1
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Gioda A, Beringui K, Justo EPS, Ventura LMB, Massone CG, Costa SSL, Oliveira SS, Araujo RGO, Nascimento NDM, Severino HGS, Duyck CB, de Souza JR, Saint Pierre TD. A Review on Atmospheric Analysis Focusing on Public Health, Environmental Legislation and Chemical Characterization. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1772-1794. [PMID: 34092145 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1919985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has been considered one of the most important topics in environmental science once it can be related to the incidence of respiratory diseases, climate change, and others. Knowing the composition of this complex and variable mixture of gases and particulate matter is crucial to understand the damages it causes, help establish limit levels, reduce emissions, and mitigate risks. In this work, the current scenario of the legislation and guideline values for indoor and outdoor atmospheric parameters will be reviewed, focusing on the inorganic and organic compositions of particulate matter and on biomonitoring. Considering the concentration level of the contaminants in air and the physical aspects (meteorological conditions) involved in the dispersion of these contaminants, different approaches for air sampling and analysis have been developed in recent years. Finally, this review presents the importance of data analysis, whose main objective is to transform analytical results into reliable information about the significance of anthropic activities in air pollution and its possible sources. This information is a useful tool to help the government implement actions against atmospheric air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gioda
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karmel Beringui
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elizanne P S Justo
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M B Ventura
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Massone
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvânio Silvério Lopes Costa
- Núcleo de Petróleo e Gás, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sidimar Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araujo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nivia de M Nascimento
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hemmely Guilhermond S Severino
- Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiane B Duyck
- Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part I: Sampling and sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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3
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Lopez C, Ledauphin J, Delépée R. Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:302-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Clergé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM core facility, SF4206 ICORE, CCC F. Baclesse, Caen, France
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4
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Idowu O, Semple KT, Ramadass K, O'Connor W, Hansbro P, Thavamani P. Beyond the obvious: Environmental health implications of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:543-557. [PMID: 30622079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polar PAHs) are believed to surpass those of their parent PAHs; however, their environmental and human health implications have been largely unexplored. Oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) is a critical class of polar PAHs associated with carcinogenic effects without enzymatic activation. They also cause an upsurge in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells. This results in oxidative stress and other consequences, such as abnormal gene expressions, altered protein activities, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Similarly, some nitrated PAHs (N-PAHs) are probable human carcinogens as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Heterocyclic PAHs (polar PAHs containing nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen atoms within the aromatic rings) have been shown to be potent endocrine disruptors, primarily through their estrogenic activities. Despite the high toxicity and enhanced environmental mobility of many polar PAHs, they have attracted only a little attention in risk assessment of contaminated sites. This may lead to underestimation of potential risks, and remediation end points. In this review, the toxicity of polar PAHs and their associated mechanisms of action, including their role in mutagenic, carcinogenic, developmental and teratogenic effects are critically discussed. This review suggests that polar PAHs could have serious toxicological effects on human health and should be considered during risk assessment of PAH-contaminated sites. The implications of not doing so were argued and critical knowledge gaps and future research requirements discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyoye Idowu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens, Australia
| | - Phil Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Palanisami Thavamani
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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5
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Wnorowski A, Charland JP. Profiling quinones in ambient air samples collected from the Athabasca region (Canada). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:55-66. [PMID: 28926789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents new findings on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation products-quinones that were collected in ambient air samples in the proximity of oil sands exploration. Quinones were characterized for their diurnal concentration variability, phase partitioning, and molecular size distribution. Gas-phase (GP) and particle-phase (PM) ambient air samples were collected separately in the summer; a lower quinone content was observed in the PM samples from continuous 24-h sampling than from combined 12-h sampling (day and night). The daytime/nocturnal samples demonstrated that nighttime conditions led to lower concentrations and some quinones not being detected. The highest quinone levels were associated with wind directions originating from oil sands exploration sites. The statistical correlation with primary pollutants directly emitted from oil sands industrial activities indicated that the bulk of the detected quinones did not originate directly from primary emission sources and that quinone formation paralleled a reduction in primary source NOx levels. This suggests a secondary chemical transformation of primary pollutants as the origin of the determined quinones. Measurements of 19 quinones included five that have not previously been reported in ambient air or in Standard Reference Material 1649a/1649b and seven that have not been previously measured in ambient air in the underivatized form. This is the first paper to report on quinone characterization in secondary organic aerosols originating from oil sands activities, to distinguish chrysenequinone and anthraquinone positional isomers in ambient air, and to report the requirement of daylight conditions for benzo[a]pyrenequinone and naphthacenequinone to be present in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wnorowski
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Air Quality Research Division, Analysis and Air Quality Section, 335 River Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1V 1C7, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Charland
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Air Quality Research Division, Analysis and Air Quality Section, 335 River Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1V 1C7, Canada
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6
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Kumagai Y, Abiko Y, Cong NL. Chemical toxicology of reactive species in the atmosphere: two decades of progress in an electron acceptor and an electrophile. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:SP37-SP47. [PMID: 28003638 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.sp37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Air pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are thought to cause pulmonary diseases such as asthma as a result of oxidative stress. While DEP contain a large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we have focused on 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) and 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) because of their chemical properties based on their oxidative and chemical modification capabilities. We have found that 9,10-PQ interacts with electron donors such as NADPH (in the presence of enzymes) and dithiols, resulting in generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) through redox cycling. We have also shown that 1,2-NQ is able to modify protein thiols, leading to protein adducts associated with activation of redox signal transduction pathways at lower concentrations and toxicity at higher concentrations. In this review, we briefly introduce our findings from the last two decades.
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7
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Wnorowski A. Characterization of the ambient air content of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fort McKay region (Canada). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:371-379. [PMID: 28187383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the characterization of the gas-particle partition and size distribution of seven parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air samples collected in the proximity of oil sands exploration and compares their time-integrated concentration levels with nineteen analogous oxidation products - quinones. Gas-phase (GP) and particle-phase (PM) ambient air aerosol samples that were collected separately in summer for either 24 h or 12 h (day and night) revealed a higher PAH partition in the GP than in the PM, with the distribution over tenfold higher for light over heavy PAHs. Diurnal/nocturnal samples demonstrated that night conditions lead to lower concentrations, linking some of the sources of these compounds with daytime activity emissions. PAHs were observed to transform more efficiently in the GP, and quinone levels increased in the PM with time. Correlation data indicated that parent PAHs originated from primary emission sources associated with oil sand activities and that quinone formation paralleled a reduction in PAH levels. The findings of this study shed new light on characterization of PAHs in the Athabasca oil sands region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wnorowski
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1V 1C7, Canada.
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8
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
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9
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Toriba A, Homma C, Kita M, Uozaki W, Boongla Y, Orakij W, Tang N, Kameda T, Hayakawa K. Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quinones by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, following a one-pot reductive trimethylsilyl derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1459:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Chibwe L, Geier MC, Nakamura J, Tanguay RL, Aitken MD, Simonich SLM. Aerobic Bioremediation of PAH Contaminated Soil Results in Increased Genotoxicity and Developmental Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26200254 PMCID: PMC4666737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of more polar and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) transformation products is one of the concerns associated with the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. Soil contaminated with coal tar (prebioremediation) from a former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site was treated in a laboratory scale bioreactor (postbioremediation) and extracted using pressurized liquid extraction. The soil extracts were fractionated, based on polarity, and analyzed for 88 PAHs (unsubstituted, oxygenated, nitrated, and heterocyclic PAHs). The PAH concentrations in the soil tested, postbioremediation, were lower than their regulatory maximum allowable concentrations (MACs), with the exception of the higher molecular weight PAHs (BaA, BkF, BbF, BaP, and IcdP), most of which did not undergo significant biodegradation. The soil extract fractions were tested for genotoxicity using the DT40 chicken lymphocyte bioassay and developmental toxicity using the embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) bioassay. A statistically significant increase in genotoxicity was measured in the unfractionated soil extract, as well as in four polar soil extract fractions, postbioremediation (p < 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant increase in developmental toxicity was measured in one polar soil extract fraction, postbioremediation (p < 0.05). A series of morphological abnormalities, including peculiar caudal fin malformations and hyperpigmentation in the tail, were measured in several soil extract fractions in embryonic zebrafish, both pre- and postbioremediation. The increased toxicity measured postbioremediation is not likely due to the 88 PAHs measured in this study (including quinones), because most were not present in the toxic polar fractions and/or because their concentrations did not increase postbioremediation. However, the increased toxicity measured postbioremediation is likely due to hydroxylated and carboxylated transformation products of the 3- and 4-ring PAHs (PHE, 1MPHE, 2MPHE, PRY, BaA, and FLA) that were most degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mitra C. Geier
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Corresponding Author Address: 1141 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; telephone: (541) 737-9194; fax: (541) 737-0497;
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11
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Nascimento PC, Gobo LA, Bohrer D, Carvalho LM, Cravo MC, Leite LFM. Determination of oxygen and nitrogen derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fractions of asphalt mixtures using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:4055-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Assis Gobo
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Denise Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
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12
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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13
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Ahmed TM, Bergvall C, Åberg M, Westerholm R. Determination of oxygenated and native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban dust and diesel particulate matter standard reference materials using pressurized liquid extraction and LC-GC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:427-38. [PMID: 25395203 PMCID: PMC4300434 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a novel analytical chemistry method, comprised of a coupled high-performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system (LC-GC/MS) with low detection limits and high selectivity, for the identification and determination of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban air and diesel particulate matter. The linear range of the four OPAHs, which include 9,10-anthraquinone, 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene-4-one, benzanthrone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthraquinone, was 0.7 pg-43.3 ng with limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) on the order of 0.2-0.8 and 0.7-1.3 pg, respectively. The LODs in this study are generally lower than values reported in the literature, which can be explained by using large-volume injection. The recoveries of the OPAHs spiked onto glass fiber filters using two different pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) methods were in the ranges of 84-107 and 67-110 %, respectively. The analytical protocols were validated using the following National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials: SRM 1649a (Urban Dust), SRM 1650b (Diesel Particulate Matter), and SRM 2975 (Diesel Particulate Matter, Industrial Forklift). The measured mass fractions of the OPAHs in the standard reference materials (SRMs) in this present study are higher than the values from the literature, except for benzanthrone in SRM 1649a (Urban Dust). In addition to the OPAHs, 44 PAHs could be detected and quantified from the same particulate extract used in this protocol. Using data from the literature and applying a two-sided t test at the 5 % level using Bonferroni correction, significant differences were found between the tested PLE methods for individual PAHs. However, the measured mass fractions of the PAHs were comparable, similar to, or higher than those previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trifa M. Ahmed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Asahi M, Kawai M, Toyama T, Kumagai Y, Chuesaard T, Tang N, Kameda T, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and Quantification of in Vivo Metabolites of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone in Human Urine Associated with Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:76-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400338t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahi
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mio Kawai
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Thanyarat Chuesaard
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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15
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Kishikawa N, Kuroda N. Analytical techniques for the determination of biologically active quinones in biological and environmental samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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An analytical investigation of 24 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8885-96. [PMID: 24005604 PMCID: PMC3824841 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed two independent approaches for separation and quantitation of 24 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) using both liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-APCI/MS) and gas chromatography-electron impact/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS). Building on previous OPAH research, we examined laboratory stability of OPAHs, improved existing method parameters, and compared quantification strategies using standard addition and an internal standard on an environmental sample. Of 24 OPAHs targeted in this research, 19 compounds are shared between methods, with 3 uniquely quantitated by GC-EI/MS and 2 by LC-APCI/MS. Using calibration standards, all GC-EI/MS OPAHs were within 15 % of the true value and had less than 15 % relative standard deviations (RSDs) for interday variability. Similarly, all LC-APCI/MS OPAHs were within 20 % of the true value and had less than 15 % RSDs for interday variability. Instrument limits of detection ranged from 0.18 to 36 ng mL−1 on the GC-EI/MS and 2.6 to 26 ng mL−1 on the LC-APCI/MS. Four standard reference materials were analyzed with each method, and we report some compounds not previously published in these materials, such as perinaphthenone and xanthone. Finally, an environmental passive sampling extract from Portland Harbor Superfund, OR was analyzed by each method using both internal standard and standard addition to compensate for potential matrix effects. Internal standard quantitation resulted in increased precision with similar accuracy to standard addition for most OPAHs using 2-fluoro-fluorenone-13C as an internal standard. Overall, this work improves upon OPAH analytical methods and provides some considerations and strategies for OPAHs as focus continues to expand on this emerging chemical class. OPAH chromatograms from GC-EI/MS and LC-APCI/MS methods for NIST SRM 1650b (diesel particulate matter) ![]()
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17
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Kanaly RA, Hamamura N. 9,10-Phenanthrenedione biodegradation by a soil bacterium and identification of transformation products by LC/ESI-MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1442-1449. [PMID: 23611246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of 9,10-phenanthrenedione, a cytotoxic derivative of phenanthrene, was shown to occur by a soil bacterium belonging to the genus Sphingobium. Phenanthrene-grown cells of this strain were exposed to 50mgL(-1) 9,10-phenanthrenedione in liquid cultures, extracted, and extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ionization mode. Full scan analyses of exposed cells over the range from m/z 50 to m/z 500 were compared to abiotic and biotic controls. Product and precursor ion scan mode analyses indicated that at least three aromatic ring-cleavage transformation products of 9,10-phenanthrenedione were present and structures for these products, corresponding to [M-H](-)=271, [M-H](-)=241, and [M-H](-)=339 were proposed to be 4-(1-hydroxy-3,4-dioxo-2-naphthyl)-2-oxo-but-3-enoic acid, 2,2'-diphenic acid and 2-[(6-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxy-phenyl)-hydroxy-methyl]-5-oxo-hex-3-enedioic acid. The identity of 2,2'-diphenic acid was confirmed by comparison to an authentic standard and when the strain was exposed to 50mgL(-1) 2,2'-diphenic acid in separate assays, a transformation product with a similar mass spectrum as 9,10-phenanthrenedione-derived [M-H](-)=339 was revealed. Based upon these results, pathways for the transformation of 9,10-phenanthrenedione by strain KK22 were proposed. Strain KK22 appeared unable to use 9,10-phenanthrenedione as a growth substrate under these conditions. This is the first report of potential biotransformation pathways of 9,10-phenanthrenedione by a bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kanaly
- Department of Genome System Science, Faculty of Bionanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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18
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Ariya PA, Kos G, Mortazavi R, Hudson ED, Kanthasamy V, Eltouny N, Sun J, Wilde C. Bio-organic materials in the atmosphere and snow: measurement and characterization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 339:145-99. [PMID: 23832685 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organic chemicals are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and at air-snow interfaces, as well as in aerosols and in clouds. It has been known for centuries that airborne biological matter plays various roles in the transmission of disease in humans and in ecosystems. The implication of chemical compounds of biological origins in cloud condensation and in ice nucleation processes has also been studied during the last few decades, and implications have been suggested in the reduction of visibility, in the influence on oxidative potential of the atmosphere and transformation of compounds in the atmosphere, in the formation of haze, change of snow-ice albedo, in agricultural processes, and bio-hazards and bio-terrorism. In this review we critically examine existing observation data on bio-organic compounds in the atmosphere and in snow. We also review both conventional and cutting-edge analytical techniques and methods for measurement and characterisation of bio-organic compounds and specifically for microbial communities, in the atmosphere and snow. We also explore the link between biological compounds and nucleation processes. Due to increased interest in decreasing emissions of carbon-containing compounds, we also briefly review (in an Appendix) methods and techniques that are currently deployed for bio-organic remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ariya
- Departments of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada,
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Keyte IJ, Harrison RM, Lammel G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9333-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Fu S, Fan J, Hashi Y, Chen Z. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples using online microextraction by packed sorbent coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 94:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Li R, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Lin JM. Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene-7,10-quinone in Airborne Particulates by Using a Chemiluminescence Reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrosulfite. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3215-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2032063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 10029, China
- Graduate School of Natural Science
and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi,
Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical
Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate School of Natural Science
and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi,
Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Graduate School of Natural Science
and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi,
Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science
and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi,
Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical
Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part I: Off-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:1-16. [PMID: 21442634 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with a fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part I of this two-part review, we concentrate on off-line mass spectrometry techniques, which require sample collection on filters but can provide detailed molecular speciation. In particular, off-line mass spectrometry techniques utilizing tandem mass spectrometry experiments and high resolution mass analyzers provide improved insight into secondary organic aerosol formation and heterogeneous reaction pathways through detailed structural elucidation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Selective accurate-mass-based analysis of 11 oxy-PAHs on atmospheric particulate matter by pressurized liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and magnetic sector mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1697-711. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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BEDNÁRIKOVÁ ALENA, SKLÁRŠOVÁ BOŽENA, KOLEK EMIL, POLOVKA MARTIN, ŠIMKO PETER. New Rapid HPLC Method for Separation and Determination of Benzo[A]Pyrene Hydroxyderivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.621505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Compagnone D, Curini R, D’Ascenzo G, Del Carlo M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, Sergi M. Neutral loss and precursor ion scan tandem mass spectrometry for study of activated benzopyrene–DNA adducts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1983-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Layshock JA, Wilson G, Anderson KA. Ketone and quinone-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissue, sediment, urban dust, and diesel particulate matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2450-60. [PMID: 20830751 PMCID: PMC4113342 DOI: 10.1002/etc.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) substituted with a ketone or quinone functionality (OPAHs) may be important environmental contaminants. The OPAHs from environmental samples have demonstrated toxicity and may be more harmful than PAHs. Knowledge gaps concerning the occurrence of OPAHs in the total environment arise from analytical difficulties, as well as limited standards and methodologies. An optimized method was developed to quantify five ketone and four quinone OPAHs from matrices ranging from biological tissue to diesel particulates. Five National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) were analyzed. This is the first report of OPAH quantitation in SRM 2977 (mussel tissue), SRM 1944 (New York/New Jersey, USA waterway sediment), SRM 1975 (diesel extract), and SRM 1650b (diesel particulate matter) and among the few to report concentrations from SRM 1649 (urban dust). Furthermore, this is one of the first reports of OPAHs in biological tissue. Σ₉OPAHs were 374 ± 59 mg/kg (mussel tissue), 5.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg (sediment), 16.9 ± 1.6 mg/kg (urban dust), 33.4 ± 0.4 mg/kg (diesel extract), and 150 ± 43 mg/kg (diesel particulate matter). In all SRMs, the levels of OPAHs were similar to or exceeded levels of PAHs. Of the OPAHs tested, the most frequently occurring in the environmental matrices were 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, benzofluorenone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenequinone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Anderson
- Corresponding Author: Kim A. Anderson, 1127 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, PH: 541-737-8501, Fax: 541-737-0497
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Goldfarb JL, Suuberg EM. Deviations from Ideal Sublimation Vapor Pressure Behavior in Mixtures of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds with Interacting Heteroatoms. THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 2010; 42:1009-1015. [PMID: 23807818 PMCID: PMC3692298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the relatively small atomic fraction of a given heteroatom in a binary mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), the inclusion of heteroatomic substituted compounds can significantly impact mixture vapor pressure behavior over a wide range of temperatures. The vapor pressures of several binary PAC mixtures containing various heteroatoms show varying behavior, from practically ideal behavior following Raoult's law to significant deviations from ideality depending on the heteroatom(s) present in the mixture. Mixtures were synthesized using the quench-cool technique with equimolar amounts of two PAC, both containing heteroatoms such as aldehyde, carboxyl, nitrogen, and sulfur substituent groups. For some mixtures, deviation from ideality is inversely related to temperature, though in other cases we see deviations from ideality increasing with temperature, whereas some appear independent of temperature. Most commonly we see lower vapor pressures than predicted by Raoult's law, which indicates that the interacting heteroatoms prefer the solid mixture phase as opposed to the vapor phase. Although negative deviations predominate from Raoult's Law, the varying mixtures investigated show both higher and lower enthalpies and entropies of sublimation than predicted. In each mixture, a higher enthalpy of sublimation leads to higher entropy of sublimation than predicted, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Goldfarb
- Brown University Division of Engineering, 182 Hope Street, Providence RI 02912, USA ;
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28
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Bandowe BAM, Wilcke W. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen-containing derivatives and metabolites in soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1349-58. [PMID: 20830923 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been extensively studied, the knowledge of their oxygen-containing derivatives and metabolites (OPAHs) in soils is limited. We modified and tested an existing analytical protocol involving pressurized liquid extraction of soil followed by fractionation of target compounds into PAHs and OPAHs on a silica gel column and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry-based separation and quantification. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyl-OPAHs were quantified directly after separation on silica gel columns, and hydroxyl/carboxyl-OPAHs were quantified after silylation with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Recoveries between 78 and 97% (relative standard deviation [RSD], 5-12%) were obtained for six carbonyl-OPAHs, whereas 1,2-acenaphthenequinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone showed lower recoveries of 34 and 44% (RSD, 19 and 28%, respectively). Five hydroxyl/carboxyl-OPAHs had recoveries between 36 and 70% (RSD, 13-46%), six others had between 2 and 7% (RSD, 8-25%), and nine were lost in sample preparation. Limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 1.6 ng g(-1) for OPAHs and from 0.01 to 0.56 ng g(-1) for PAHs. The protocol was applied to soils from a former gasworks site, Berlin, an urban soil from Mainz, both in Germany, and a forest soil from near Manaus, Brazil. The sums of 34 PAH concentrations were 107,000, 3505, and 21 ng g(-1); those of seven carbonyl-OPAHs were 15,690, 170, and 7 ng g(-1); and those of 11 hydroxyl/carboxyl-OPAHs 518, 36, and 16 ng g(-1) for Berlin, Mainz, and Manaus soils, respectively. Several OPAHs were present at concentrations higher than or equal to their parent PAHs, demonstrating the importance of OPAH measurement for the assessment of PAH-related environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Earth System Science Research Center, Geographic Institute, Professorship of Soil Geography/Soil Science, Johannes Gutenberg Univ. Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Lintelmann J, França MH, Hübner E, Matuschek G. A liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of azaarenes in atmospheric particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1636-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Mirivel G, Riffault V, Galloo JC. Simultaneous determination by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of nitrated and oxygenated PAHs found in air and soot particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:243-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Sposito TL, Bisinoti MC, Moreira AB. Simultaneous Determination of Phenanthrene and Benzo(a)pyrene in Water Samples by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903082523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Kameda T, Goto T, Toriba A, Tang N, Hayakawa K. Determination of airborne particle-associated benz[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone using high-performance liquid chromatography with in-line reduction and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6758-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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