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Neves BB, Pinto S, Pais R, Batista J, Domingues MR, Melo T. Looking into the lipid profile of avocado and byproducts: Using lipidomics to explore value-added compounds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13351. [PMID: 38682674 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Consumer priorities in healthy diets and lifestyle boosted the demand for nutritious and functional foods as well as plant-based ingredients. Avocado has become a food trend due to its nutritional and functional values, which in turn is increasing its consumption and production worldwide. Avocado edible portion has a high content of lipids, with the pulp and its oil being rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and essential omega - 3 and omega - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These fatty acids are mainly esterified in triacylglycerides, the major lipids in pulp, but also in minor components such as polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids). Polar lipids of avocado have been overlooked despite being recently highlighted with functional properties as well. The growth in the industry of avocado products is generating an increased amount of their byproducts, such as seed and peels (nonedible portions), still undervalued. The few studies on avocado byproducts pointed out that they also contain interesting lipids, with seeds particularly rich in polar lipids bearing PUFA, and thus can be reused as a source of add-value phytochemical. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches appear as an essential tool to unveil the complex lipid signature of avocado and its byproducts, contributing to the recognition of value-added lipids and opening new avenues for their use in novel biotechnological applications. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipid signature from avocado pulp, peel, seed, and its oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Pinto
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Pais
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Batista
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Jardim T, Domingues MRM, Alves E. An overview on lipids in nuts and oily fruits: oil content, lipid composition, health effects, lipidomic fingerprinting and new biotechnological applications of their by-products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37178132 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2208666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tree nuts and oily fruits are used as a diet complement and are highly consumed worldwide. The production and consumption of these foods have been increasing, and an enormous global market value is forecasted for 2023. Besides their high nutritional value and lipid content, they provide health benefits to fat metabolism, heart, skin, and brain. The industrial by-products of these oily foods represent promising raw materials for many industries. However, the lipidomic analysis of nuts and oily fruits is still in its early stages. State-of-the-art analytical approaches for the lipid profiling and fingerprinting of nuts and oily fruits have been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry for the accurate identification and structural characterization at the molecular species level. It is expected to bring a new understanding of these everyday foods' nutritional and functional value. This review comprises the oil content and lipid composition of various nuts and oily fruits, particularly those mostly consumed worldwide and having recognized beneficial health effects, biological activities associated with the lipids from different oily foodstuffs, analytical methodologies to analyze lipids in nuts and oily fruits, and the potential biotechnological applications of their industrial by-products for a lipid-based commercial valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Jardim
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Jadhav HB, Raina I, Gogate PR, Annapure US, Casanova F. Sonication as a Promising Technology for the Extraction of Triacylglycerols from Fruit Seeds—A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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4
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Bartolomeu M, Vieira C, Dias M, Conde T, Couto D, Lopes D, Neves B, Melo T, Rey F, Alves E, Silva J, Abreu H, Almeida A, Domingues MR. Bioprospecting antibiotic properties in photodynamic therapy of lipids from Codium tomemtosum and Chlorella vulgaris. Biochimie 2022; 203:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Castro‐García PG, Vasquez‐Garcia SR, Flores‐Ramirez N, Rico JL, Abdel‐Gawwad HA, García‐González L, Domratcheva‐Lvova L, Fernández‐Quiroz D. Polymeric films prepared from starch and a crosslinker extracted from avocado seeds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nelly Flores‐Ramirez
- Department of Wood Engineering and Technology Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Rico
- Department of Chemical Engineering Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia Mexico
| | - Hamdy Ahmed Abdel‐Gawwad
- Raw Building Materials Research and Processing Technology Institute Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC) Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Lada Domratcheva‐Lvova
- Department of Wood Engineering and Technology Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia Mexico
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6
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Utilization of dried Japanese apricot and avocado fruit powders as an emulsifying agent: The importance of the powder-dispersed phase in emulsification. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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MARTÍNEZ-CORONA R, BANDERAS-MARTÍNEZ FJ, PÉREZ-CASTILLO JN, CORTÉS-PENAGOS C, GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ JC. Avocado oil as an inducer of the extracellular lipase activity of Kluyveromyces marxianus L-2029. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.06519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Alves E, Simoes A, Domingues MR. Fruit seeds and their oils as promising sources of value-added lipids from agro-industrial byproducts: oil content, lipid composition, lipid analysis, biological activity and potential biotechnological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1305-1339. [PMID: 32393054 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1757617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of tons of fruit seeds are discarded every year worldwide as agro-industrial byproducts. Fruit seeds have a high oil content, are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) and in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated essential FA. Sterols, phospholipids, glycolipids, carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenols are other seed phytochemicals that make them interesting from a commercial viewpoint. Fruit seeds have high potential as raw material for several industries, but their lipid profile remains poorly studied. Current analytical approaches for the analysis of lipids that are based on high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry allow the separation and analysis of compounds with the accurate identification and structural characterization of molecular species in very small quantities. Even though lipidomic analysis of fruit seeds' lipids is still in its infancy, it will bring a new look over these value-added byproducts. This review covers the following topics: (a) the lipid content of various fruit seed oils; (b) their lipid composition (FA, triacylglycerol, sterol, phospholipid and glycolipid profiles), (c) current and future analytical methodologies for the analysis of lipids in fruit seeds; (d) biological activities of fruit seeds' extracts; and (e) potential biotechnological applications of fruit seed oils for their commercial valorization based on lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abigail Simoes
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.,Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Ecomare, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Martínez-Corona R, Vázquez Marrufo G, Cortés Penagos C, Madrigal-Pérez LA, González-Hernández JC. Bioinformatic characterization of the extracellular lipases from Kluyveromyces marxianus. Yeast 2019; 37:149-162. [PMID: 31758565 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes that break the ester bonds of triglycerides, generating free fatty acids and glycerol. Extracellular lipase activity has been reported for the nonconventional yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, grown in olive oil as a substrate, and the presence of at least eight putative lipases has been detected in its genome. However, to date, there is no experimental evidence on the physiological role of the putative lipases nor their structural and catalytic properties. In this study, a bioinformatic analysis of the genes of the putative lipases from K. marxianus L-2029 was performed, particularly identifying and characterizing the extracellular expected enzymes, due to their biotechnological relevance. The amino acid sequence of 10 putative lipases, obtained by in silico translation, ranged between 389 and 773 amino acids. Two of the analysed putative proteins showed a signal peptide, 25 and 33 amino acids long for KmYJR107Wp and KmLIP3p, and a molecular weight of 44.53 and 58.23 kDa, respectively. The amino acid alignment of KmLIP3p and KmYJR107Wp with the crystallized lipases from a patatin and the YlLip2 lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica, respectively, revealed the presence of the hydrolase characteristic motifs. From the 3D models of putative extracellular K. marxianus L-2029 lipases, the conserved pentapeptide of each was determined, being GTSMG for KmLIP3p and GHSLG for KmYJR107Wp; besides, the genes of these two enzymes (LIP3 and YJR107W) are apparently regulated by oleate response elements. The phylogenetic analysis of all K. marxianus lipases revealed evolutionary affinities with lipases from abH15.03, abH23.01, and abH23.02 families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martínez-Corona
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico.,Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Vázquez Marrufo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cortés Penagos
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Madrigal-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Ciudad Hidalgo, Ciudad Hidalgo, Mexico
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Lipidomic Profiling of the Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Fruit towards Its Valorisation as a Functional Food: In-Depth Identification of Triacylglycerols and Polar Lipids in Portuguese Olives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142555. [PMID: 31337054 PMCID: PMC6680557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olives (Olea europaea L.) are classic ingredients in the Mediterranean diet with well-known health benefits, but their lipid composition has not been fully addressed. In this work, we characterised triacylglycerol (TAG) and polar lipid profiles of the olive pulp while using a complementary methodological approach that was based on solid-phase extraction to recover the neutral lipid (NL) and the polar lipid-rich fractions. The TAG profile was analysed in the NL-fraction by C30 reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) and the polar lipid profile by normal-phase hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), with both being coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ESI-MS/MS. This approach identified 71 TAG ions that were attributed to more than 350 molecular species, with fatty acyl chain lengths from C11:0 to C26:0, including different polyunsaturated acyl chains. The polar lipids included 107 molecular species that belonged to 11 lipid classes that comprised phospholipids, glyceroglycolipids, glycosphingolipids, and betaine lipids. In addition to polyunsaturated fatty acids, some of the phospholipids, glycolipids, and glycosphingolipids that were identified in the olive pulp have been described as biologically active molecules. Lipidomic phenotyping of the olive pulp has led to the discovery of compounds that will allow for a better assessment of its nutritional value and new applications of bioactive lipid components in this functional food.
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11
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Lipid Isolation Process and Study on Some Molecular Species of Polar Lipid Isolated from Seed of Madhuca ellitica. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study attempted the lipid extraction process from the seeds of Madhuca ellitica, a lipid-rich plant, and conducted a lipidomic analysis on molecular species of the obtained product. Total lipids of the crude seeds were found to contain 11.2% of polar lipids. The major fatty acids (FAs) of the polar lipids were palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n-9), and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids, which amounted to 28.5, 12.5, 44.8, and 13.2% of total FAs, respectively. The content and chemical structures of individual molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) were determined by HPLC with a tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The major molecular species were 18:1/18:2 PE, 16:0/18:1 PC, 18:1/18:2 PC, 16:0/18:2 PG, 16:0/18:1 PG, 16:1/18:1 PI, 16:0/18:1 PI, 18:0/18:2 PI, 16:0/18:1 PA, 18:1/18:2 PA, 16:0/18:1 SQDG, and 18:0/18:1 SQDG. The application of a tandem HRMS allows us to determine the content of each isomer in pairs of the monoisotopic molecular species, for example, 18:0/18:2 and 18:1/18:1. The evaluation of the seed polar lipid profile will be helpful for developing the potential of this tree for nutritive and industrial uses.
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12
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de Melo MFFT, Pereira DE, Moura RDL, da Silva EB, de Melo FALT, Dias CDCQ, Silva MDCA, de Oliveira MEG, Viera VB, Pintado MME, Dos Santos SG, Soares JKB. Maternal Supplementation With Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) Pulp and Oil Alters Reflex Maturation, Physical Development, and Offspring Memory in Rats. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:9. [PMID: 30728763 PMCID: PMC6351466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an oleaginous fruit source of fatty acids with high levels of neuroprotective phytocomplexes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of reflex and somatic maturation, fatty acid profiles in the brain, and memory in different stages of life in the offspring of dams supplemented with avocado pulp and oil during gestation and lactation. The dams were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 pups/group), and recieved by gavage supplementation: control group (CG)-distilled water; Avocado Oil (AO)-3,000 mg avocado oil/kg animal weight, and Avocado Pulp (AP)-3,000 mg avocado pulp/kg animal weight. We performed the following tests: Analysis of Somatic Development and Ontogeny of Postnatal Reflex (T0 to T21), the Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test (ORT) in the adolescent (T45) and adult (T90) phases. The cerebral fatty acids content was evaluated at times T0, T21, T45, and T90. The results were analyzed using the statistical program GraphPad Prism and significant statistics were considered when p < 0.05. Acceleration of reflex maturation and reflex ontogeny was observed in the offspring of AO and AP fed dams, with the results being more pronounced in the pulp fed group (p < 0.05). All groups presented a decrease in the ambulation parameter in the second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test, at T45 and T90 (p < 0.05). In the ORT, the AO and AP offspring presented memory improvements in the short and long term in the adult and adolescent phases (p < 0.05). The results of the brain fatty acid profiles presented higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the AO and AP groups at T21, T45, and T90. The docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) content was higher at T21 (AO and AP), at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AP) (p < 0.05). The arachidonic acid (ARA) content was higher at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AO) (p < 0.05). Maternal supplementation with avocado oil and pulp anticipates reflex maturation and somatic postnatal development, and improves memory during the adolescent and adult phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Ferreira Frazão Tavares de Melo
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Diego Elias Pereira
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Renally de Lima Moura
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Elisiane Beatriz da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | - Celina de Castro Querino Dias
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maciel da Costa Alves Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maria Elieidy Gomes de Oliveira
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bordin Viera
- Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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Dias SVE, Züge LCB, Santos AF, Scheer ADP. Effect of surfactants and gelatin on the stability, rheology, and encapsulation efficiency of W1
/O/W2
multiple emulsions containing avocado oil. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vitorino Estevam Dias
- Graduate Program in Food Engineering; Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, P.O. Box 19011; Curitiba Paraná 81531-980 Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Ferreira Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, P.O. Box 19011; Curitiba Paraná 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Agnes de Paula Scheer
- Graduate Program in Food Engineering; Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, P.O. Box 19011; Curitiba Paraná 81531-980 Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, P.O. Box 19011; Curitiba Paraná 81531-980 Brazil
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14
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Chen J, Liu X, Li F, Li Y, Yuan D. Cold shock treatment extends shelf life of naturally ripened or ethylene-ripened avocado fruits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189991. [PMID: 29253879 PMCID: PMC5734781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado is an important tropical fruit with high commercial value, but has a relatively short storage life. In this study, the effects of cold shock treatment (CST) on shelf life of naturally ripened and ethylene-ripened avocado fruits were investigated. Fruits were immersed in ice water for 30 min, then subjected to natural or ethylene-induced ripening. Fruit color; firmness; respiration rate; ethylene production; and the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and endo-β-1,4-glucanase were measured. Immersion in ice water for 30 min effectively delayed ripening-associated processes, including peel discoloration, pulp softening, respiration rate, and ethylene production during shelf life. The delay in fruit softening by CST was associated with decreased PG and endo-β-1,4-glucanase activities, but not PME activity. This method could potentially be a useful postharvest technology to extend shelf life of avocado fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xixia Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Fenfang Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yixing Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Debao Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Banana Genetic Improvement, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Rodríguez-López CE, Hernández-Brenes C, Treviño V, Díaz de la Garza RI. Avocado fruit maturation and ripening: dynamics of aliphatic acetogenins and lipidomic profiles from mesocarp, idioblasts and seed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:159. [PMID: 28969589 PMCID: PMC5623960 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocado fruit contains aliphatic acetogenins (oft-acetylated, odd-chain fatty alcohols) with promising bioactivities for both medical and food industries. However, we have scarce knowledge about their metabolism. The present work aimed to study changes in acetogenin profiles from mesocarp, lipid-containing idioblasts, and seeds from 'Hass' cultivar during fruit development, germination, and three harvesting years. An untargeted LC-MS based lipidomic analysis was also conducted to profile the lipidome of avocado fruit in each tissue. RESULTS The targeted analysis showed that acetogenin profiles and contents remained unchanged in avocado mesocarp during maturation and postharvest ripening, germination, and different harvesting years. However, a shift in the acetogenin profile distribution, accompanied with a sharp increase in concentration, was observed in seed during early maturation. Untargeted lipidomics showed that this shift was accompanied with remodeling of glycerolipids: TAGs and DAGs decreased during fruit growing in seed. Remarkably, the majority of the lipidome in mature seed was composed by acetogenins; we suggest that this tissue is able to synthesize them independently from mesocarp. On the other hand, lipid-containing idioblasts accumulated almost the entire acetogenin pool measured in the whole mesocarp, while only having 4% of the total fatty acids. The lipidome of this cell type changed the most when the fruit was ripening after harvesting, TAGs decreased while odd-chain DAGs increased. Notably, idioblast lipidome was more diverse than that from mesocarp. CONCLUSIONS Evidence shown here suggests that idioblasts are the main site of acetogenin biosynthesis in avocado mesocarp. This work unveiled the prevalence of aliphatic acetogenins in the avocado fruit lipidome and evidenced TAGs as initial donors of the acetogenin backbones in its biosynthesis. It also sets evidence for acetogenins being included in future works aimed at characterizing the avocado seed, as they are a main component of their lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Hernández-Brenes
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Víctor Treviño
- Cátedra de Bioinformática, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rocío I Díaz de la Garza
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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16
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Saavedra J, Córdova A, Navarro R, Díaz-Calderón P, Fuentealba C, Astudillo-Castro C, Toledo L, Enrione J, Galvez L. Industrial avocado waste: Functional compounds preservation by convective drying process. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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da Costa E, Melo T, Moreira ASP, Bernardo C, Helguero L, Ferreira I, Cruz MT, Rego AM, Domingues P, Calado R, Abreu MH, Domingues MR. Valorization of Lipids from Gracilaria sp. through Lipidomics and Decoding of Antiproliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E62. [PMID: 28257116 PMCID: PMC5367019 DOI: 10.3390/md15030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipidome of the red seaweed Gracilaria sp., cultivated on land-based integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system, was assessed for the first time using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS and MS/MS). One hundred and forty-seven molecular species were identified in the lipidome of the Gracilaria genus and distributed between the glycolipids classes monogalactosyl diacylglyceride (MGDG), digalactosyl diacylglyceride (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyl monoacylglyceride (SQMG), sulfoquinovosyl diacylglyceride (SQDG), the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), lyso-PC, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lyso-PG, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatic acid (PA), inositolphosphoceramide (IPC), and betaine lipids monoacylglyceryl- and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethyl homoserine (MGTS and DGTS). Antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects promoted by lipid extract of Gracilaria sp. were evaluated by monitoring cell viability in human cancer lines and by using murine macrophages, respectively. The lipid extract decreased cell viability of human T-47D breast cancer cells and of 5637 human bladder cancer cells (estimated half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 12.2 μg/mL and 12.9 μg/mL, respectively) and inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) evoked by the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 (35% inhibition at a concentration of 100 μg/mL). These findings contribute to increase the ranking in the value-chain of Gracilaria sp. biomass cultivated under controlled conditions on IMTA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete da Costa
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Melo
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana S P Moreira
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carina Bernardo
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMED), Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luisa Helguero
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMED), Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNC), Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra & Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNC), Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra & Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreia M Rego
- ALGAplus-Produção e Comercialização de Algas e seus Derivados, Lda., 3830-196 Ílhavo, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria H Abreu
- ALGAplus-Produção e Comercialização de Algas e seus Derivados, Lda., 3830-196 Ílhavo, Portugal.
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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García-Salas P, Verardo V, Gori A, Caboni MF, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Determination of lipid composition of the two principal cherimoya cultivars grown in Andalusian Region. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Pacetti D, Lucci P, Mozzon M, Gagliardi R, Fiorini D, Frega NG. Influence of deep-fat frying process on phospholipid molecular species composition of Sardina pilchardus fillet. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Lucci P, Pacetti D, Loizzo MR, Frega NG. Punica granatum cv. Dente di Cavallo seed ethanolic extract: Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Food Chem 2015; 167:475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Lucci P, Pacetti D, Calzuola I, Marsili V, Perni S, Giavarini F, Frega NG, Gianfranceschi GL. Characterization of phospholipid molecular species and peptide molecules in wheat sprout hydroalcoholic extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11453-11459. [PMID: 24156493 DOI: 10.1021/jf4034392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipid molecular species and the main peptide molecules of wheat sprout hydroalcoholic extract have been fully characterized by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled online with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The extract that resulted was rich in phospholipid molecular species formed by the combination of the two essential fatty acids (α-linoleic and α-linolenic). These species accounted for 51.7% of total phosphatidic acid, 47.3% of total phosphatidylethanolamine, 37.7% of total phosphatidylcholine, and 14.1% of total phosphatidylinositol. The last one showed the highest amounts of species containing palmitic acid, thus representing the most saturated phospholipid class. The extract was also shown to contain several peptide sequences with both potential antioxidant domains and interaction sites for phospholipids (i.e., H-Ala-Gly-Ser-Met-Met-Cys-NH2, H-Tyr-Met-Thr-Val-Val-Ala-Cys-NH2, etc.); this latter finding can have a highly positive impact on the poor peptides bioavailability. Because of the presence of essential fatty acids-rich phospholipids and bioactive peptides, wheat sprout hydroalcoholic extract can be considered a potential functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lucci
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotà, Distrito Capital, Colombia
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22
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Hurtado-Fernández E, Contreras-Gutiérrez PK, Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Merging a sensitive capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection method with chemometric exploratory data analysis for the determination of phenolic acids and subsequent characterization of avocado fruit. Food Chem 2013; 141:3492-503. [PMID: 23993512 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the development of a powerful CE-UV method able to detect and quantify an important number of phenolic acids in 13 varieties of avocado fruits at 2 ripening stages. All the variables involved in CE separation were exhaustively optimized and the best results were obtained with a capillary of 50 μm i.d. × 50 cm effective length, sodium tetraborate 40 mM at a pH of 9.4, 30 kV, 25 °C, 10s of hydrodynamic injection (0.5 psi) and UV detection at 254 nm. This optimal methodology was fully validated and then applied to different avocado samples. The number of phenolic acids determined varied from 8 to 14 compounds; in general, they were in concentrations ranging from 0.13 ppm to 3.82 ppm, except p-coumaric, benzoic and protocatechuic acids, which were found at higher concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to highlight the differences between varieties and ripening degrees, looking for the most influential analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hurtado-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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23
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Murphy SA, Nicolaou A. Lipidomics applications in health, disease and nutrition research. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1336-46. [PMID: 23729171 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional diversity of lipids accounts for their involvement into a wide range of homeostatic processes and disease states, including lifestyle-related diseases as well as genetic conditions. Challenges presented by this diversity have been addressed to a great extent by the development of lipidomics, a platform that makes possible the detailed profiling and characterisation of lipid species present in any cell, organelle, tissue or body fluid, and allows for a wider appreciation of the biological role of lipid networks. Progress in the field of lipidomics has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in MS and includes a range of analytical platforms supporting applications spanning from qualitative and quantitative assessment of multiple species to lipid imaging. Here we review these MS techniques currently in routine use in lipidomics, alongside with new ones that have started making an impact in the field. Recent applications in health, disease and nutrition-related questions will also be discussed with a view to convey the importance of lipidomics contributions to biosciences and food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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24
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Okazaki Y, Kamide Y, Hirai MY, Saito K. Plant lipidomics based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2013; 9:121-131. [PMID: 23463370 PMCID: PMC3580141 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-011-0318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a wide range of hydrophobic compounds, generally known as lipids. Here, we report an application of liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) for plant lipidomics. Using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for class separation, typical membrane lipids including glycerolipids, steryl glucosides and glucosylceramides, and hydrophobic plant secondary metabolites such as saponins were analyzed simultaneously. By this method, we annotated approximately 100 molecules from Arabidopsis thaliana. To demonstrate the application of this method to biological study, we analyzed Arabidopsis mutant trigalactosyldiacylglycerol3 (tgd3), which has a complex metabolic phenotype including the accumulation of unusual forms of galactolipids. Lipid profiling by LC-MS revealed that tgd3 accumulated an unusual form of digalactosyldiacylglycerol, annotated as Gal(β1 → 6)βGalDG. The compositional difference between normal and unusual forms of digalactosyldiacylglycerol was detected by this method. In addition, we analyzed well-known Arabidopsis mutants ats1-1, fad6-1, and fad7-2, which are also disrupted in lipid metabolic genes. Untargeted lipidome analysis coupled with multivariate analysis clearly discriminated the mutants and their distinctive metabolites. These results indicated that HILIC-MS is an efficient method for plant lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yukiko Kamide
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
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25
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Vaikkinen A, Shrestha B, Nazarian J, Kostiainen R, Vertes A, Kauppila TJ. Simultaneous Detection of Nonpolar and Polar Compounds by Heat-Assisted Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302432h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Vaikkinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, W.
M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052,
United States
| | - Bindesh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, W.
M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052,
United States
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center
for Genetic Medicine,
Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010,
United States
- Department
of Integrative Systems
Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, United
States
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W.
M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052,
United States
| | - Tiina J. Kauppila
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Boselli E, Pacetti D, Lucci P, Frega NG. Characterization of phospholipid molecular species in the edible parts of bony fish and shellfish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3234-3245. [PMID: 22369175 DOI: 10.1021/jf205159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipid molecular species of freshwater (pangasius, Nile perch, trout), marine fish fillets (horse mackerel, European hake, common sole, European anchovy, European pilchard, Atlantic mackerel) and the edible muscle foot of bivalves (clam, mussel, oyster) commonly available in the Italian market during spring and summer were characterized by means of normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled online with positive electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. From principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that the total fatty acid profile was not suitable to differentiate among the shellfish genera. The fatty acid molecular combinations of phosphatidylcholine, the main phospholipid class, as well as phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine allowed for the differentiation of shellfish from the bony fishes. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen profile allowed for the discrimination of each bony fish or shellfish genus since PS and pPE classes included a large number of fatty acid combinations that were specific for a fish genus or group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Boselli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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27
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Analysis of plant galactolipids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:601-7. [PMID: 22465211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The composition of plant membrane lipids was investigated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement. The data dependent methods for the analysis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) have been developed. The optimised chromatographic systems were based on a 2.0 mm i.d. Nucleosil C18 column with methanol/water (MGDGs) or acetonitrile/methanol/water (DGDGs) gradients. The galactolipids were ionised by electrospray operated in the positive ion mode and identified based on their MS/MS spectra. High resolution spectra with accurate masses were found to be essential for correct interpretation of the MS data. The elution order of non-oxidised MGDGs and DGDGs followed the equivalent carbon numbers. The methods were applied for detailed characterisation of the MGDGs and DGDGs in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Melissa officinalis.
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28
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Determination of phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species in various food matrices by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS2). Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:291-300. [PMID: 22349329 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS(2)) method has been developed for determination of the molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in four food matrices (soy, egg yolk, ox liver, and krill oil). The extraction and purification method consisted of a pressurized liquid extraction procedure for total lipid (TL) extraction, purification of phospholipids (PLs) by adsorption on a silica gel column, and separation of PL classes by semi-preparative normal-phase HPLC. Separation and identification of PE molecular species were performed by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(2)). Methanol containing 5 mmol L(-1) ammonium formate was used as the mobile phase. A variety of PE molecular species were detected in the four food matrices. (C16:0-C18:2)PE, (C18:2-C18:2)PE, and (C16:0-C18:1)PE were the major PE molecular species in soy. Egg yolk PE contained (C16:0-C18:1)PE, (C18:0-C18:1)PE, (C18:0-C18:2)PE, and (C16:0-C18:2)PE as the major molecular species. Ox liver PE was rich in the species (C18:0-C18:1)PE, (C18:0-C20:4)PE, and (C18:0-C18:2)PE. Finally, krill oil which was particularly rich in (C16:0(alkyl)-C22:6(acyl))plasmanylethanolamine (PakE), (C16:0-C22:6)PE, and (C16:0-C20:5)PE, seemed to be an interesting potential source for supplementation of food with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
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29
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Ibrahim A, Schütz AL, Galano JM, Herrfurth C, Feussner K, Durand T, Brodhun F, Feussner I. The Alphabet of Galactolipids in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:95. [PMID: 22639619 PMCID: PMC3355575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids constitute the major lipid class in plants. In recent years oxygenated derivatives of galactolipids have been detected. They are discussed as signal molecules during leaf damage, since they accumulate in wounded leaves in high levels. Using different analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, infra-red spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) earlier reports focused on the analysis of either oxidized or non-oxidized species and needed high levels of analytes. Here, we report on the analysis of the galactolipid subfraction of the Arabidopsis leaf lipidome by an improved HPLC/MS(2)-based method that is fast, robust, and comparatively simple in its performance. Due to a combination of phase partitioning, solid phase fractionation, liquid chromatography, and MS(2) experiments this method has high detection sensitivity and requires only low amounts of plant material. With this method 167 galactolipid species were detected in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Out of these 79 being newly described species. From all species the head group and acyl side chains were identified via MS(2) experiments. Moreover, the structural identification was supported by HPLC/time-of-flight (TOF)-MS and gas chromatography (GC)/MS analysis. The quantification of different galactolipid species that accumulated 30 min after a mechanical wounding in A. thaliana leaves showed that the oxidized acyl side chains in galactolipids are divided into 65% cyclopentenones, 27% methyl-branched ketols, 3.8% hydroperoxides/straight-chain ketols, 2.0% hydroxides, and 2.6% phytoprostanes. In comparison to the free cyclopentenone derivatives, the esterified forms occur in a 149-fold excess supporting the hypothesis that galactolipids might function as storage compounds for cyclopentenones. Additional analysis of the ratio of non-oxidized to oxidized galactolipid species in leaves of wounded plants was performed resulting in a ratio of 2.0 in case of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), 8.1 in digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and 0.6 in the acylated MGD. This indicates that galactolipid oxidation is a major and rapid metabolic process that occurs class specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ibrahim
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schütz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- UMR 5247 – CNRS – UM I – UM II, Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronMontpellier, France
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Durand
- UMR 5247 – CNRS – UM I – UM II, Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronMontpellier, France
| | - Florian Brodhun
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
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30
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Byeon SK, Lee JY, Moon MH. Optimized extraction of phospholipids and lysophospholipids for nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 137:451-8. [PMID: 22108841 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15920h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficiencies of four different methods for the extraction of phospholipids (PLs) and lysophospholipids (LPLs) from human plasma samples were examined by comparing extraction recovery values using nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS). For recovery measurements, six PL and six LPL standards of different head groups were spiked into a human plasma sample, and the peak areas of each individual species after extraction were measured from the chromatograms of the nLC-ESI-MS runs. Recovery was calculated by comparing the peak area of an extracted standard species with that of the same species' spike after extraction of the same plasma sample. For lipid extraction, four different extraction methods were examined: three based on the Folch method with different organic solvents such as CHCl(3), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and MTBE/CH(3)OH, and one relatively fast method involving CH(3)OH only. Evaluations of recovery showed that the modified Folch method with MTBE/CH(3)OH proposed in this study was effective for extracting most PL and LPL standards. Then, the four extraction methods were compared with the identified numbers of plasma PLs and LPLs, of which molecular structures can be confirmed by data-dependent, collision-induced dissociation experiments during nLC-ESI-MS-MS. These results demonstrated that the proposed method yielded the identification of 54 LPLs and 66 PLs from a plasma sample, which was the highest identification rate among the four methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
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31
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Herchi W, Sakouhi F, Khaled S, Xiong Y, Boukhchina S, Kallel H, Curtis JM. Characterisation of the glycerophospholipid fraction in flaxseed oil using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2011; 129:437-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Perni S, Calzuola I, Gianfranceschi GL, Giavarini F, Lucci P, Pacetti D, Frega NG, Marsili V. Biochemical and mass spectrometry recognition of phospholipid-peptide complexes in wheat sprouts extract. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:744-50. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Cotting C, Giuffrida F. Quantification of glycolipids in cereal and dairy matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xu J, Chen D, Yan X, Chen J, Zhou C. Global characterization of the photosynthetic glycerolipids from a marine diatom Stephanodiscus sp. by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 663:60-8. [PMID: 20172098 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The photosynthetic glycerolipids composition of algae is crucial for structural and physiological aspects. In this work, a comprehensive characterization of the photosynthetic glycerolipids of the diatom Stephanodiscus sp. was carried out by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS). By use of the MS(E) data collection mode, the Q-TOF instrument offered a very viable alternative to triple quadrupoles for precursor ion scanning of photosynthetic glycerolipids and had the advantage of high efficiency, selectivity, sensitivity and mass accuracy. Characteristic fragment ions were utilized to identify the structures and acyl compositions of photosynthetic glycerolipids. Comparing the abundance of fragment ions, it was possible to determine the position of the sn-glycerol-bound fatty acyl chains. As a result, four classes of photosynthetic glycerolipid in the extract of Stephanodiscus sp. were unambiguously identified, including 16 monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs), 9 digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs), 23 sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDGs) and 8 phosphatidylglycerols (PGs). As far as our knowledge, this is the first report on global identification of photosynthetic glycerolipids, including lipid classes, fatty acyl composition within lipids and the location of fatty acids in lipids (sn-1 vs. sn-2), in the extract of marine microalgae by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo 315211, China
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35
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Pelillo M, Ferioli F, Iafelice G, Marconi E, Caboni MF. Characterisation of the phospholipid fraction of hulled and naked tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. J Cereal Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cerium elicitor-induced phosphatidic acid triggers apoptotic signaling development in Taxus cuspidata cell suspension cultures. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 159:13-20. [PMID: 19428358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of membrane phospholipids is associated with apoptotic responses, but the signaling development of this degradation is not well understood. Cerium (Ce(4+)), an important rare earth element, induces cellular apoptosis and taxol biosynthesis in Taxus cuspidata suspension cultures. Here, using mass spectrometry and biochemical technique, we demonstrated that the phospholipase D (PLD) was rapidly activated by Ce(4+) and hydrolyzed structural phospholipids to generate lipid signal molecule, phosphatidic acid (PA). 1-Butanol, an antagonist of PLD-dependent PA production, blocked the biphasic burst of superoxide anions (O2(*-)) and thus mitigated cellular apoptosis. The time-course analysis of PA accumulation and ERK-like mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation indicated PA generation preceded MAPK activation, suggesting that the rapid accumulation of PA might be required for the initial MAPK activity. After 2h of Ce(4+) elicitation, however, PA-induced O2(*-) burst, forming a negative regulation to MAPK activity, which in turn led to apoptotic signaling development.
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37
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Kim H, Min HK, Kong G, Moon MH. Quantitative analysis of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in urine of patients with breast cancer by nanoflow liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1649-56. [PMID: 19194696 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) from urine of patients with breast cancer were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS-MS). Urinary phospholipids (PLs) were extracted from three different categories of patients (non-cancer controls and breast cancer patients before and after surgery) by first lyophilizing only 1 mL of urine sample to enrich PLs. Next, nLC-ESI-MS-MS analysis of intact urinary phospholipids was performed, resulting in structural identification of 21 PCs and 12 PEs, followed by quantitative analysis using a multiple standard addition method. This study demonstrated that nLC-ESI-MS-MS can be powerfully utilized for the study of relative changes in the contents and concentration of urinary PCs and PEs from breast cancer patients: total concentration of PCs and PEs of patient sample increased to (144 +/- 9)% and (171 +/- 11)%, respectively, compared to control sample but they decreased significantly following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
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Wang D, Xu W, Xu X, Zhou G, Zhu Y, Li C, Yang M. Determination of intramuscular phospholipid classes and molecular species in Gaoyou duck. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takenaga F, Matsuyama K, Abe S, Torii Y, Itoh S. Lipid and fatty acid composition of mesocarp and seed of avocado fruits harvested at northern range in Japan. J Oleo Sci 2008; 57:591-7. [PMID: 18838831 DOI: 10.5650/jos.57.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid and fatty acid composition of the mesocarp and seed of avocado fruit grown and harvested in Japan, which is located at the northern range of the avacado, was investigated and compared to an imported avocado purchased commercially. The potential of the avocado mesocarp as an agricultural product in Japan was also explored. Total lipids (TL) accounted for approximately 20% of the mesocarp. Further analysis showed that the neutral lipid (NL) fraction accounted for at least 95% of the TL, and almost 90% of NL was triacylglycerol. Monoenoic acids accounted for at least 65% of the total fatty acids, and oleic acid, which is regarded as an especially important functional component of avacado accounted for approximately 50% of the monounsaturated fatty acids. A comparison of the Japanese avocado cultivars and an imported avocado cultivar in the present study revealed no significant differences in the lipid and fatty acid compositions. Therefore, production of avocado fruit, which is rich in various nutritional components, is expected to be increased on a larger number of farms in Japan in the future. It is believed to be necessary to carry out further verification, such as the establishment of a cultivation technique adoptable to Japan, examination of optimal soil and land features, and cultivar selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takenaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Nihon University, Fijisawa-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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40
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Kim H, Ahn E, Moon MH. Profiling of human urinary phospholipids by nanoflow liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2008; 133:1656-63. [PMID: 19082067 DOI: 10.1039/b804715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-MS-MS) was used for the first time in a comprehensive analysis of human urinary phospholipids (PL). PL mixtures from human urine were separated with a reversed phase LC capillary column coupled to ESI-MS-MS. This study used the dual scan method in which two consecutive LC-ESI-MS-MS runs were done in both positive ion mode to detect phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and in negative ion mode to detect phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). We focused on identifying the maximum number of PLs from a healthy human urine sample by varying the extracted volume of urine along with the evaluation of extraction efficiency for urinary PLs. We found that 22 PCs, 14 PEs, 15 PIs, 13 PSs, 7 PAs, and 4 PGs were identified during nLC-ESI-MS-MS when phospholipids in urine were extracted by ultracentrifugation. The efficiency of lipid extraction by ultracentrifugation versus lyophilization was evaluated by reducing the initial urine volume. We found that lyophilization was more efficient than ultracentrifugation for extracting lipids from small volumes (1 mL) of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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41
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Meyer MD, Terry LA. Development of a rapid method for the sequential extraction and subsequent quantification of fatty acids and sugars from avocado mesocarp tissue. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7439-45. [PMID: 18680299 DOI: 10.1021/jf8011322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Methods devised for oil extraction from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) mesocarp (e.g., Soxhlet) are usually lengthy and require operation at high temperature. Moreover, methods for extracting sugars from avocado tissue (e.g., 80% ethanol, v/v) do not allow for lipids to be easily measured from the same sample. This study describes a new simple method that enabled sequential extraction and subsequent quantification of both fatty acids and sugars from the same avocado mesocarp tissue sample. Freeze-dried mesocarp samples of avocado cv. Hass fruit of different ripening stages were extracted by homogenization with hexane and the oil extracts quantified for fatty acid composition by GC. The resulting filter residues were readily usable for sugar extraction with methanol (62.5%, v/v). For comparison, oil was also extracted using the standard Soxhlet technique and the resulting thimble residue extracted for sugars as before. An additional experiment was carried out whereby filter residues were also extracted using ethanol. Average oil yield using the Soxhlet technique was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that obtained by homogenization with hexane, although the difference remained very slight, and fatty acid profiles of the oil extracts following both methods were very similar. Oil recovery improved with increasing ripeness of the fruit with minor differences observed in the fatty acid composition during postharvest ripening. After lipid removal, methanolic extraction was superior in recovering sucrose and perseitol as compared to 80% ethanol (v/v), whereas mannoheptulose recovery was not affected by solvent used. The method presented has the benefits of shorter extraction time, lower extraction temperature, and reduced amount of solvent and can be used for sequential extraction of fatty acids and sugars from the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine D Meyer
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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Retra K, Bleijerveld OB, van Gestel RA, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ, Brouwers JF. A simple and universal method for the separation and identification of phospholipid molecular species. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1853-62. [PMID: 18470873 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in lipidomics is to obtain as much information about the lipidome as possible. Here, we present a simple yet universal high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method to separate molecular species of all phospholipid classes in one single run. The method is sensitive, robust and allows lipid profiling using full scan mass spectrometry, as well as lipid class specific scanning in positive and negative ionisation mode. This allows high-throughput processing of samples for lipidomics, even if different types of MS analysis are required. Excellent separation of isobaric and even isomeric species is achieved, and original levels of lyso-lipids can be determined without interference from lyso-lipids formed from diacyl species by source fragmentation. As examples of application of this method, more than 400 phospholipid species were identified and quantified in crude phospholipid extracts from rat liver and the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Retra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boselli E, Pacetti D, Lucci P, Di Lecce G, Frega NG. Supplementation with high-oleic sunflower oil and α-tocopheryl acetate: Effects on pork meat lipids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Boselli E, Pacetti D, Curzi F, Frega N. Determination of phospholipid molecular species in pork meat by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and evaporative light scattering detection. Meat Sci 2008; 78:305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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