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Wang Y, Di Z, Qin M, Qu S, Zhong W, Yuan L, Zhang J, Hibberd JM, Yu Z. Advancing Engineered Plant Living Materials through Tobacco BY-2 Cell Growth and Transfection within Tailored Granular Hydrogel Scaffolds. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1094-1104. [PMID: 38799669 PMCID: PMC11117683 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an innovative approach is presented in the field of engineered plant living materials (EPLMs), leveraging a sophisticated interplay between synthetic biology and engineering. We detail a 3D bioprinting technique for the precise spatial patterning and genetic transformation of the tobacco BY-2 cell line within custom-engineered granular hydrogel scaffolds. Our methodology involves the integration of biocompatible hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) primed for 3D bioprinting with Agrobacterium tumefaciens capable of plant cell transfection, serving as the backbone for the simultaneous growth and transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells. This system facilitates the concurrent growth and genetic modification of tobacco BY-2 cells within our specially designed scaffolds. These scaffolds enable the cells to develop into predefined patterns while remaining conducive to the uptake of exogenous DNA. We showcase the versatility of this technology by fabricating EPLMs with unique structural and functional properties, exemplified by EPLMs exhibiting distinct pigmentation patterns. These patterns are achieved through the integration of the betalain biosynthetic pathway into tobacco BY-2 cells. Overall, our study represents a groundbreaking shift in the convergence of materials science and plant synthetic biology, offering promising avenues for the evolution of sustainable, adaptive, and responsive living material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengao Di
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, U.K.
- Earlham
Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UG, U.K.
| | - Minglang Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenming Qu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, U.K.
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
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Cachera P, Olsson H, Coumou H, Jensen ML, Sánchez B, Strucko T, van den Broek M, Daran JM, Jensen M, Sonnenschein N, Lisby M, Mortensen U. CRI-SPA: a high-throughput method for systematic genetic editing of yeast libraries. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:e91. [PMID: 37572348 PMCID: PMC10516668 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological functions are orchestrated by intricate networks of interacting genetic elements. Predicting the interaction landscape remains a challenge for systems biology and new research tools allowing simple and rapid mapping of sequence to function are desirable. Here, we describe CRI-SPA, a method allowing the transfer of chromosomal genetic features from a CRI-SPA Donor strain to arrayed strains in large libraries of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CRI-SPA is based on mating, CRISPR-Cas9-induced gene conversion, and Selective Ploidy Ablation. CRI-SPA can be massively parallelized with automation and can be executed within a week. We demonstrate the power of CRI-SPA by transferring four genes that enable betaxanthin production into each strain of the yeast knockout collection (≈4800 strains). Using this setup, we show that CRI-SPA is highly efficient and reproducible, and even allows marker-free transfer of genetic features. Moreover, we validate a set of CRI-SPA hits by showing that their phenotypes correlate strongly with the phenotypes of the corresponding mutant strains recreated by reverse genetic engineering. Hence, our results provide a genome-wide overview of the genetic requirements for betaxanthin production. We envision that the simplicity, speed, and reliability offered by CRI-SPA will make it a versatile tool to forward systems-level understanding of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cachera
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Helén Olsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Hilde Coumou
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mads L Jensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Benjamín J Sánchez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Tomas Strucko
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Marcel van den Broek
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Nikolaus Sonnenschein
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Michael Lisby
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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3
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Bioactive potential and spectroscopical characterization of a novel family of plant pigments betalains derived from dopamine. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Contreras-Llano LE, Lozada-Ramírez JD, Gómez-Pando LR, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. A dopamine-based biosynthetic pathway produces decarboxylated betalains in Chenopodium quinoa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1473-1486. [PMID: 33826743 PMCID: PMC8260129 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are the nitrogenous pigments that replace anthocyanins in the plant order Caryophyllales. Here, we describe unconventional decarboxylated betalains in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) grains. Decarboxylated betalains are derived from a previously unconsidered activity of the 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase enzyme (DODA), which has been identified as the key enzymatic step in the established biosynthetic pathway of betalains. Here, dopamine is fully characterized as an alternative substrate of the DODA enzyme able to yield an intermediate and structural unit of plant pigments: 6-decarboxy-betalamic acid, which is proposed and described. To characterize this activity, quinoa grains of different colors were analyzed in depth by chromatography, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and reactions were performed in enzymatic assays and bioreactors. The enzymatic-chemical scheme proposed leads to an uncharacterized family of 6-decarboxylated betalains produced by a hitherto unknown enzymatic activity. All intermediate compounds as well as the final products of the dopamine-based biosynthetic pathway of pigments have been unambiguously determined and the reactions have been characterized from the enzymatic and functional perspectives. Results evidence a palette of molecules in quinoa grains of physiological relevance and which explain minor betalains described in plants of the Caryophyllales order. An entire family of betalains is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Luis Eduardo Contreras-Llano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, 95616, California
| | | | - Luz Rayda Gómez-Pando
- Cereal Research Program, National Agricultural University La Molina, Lima, 12-056, Peru
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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5
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Biosynthesis of a novel polymeric chitosan-betaxanthin and characterization of the first sugar-derived betalains and their effects in the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117141. [PMID: 33183600 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Betaxanthins are nitrogenous plant pigments belonging to the family of betalains and they are known for their health-promoting effects and fluorescent properties. A novel biotechnological approach in the synthesis of these compounds has allowed the synthesis of high amounts of known betalains and of novel, tailor-made betalains through the condensation of the structural unit - betalamic acid - with amine groups of different compounds. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of chitosan-betaxanthin, the first fluorescent polymeric betaxanthin which forms nanoparticles and that might combine the fluorescent properties of betalains and the properties of chitosan, a sugar polymer widely used with medical purposes. In addition, glucosamine, the structural unit of chitosan, and its stereoisomer galactosamine were shown to condense in solution with betalamic acid. This produced novel molecules with spectral and in vivo antioxidant and anti-aging properties similar to those of biological betaxanthins, which are the first sugar-derived betaxanthins described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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7
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Guerrero‐Rubio MA, García‐Carmona F, Gandía‐Herrero F. First description of betalains biosynthesis in an aquatic organism: characterization of 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase activity in the cyanobacteria Anabaena cylindrica. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1948-1959. [PMID: 32767544 PMCID: PMC7533325 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of betalamic acid, the structural unit of pigments betalains, is performed by enzymes with 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase activity. These enzymes were believed to be limited to plants of the order Caryophyllales and to some fungi. However, the discovery of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus as the first betalain-forming bacterium opened a new field in the search for novel biological systems able to produce betalains. This paper describes molecular and functional characterization of a novel dioxygenase enzyme from the aquatic cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. The enzyme was found to be a homodimer of a polypeptide of 17.8 kDa that, opposite to previous related enzymes, showed a strong inhibition by excess of the precursor L-DOPA. However, its heterologous expression has allowed detecting the formation of the main compounds in the biosynthetic pathway of betalains. In addition, phylogenetic analysis has shown that this enzyme is not close related to enzymes from plants, fungi or proteobacteria such as G. diazotrophicus. The presence of enzymes that produce these health-promoting compounds is more diverse than expected. The discovery of this novel dioxygenase in the phylum cyanobacteria expands the presence of betalamic acid-forming enzymes in organisms of different nature with no apparent relationship among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Guerrero‐Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de VeterinariaRegional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’MurciaSpain
| | - Francisco García‐Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de VeterinariaRegional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’MurciaSpain
| | - Fernando Gandía‐Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de VeterinariaRegional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’MurciaSpain
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8
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Light Emission in Betalains: From Fluorescent Flowers to Biotechnological Applications. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:159-175. [PMID: 31843371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of visible fluorescence in the plant pigments betalains revealed the existence of fluorescent patterns in flowers of plants of the order Caryophyllales, where betalains substitute anthocyanins. The serendipitous initial discovery led to a systemized characterization of the role of different substructures on the photophysical phenomenon. Strong fluorescence is general to all members of the family of betaxanthins linked to the structural property that the betalamic acid moiety is connected to an amine group. This property has led to bioinspired tailor-made probes and to the development of novel biotechnological applications in screening techniques or microscopy labeling. Here, we comprehensively review the photophysics, photochemistry, and photobiology of betalain fluorescence and describe all current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Escribano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the health-promoting effects of betalains due to their high antioxidant capacity and their positive effect on the dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cells and their proliferation. To date, betalains were restricted to plants of the order Caryophyllales and some species of fungi, but the present study reveals the first betalain-producing bacterium, as well as the first steps in the formation of pigments. This finding demonstrates that betalain biosynthesis can be expanded to prokaryotes. The biosynthesis of antioxidant pigments, namely, betalains, was believed to be restricted to Caryophyllales plants. This paper changes this paradigm, and enzyme mining from bacterial hosts promoted the discovery of bacterial cultures producing betalains. The spectrum of possible sources of betalain pigments in nature is broadened by our description of the first betalain-forming bacterium, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. The enzyme-specific step is the extradiol cleavage of the precursor amino acid l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) to form the structural unit betalamic acid. Molecular and functional work conducted led to the characterization of a novel dioxygenase, a polypeptide of 17.8 kDa with a Km of 1.36 mM, with higher activity and affinity than those of its plant counterparts. Its superior activity allowed the first experimental characterization of the early steps in the biosynthesis of betalains by fully characterizing the presence and time evolution of 2,3- and 4,5-seco-DOPA intermediates. Furthermore, spontaneous chemical reactions are characterized and incorporated into a comprehensive enzymatic-chemical mechanism that yields the final pigments.
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10
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Niziński S, Popenda Ł, Rode MF, Kumorkiewicz A, Fojud Z, Paluch-Lubawa E, Wybraniec S, Burdziński G. Structural studies on the stereoisomerism of a natural dye miraxanthin I. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in miraxanthin I is enhanced by intramolecular hydrogen bond formation hampering torsional motion around the central bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Niziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Michał F. Rode
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Aleja Lotników 32/46
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute C-1
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- Warszawska 24
| | - Zbigniew Fojud
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Ewelina Paluch-Lubawa
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Institute of Experimental Biology
- Faculty of Biology
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute C-1
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- Warszawska 24
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Guadarrama-Flores B, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Digestive glands extraction and precise pigment analysis support the exclusion of the carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula Ellis from the Caryophyllales order. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:342-348. [PMID: 30080622 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the order Caryophyllales, plants synthesize betalains instead of anthocyanins, with only two exceptions, the Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae. Dionaea muscipula Ellis was included in the Caryophyllales order but recent research based on genetic studies proposed the consideration of the Droseraceae family into the Nepenthales order. In this work we face the dilemma of the phylogenetic classification of Dionaea from a phytochemical point of view. Dionaea's pigments were analyzed by using techniques of structural analysis. Extracts from the leaves, mature stem and flowers of different specimens of Dionaea were analyzed, to find possible differences in the types of pigments or in their proportion in different parts of the plant. These extracts were analyzed by spectrophotometry, HPLC co-elution and ESI-MS/MS. In addition, digestive glands were extracted from the snap trap with minor sample manipulation and by reducing the non-pigmented plant tissue. Considering only the digestive glands instead of whole snap traps, the analyses allowed to quantitate and elucidate the structure of the compounds responsible for the red coloration: delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (myrtillin), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (kuromanin) and a third compound, the aglycone cyanidin, detected in the species for the first time. The unambiguous results of the present work support the exclusion of Dionaea from the Caryophyllales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Guadarrama-Flores B, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Gómez-Pando LR, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Development of Betalain Producing Callus Lines from Colored Quinoa Varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:467-474. [PMID: 29239176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble plant pigments of hydrophilic nature with promising bioactive potential. Among the scarce edible sources of betalains is the grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), with violet, red, and yellow grains being colored by these pigments. In this work, callus cultures have been developed from differently colored plant varieties. Stable callus lines exhibited color and pigment production when maintained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (8.88 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.79 μM) with a reduction of the nitrogen source to 5.91 mM. Pigment analysis by HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS/MS fully describes the content of individual pigments in the cell lines and allows the first report on the pigments present in quinoa seedlings. Phyllocactin and vulgaxanthin I are described as novel pigments in the species and show the potential of C. quinoa culture lines in the production of compounds of nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Escribano J, Cabanes J, Jiménez-Atiénzar M, Ibañez-Tremolada M, Gómez-Pando LR, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Characterization of betalains, saponins and antioxidant power in differently colored quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) varieties. Food Chem 2017; 234:285-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Betalains and phenolic compounds of leaves and stems of Alternanthera brasiliana and Alternanthera tenella. Food Res Int 2017; 97:240-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Belhadj Slimen I, Najar T, Abderrabba M. Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Betalains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:675-689. [PMID: 28098998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are vacuolar pigments composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-DOPA/its glucosyl derivates) or amino acids/derivates to form violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins. These pigments have gained the curiosity of scientific researchers in recent decades. Their importance was increased not only by market orientation toward natural colorants and antioxidants but also by their safety and health promoting properties. To date, about 78 betalains have been identified from plants of about 17 families. In this review, all of the identified pigments are presented, followed by a comprehensive discussion of their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Department of Animal, Food and Halieutic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia , 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taha Najar
- Department of Animal, Food and Halieutic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia , 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
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16
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Martins N, Roriz CL, Morales P, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Coloring attributes of betalains: a key emphasis on stability and future applications. Food Funct 2017; 8:1357-1372. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoleptic characteristics largely determine food acceptance, selection, and subsequent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Custódio Lobo Roriz
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology II
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
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17
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Niziński S, Wendel M, Rode MF, Prukała D, Sikorski M, Wybraniec S, Burdziński G. Photophysical properties of betaxanthins: miraxanthin V – insight into the excited-state deactivation mechanism from experiment and computations. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast radiationless S1 → S0 transition in photo-excited betaxanthins is due to conical intersection seam between S1 and S0 surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Niziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Poznań
- Poland
| | - Monika Wendel
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Poznań
- Poland
| | - Michał F. Rode
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Dorota Prukała
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Institute C-1
- Section of Analytical Chemistry
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Poznań
- Poland
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18
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G. Corradini M, Lavinia Wang Y, Le A, M. Waxman S, Zelent B, Chib R, Gryczynski I, D. Ludescher R. Identifying and selecting edible luminescent probes as sensors of food quality. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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Lagorio MG, Cordon GB, Iriel A. Reviewing the relevance of fluorescence in biological systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1538-59. [PMID: 26103563 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence is emitted by diverse living organisms. The analysis and interpretation of these signals may give information about their physiological state, ways of communication among species and the presence of specific chemicals. In this manuscript we review the state of the art in the research on the fluorescence emitted by plant leaves, fruits, flowers, avians, butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, millipedes, cockroaches, bees, spiders, scorpions and sea organisms and discuss its relevance in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Lagorio
- INQUIMAE/D.Q.I.A y Q.F. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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DeLoache WC, Russ ZN, Narcross L, Gonzales AM, Martin VJJ, Dueber JE. An enzyme-coupled biosensor enables (S)-reticuline production in yeast from glucose. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:465-71. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Guadarrama-Flores B, Rodríguez-Monroy M, Cruz-Sosa F, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Production of dihydroxylated betalains and dopamine in cell suspension cultures of Celosia argentea var. plumosa. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2741-9. [PMID: 25727687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments of hydrophilic nature with demonstrated chemopreventive potential in cancer cell lines and animal models. Among the betalains, those containing an aromatic moiety with two free hydroxyl groups possess the strongest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The betaxanthins dopaxanthin and miraxanthin V and the betacyanins betanidin and decarboxy-betanidin are the only natural betalains with catecholic substructures. These four pigments have been produced in cell cultures established from hypocotyls of the plant Celosia argentea. Two stable and differentially colored cell lines, yellow and red, were maintained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (6.66 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.79 μM). Derived suspension cultures showed increased production of dihydroxylated betalains in the cells and secreted to the medium with a maximum reached after 8 days of culture. In addition, precursor molecules betalamic acid and dopamine, with content up to 42.08 mg/g dry weight, were also obtained. The joint presence of the bioactive betalains together with the production of dopamine and betalamic acid show the ability of cell cultures of C. argentea to become a stable source of valuable phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- †Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Col. Vicentina, 09340 Ciudad de México, Federal District, Mexico
- ‡Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CeProBi), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico
- §Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Monroy
- ‡Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CeProBi), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Francisco Cruz-Sosa
- †Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Col. Vicentina, 09340 Ciudad de México, Federal District, Mexico
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- §Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- §Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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22
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Cabanes J, Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Jiménez-Atiénzar M. One-step synthesis of betalains using a novel betalamic acid derivatized support. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3776-3782. [PMID: 24689508 DOI: 10.1021/jf500506y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments with high antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive properties used by the food industry as safe colorants. Betalains are restricted to species of the order Caryophyllales, and difficulty in obtaining individual molecules has limited their structural identification and application. This study was designed to develop a betalamic acid derivatized support generated from a primary amine polymer. The novel material presents color properties of a pseudobetaxanthin, and it is stable for at least 6 months. The bond formed can be displaced at mild conditions by the addition of amines in aqueous solutions over a broad pH range and at 25 °C. This releases the betalamic acid while forming the corresponding pigment. This one-step procedure significantly simplifies the process of obtaining semisynthetic betalains, and it is optimized here for the formation of betaxanthins and betacyanins derived from tyramine, dopamine, pyrrolidine, and indoline. The new method makes access to single betalains available to the entire scientific community and could stimulate research and applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Cabanes
- Departamento de Bioquı́mica y Biologı́a Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biologı́a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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23
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Vidal PJ, López-Nicolás JM, Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F. Inactivation of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues. Food Chem 2014; 154:246-54. [PMID: 24518339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are natural pigments characteristic of plants of the order Caryophyllales. In this work, the role of betalains in the anti-inflammatory activity described for plant extracts is analysed in terms of the inactivation of the enzymes involved in the biochemical response (lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase). Pure natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues are demonstrated to promote a significant reduction of the enzymes activity. Reactions were followed spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-DAD. Phenethylamine-betaxanthin was the most potent in the inactivation of cyclooxygenase, with a reduction of 32% of the control activity at 125μM, while the natural pigment betanidin and a betalain analogue derived from indoline resulted as the most potent inactivators of lipoxygenase, with IC50 values of 41.4 and 40.1μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed that betalains interact with the lipoxygenase amino acids involved in substrate binding and with Tyr-385 and Ser-530 close to the cyclooxygenase active site, interfering in enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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24
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Escherichia coli protein YgiD produces the structural unit of plant pigments betalains: characterization of a prokaryotic enzyme with DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1165-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Photophysics and hydrolytic stability of betalains in aqueous trifluoroethanol. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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27
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Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F. Structural implications on color, fluorescence, and antiradical activity in betalains. PLANTA 2010; 232:449-460. [PMID: 20467875 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments with high antiradical capacity which bestow bright colors on flowers and fruits of most plants of the order Caryophyllales. They are classified as betacyanins, exhibiting a violet coloration, and betaxanthins, which exhibit yellow coloration. Traditionally, betalains have been defined as condensation products of betalamic acid with different amines and amino acids, but the implication of the pigment structure for their properties has not been investigated. This paper explores different structural features of the betalains, revealing the clues for the switch from yellow to violet color, and the loss of fluorescence. A relevant series of 15 betalain-related compounds (both natural and novel semisynthetic ones) is obtained and characterized by chromatography, UV-vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Antiradical properties of individual pure compounds in a broad pH range are studied under the ABTS(*+) radical assay. Relevance of specific bonds is studied, and differences between betaxanthins and betacyanins are used to explore in depth the structure-antiradical activity relationships in betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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28
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Wybraniec S. A method for identification of diastereomers of 2-decarboxy-betacyanins and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betacyanins in reversed-phase HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1611-21. [PMID: 17786409 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for identification of diastereomers of 2-decarboxy-betacyanins and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betacyanins chromatographed in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as pairs of unknown elution order. The method was based on alkaline hydrolysis of selected betacyanin and decarboxylated betacyanin mixtures and subsequent cross-recondensation of the hydrolysates. The arising intermediate derivatives of decarboxylated betalamic acid and cyclo-dopa were stable enough for subsequent recondensation. Generated diagnostic pigments as the recondensation products were monitored by HPLC-diode-array detection-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The isoforms (15R) of 2-decarboxy-betacyanins and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betacyanins were eluted earlier than the 15S forms, in contrast to betacyanins and 17-decarboxy-betacyanins, but in accordance with betaxanthins. 2,17-Bidecarboxy-betanin/2,17-bidecarboxy-isobetanin, being not resolved in reversed-phase HPLC, were partially separated by ion-pair chromatography and under these conditions their order of elution was the same as that of acylated 2,17-bidecarboxy-betacyanins. The method allows complete identification of all the decarboxylated groups of betanin, phyllocactin and hylocerenin as well as other betacyanins in biological or pharmaceutical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Faculty of Analytical Chemistry, Institute C-1, Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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29
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Wybraniec S. Effect of tetraalkylammonium salts on retention of betacyanins and decarboxylated betacyanins in ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1127:70-5. [PMID: 16797024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of tetraalkylammonium salts to act as ion-pairing agents for betacyanins and mono- as well as bidecarboxylated betacyanins in HPLC on reversed phase is reported. The results indicate substantial and various influences of tetraalkylammonium salt addition to eluent on magnitude and direction of retention time changes of the analytes. The interactions of the tetraalkylammonium cations with the accessible positive and negative charged parts of the analysed molecules at their different level and position of decarboxylation determined the possibility of ion-pair formation. A remarkable positive influence was observed for betacyanins on the basis of strongly enhanced retention of the resulted ion-pairs. In contrast, the 2,17-bidecarboxy-betacyanin retention, in most of the applied conditions, strongly decreased under the impact of the reagents. The effect of the salt concentration on direction of 17-decarboxy-betacyanin and 2,17-bidecarboxy-betacyanin retention changes strongly varied with the eluent pH. The carboxylic group at the C-2 carbon cannot interact with tetraalkylammonium cations as strongly as does the C-17 carboxylic group, leading to different effects in the absence of carboxylic group at the C-2 or C-17 carbon in the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute C-1, Faculty of Analytical Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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30
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:134-41. [PMID: 16634291 DOI: 10.1002/pca.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Abstract
The way flowers appear to insects is crucial for pollination. Here we describe an internal light-filtering effect in the flowers of Mirabilis jalapa, in which the visible fluorescence emitted by one pigment, a yellow betaxanthin, is absorbed by another, a violet betacyanin, to create a contrasting fluorescent pattern on the flower's petals. This finding opens up new possibilities for pollinator perception as fluorescence has not previously been considered as a potential signal in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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