under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. QACs are toxic to a lot of aquatic organisms including fish, daphnids, algae, rotifer and microorganisms employed in wastewater treatment systems. And antibiotic resistance has emerged in microorganisms due to excessive use of QACs in household and industrial applications. The occurrence of QACs in the environment is correlated with anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater discharge from WWTPs or single source polluters, and sludge land application. This article also reviews the analytical methods for determination of QACs in environmental compartments including surface water, wastewater, sewage sludge and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fang Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guang-ming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhong-zhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhi-gang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meng-ying Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liu-qing Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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13
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Zanini GP, Ovesen RG, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW. Adsorption of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride on montmorillonite. Synergistic effect in mixture of molecules with different chain lengths. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:100-105. [PMID: 23722179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a mix of cationic alkylbenzyldimethylammonium surfactants having different alkyl chain lengths. A comparative study of adsorption on the phyllosilicate clay montmorillonite of two of these surfactants, with alkyl chains having respectively 12 C atoms (BAC-12) and 14 C atoms (BAC-14), and a mixture of both surfactants is presented in this work. Adsorption isotherms were performed for individual surfactants and for a 1:1 mixture BAC-12+BAC-14. The adsorption was investigated in an ample concentration range that covers almost seven orders of magnitude in concentrations (from 1 nM to 10 mM), range that includes environmentally relevant concentrations. Quantification of BAC was performed by HPLC-UV and LC-MS and the results were completed with powder X-Ray diffraction. The adsorption of both surfactants leads to adsorption isotherms with two well differentiated steps. The first step corresponds almost exclusively to a cation exchange process, and the binding constant is very similar for both surfactants. The second step of the isotherms is observed at higher concentrations and adsorption is mainly driven by lateral interactions between surfactant molecules. The binding constant of this step is larger for BAC-14 than for BAC-12. Adsorption from a BAC-12+BAC-14 mixture shows a synergistic behaviour, possibly due to a better packing arrangement in the interlayer. Calculations show that in natural systems silicate clays are major sorbents of BAC at low concentrations whereas binding to humic acid is predominant at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela P Zanini
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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14
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Liu HY, Ding WH. Trace Determination of Benzalkonium Chlorides in River and Wastewater by Capillary Electrophoresis following Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Salting-Out Extraction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Combining poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) and nitrile phases for improving the separation and quantitation of benzalkonium chloride homologues: In-tube solid phase microextraction–capillary liquid chromatography–diode array detection-mass spectrometry for analyzing industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:226-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Desbenoit N, Schmitz-Afonso I, Baudouin C, Laprévote O, Touboul D, Brignole-Baudouin F, Brunelle A. Localisation and quantification of benzalkonium chloride in eye tissue by TOF-SIMS imaging and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4039-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Validation of a Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Measurement of Quaternary Ammonium Compound Residue Concentrations in Food Production Facility. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Yang JS, Choi SB, Park SY, Lee SB. Analysis of didecydimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) aerosol in inhalation chamber. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2012.25.5.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Chen Y, Droge ST, Hermens JL. Analyzing freely dissolved concentrations of cationic surfactant utilizing ion-exchange capability of polyacrylate coated solid-phase microextraction fibers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Ion-pair in-tube solid-phase microextraction and capillary liquid chromatography using a titania-based column: Application to the specific lauralkonium chloride determination in water. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Van de Voorde A, Lorgeoux C, Gromaire MC, Chebbo G. Analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in urban stormwater samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 164:150-7. [PMID: 22361053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A method for benzalkonium analysis has been developed to measure benzalkonium concentration in dissolved and particulate fractions from urban runoff samples. The analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissolved matrix was extracted by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), with cationic exchange and the particles by microwave extraction with acidified methanol. Recovery percentages were closed to 100% for benzalkonium C12 and C14. The protocol was applied to roof runoff samples collected after a roof demossing treatment, and to separative stormwater samples from a 200 ha catchment. The results illustrate an important contamination of the roof runoff, with a maximum concentration close to 27 mg/L during the first rain. The benzalkonium concentration (sum of C12 and C14) stayed high (up to 1 mg/L) even 5 months after the treatment. Benzalkonium concentration measured in stormwaters was low (0.2 μg/L) but with contaminated suspended solids (up to 80 μg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Van de Voorde
- Leesu (Laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains), 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
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22
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Romão W, Vaz BG, Lalli PM, Bueno MIMS, Correa DN, Telles VLCN, de Castro EVR, Eberlin MN. Analyzing Brazilian Vehicle Documents for Authenticity by Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:539-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Oswald S, Schumacher G, Siegmund W. Quantitative determination of methylnaltrexone in human serum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:1079-84. [PMID: 21880450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylnaltrexone (MNTX) is a novel peripherally acting μ-opioid antagonist that prevents peripheral side effects of opioid drugs such as constipation without affecting the analgesia. We developed a selective and sensitive assay to measure MTNX concentrations in human serum. The drug was measured after protein precipitation with perchloric acid using naltrexone as internal standard and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for detection. The chromatography was performed isocratically on a RP18 column using 25 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4)/acetonitrile (90%/10%; flow rate 200 μl/min) as mobile phase. The MS/MS analysis was performed in positive ionization mode monitoring the m/z transitions 356.4/284.2 for MNTX and 342.4/324.2 for naltrexone. The method was validated according to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effects and stability. The validation range for MNTX in serum was 0.5-250 ng/ml. The developed LC-MS/MS was shown to be valid and successfully applied to measure serum-concentration-time curves of MNTX in a pilot study in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23d, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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24
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Yang HJ, Park KH, Kim HS, Kim J. Characterization of unknown compounds from stainless steel plates in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:2000-2004. [PMID: 20850343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peaks originating from unknown compounds on stainless steel plates used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometers are observed around m/z 304.3, 332.3, 360.4, and 388.4 regardless of the matrix and/or solvent, and are even observed with bare plates. These peaks were characterized using three different types of MALDI-MS instrumentation: MALDI-TOF MS, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and MALDI-FTMS. The fragmentation data from MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and accurate mass determination by MALDI-FTMS enabled identification of the chemical formulae and structures. The unknown compounds are, in fact, likely benzylalkylmethylammonium salts, as confirmed by closely matching fragmentation patterns with a commercially available benzalkonium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Beier RC, Duke SE, Ziprin RL, Harvey RB, Hume ME, Poole TL, Scott HM, Highfield LD, Alali WQ, Andrews K, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility profiles of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) isolated from community wastewater in Texas. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 80:188-194. [PMID: 18193143 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-007-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) from human wastewater effluents in a nonclinical semiclosed agri-food system in Texas were characterized for susceptibility to antibiotics and disinfectants. The 50 VRE were resistant to eight fluoroquinolones and 10 of 17 antimicrobials typically active against Gram-positive organisms. The VRE were susceptible to quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid. Lack of the insertion element IS1251 correlated with VRE susceptibility to streptomycin and gentamicin at p < 0.0001 and p = 0.033, respectively. An association was observed between pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes Ic and II and susceptibility to streptomycin at p = 0.0006. VRE susceptibility for nine disinfectants and five disinfectant components is shown. Ninety-two percent of the isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for triclosan > or =2 ppm. Triclosan MICs for many of the VRE were well over expected product application levels. No association was observed between antibiotic resistance and disinfectant susceptibility in these VRE. Enterococci multiply-resistant to vancomycin and aminoglycosides were found in a non-hospital environment where one would not expect to find them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Beier
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA.
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26
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Vincent G, Kopferschmitt-Kubler MC, Mirabel P, Pauli G, Millet M. Sampling and analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) traces in indoor atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 133:25-30. [PMID: 17180409 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are widely found in disinfectants used in hospitals. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) predominate in the disinfecting formulations. These compounds are strong irritants and can play a role in the induction of Occupational Asthma among the professionals of health and cleaning. In order to evaluate the potential health effect of these quaternary ammonium compounds to hospital employers, the development of an analytical method for their quantification in indoor air was developed. DDAC aerosols are trapped by adsorption on XAD-2 resin SKC tube. The air in hospital buildings was sampled using a constant debit Gillian pump at a flow of 1.0 l/min (+/-5%). Ion Chromatography (IC) was chosen for the analysis of DDAC especially for its high sensitivity and specificity. The Limit of Detection (LOD) by IC for DDAC is 0.56 mug/ml. Therefore the LOD of atmospheric DDAC is 28 microg/m(3) with an air volume of 100 l and a desorption volume of 5 ml. All DDAC air samples were lower than the LOD of the analytical method by IC. Under the standard conditions of use of the disinfecting solutions (Surfanios, Ampholysine Plus and Amphospray 41), the insignificant volatility of DDAC would not seem to be able to contaminate the indoor hospital atmosphere during the disinfection process. However, the DDAC can contaminate working atmospheres if it is put in suspension by aerosolisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vincent
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, UMR 7517 CNRS - Université Louis Pasteur, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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27
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Lu B, Jonsson P, Blomberg S. Reversed phase ion-pair high performance liquid chromatographic gradient separation of related impurities in 2,4-disulfonic acid benzaldehyde di-sodium salt. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:270-6. [PMID: 16378614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reversed phase ion-pair gradient liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for purity determination of the hydrophilic compound 2,4-disulfonic acid benzaldehyde di-sodium salt (2,4-DSAD) containing both hydrophilic and more lipophilic related impurities. Mixtures of acetonitrile-phosphate buffer containing tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulfate as the ion-pairing reagent were used as the mobile phase. A linear gradient, which generated simultaneous change in the concentration of organic modifier, buffer concentration and the concentration of ion-pairing reagent, was applied. The method allows detection of impurities at low levels (0.01% w/w). Excellent repeatability for both retention time (RSD< or =0.3%, n = 6) and detector response (RSD = 0.03%, n = 6 for the main peak and RSD = 6%, n = 6, for an impurity at 0.01 area% level) was obtained. The method was shown to be robust for routine analysis and has been successfully transferred to the quality control laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lu
- Analytical Chemistry, Process R&D, AstraZenca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden.
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28
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Miyauchi T, Mori M, Ito K. Quantitative determination of benzalkonium chloride in treated wood by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1095:74-80. [PMID: 16275285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ) compound wood preservative is comprised of copper and quaternary ammonium compounds with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as the active ingredient. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) was developed for quantitative determination of BAC in treated wood. Five species of wood were used, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis), Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). BAC used in the present study was composed of 66% C12, 33% C14 and less than 1% C16. BAC was added to each wood species (500 mg) then extracted with HCl-ethanol (20 ml) and quantitatively determined with LC-UV (262 nm). Wood extractives from the heartwood of each species, except western hemlock, interfered with quantitative determination of BAC, but SPE with an Oasis MCX cartridge was effective in preventing this. Using the present methods, BAC homologue peaks were clearly confirmed without interference. Recoveries from wood ranged from 92 to 101% and the limit of quantitation was approximately 240 microg/g wood for the C12 and C14 homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhisa Miyauchi
- Hokkaido Forest Products Research Institute, Wood Preservation Section, Asahikawa, Japan.
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29
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:973-84. [PMID: 16034836 DOI: 10.1002/jms.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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