1
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Xie J, Tao L, Wu Q, Lei S, Lin T. Environmental profile, distributions and potential sources of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126164. [PMID: 34323730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) are high lipophilic and degradation-resistant, which have been detected in the air, water, sediment and biota. HPAHs tend to have strong adverse effects on animals and humans. Although we have realized HPAHs are emerging contaminants which needs to be paid attention, there is still a lack of their individual commercial standards. This makes it difficult for understanding HPAHs comprehensively. This review is devoted to collect all the results have reported, and give a systemic look of their global distributions, influence factors and sources. Compared with air, studies on other environmental matrices (water and sediment) are more limited. The researches on organisms are fewest. Comparing the studied congeners, there are more studies on ClPAHs than BrPAHs. Human activities contribute mostly to their occurrence. Further, we then also introduce the toxicity and analytical methods to better understand HPAHs. The future research directions are also provided. Through this review, we can conclude there is an urgent need to develop analysis methods and ecologic risk assessment for better exploring HPAHs. Effective methods should be done to control HPAHs. Therefore, this review can provide a good basis for researchers to understand and control global pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Skate Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Tao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shiming Lei
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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2
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Xia D, Gao L, Zheng M, Wang S, Liu G. Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes by isotope dilution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Odusanya D, de Boer J, Weiss J. Distribution of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the Jukskei and Klip/Vaal catchment areas in South Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:314-321. [PMID: 26692507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC)-μECD analysis was used to determine 2,3,7,8-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) distribution in the Jukskei and Klip/Vaal catchment areas from ten sites previously identified as persistent organic pollutant hotspots in major rivers in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Five sediment samples from the Jukskei River catchment area and five sediment samples from the Kilp/Vaal River catchment area were collected for analysis. The extracts were screened for dioxin-like activity using the DR-Luc bioassay prior to GCxGC-μECD analysis. All sediment samples tested positive for dioxin-like activity with total activity ranging from 16 to 37 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ) g(-1) dry weight (dw) for the Jukskei River catchment and 1.5-22 pg TEQ g(-1) dw for the Klip/Vaal River catchment, indicating that the Jukskei River catchment area had higher concentrations of total dioxin-like compounds. Confirmatory tests for the presence of the most potent seven PCDDs and ten PCDFs conducted using GCxGC-μECD revealed presence of 11 PCDD/Fs and 6 PCDD/Fs in the Jukskei and Klip/Vaal River catchments respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC) and particle size distribution analysis were conducted to understand the distribution of PCDD/Fs within the Jukskei and Klip/Vaal catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemistry, P. Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luke Chimuka
- University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemistry, P. Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Odusanya
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Weiss
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1085, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Krupčík J, Májek P, Gorovenko R, Blaško J, Kubinec R, Sandra P. Considerations on the determination of the limit of detection and the limit of quantification in one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1396:117-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Planche C, Ratel J, Mercier F, Blinet P, Debrauwer L, Engel E. Assessment of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry based methods for investigating 206 dioxin-like micropollutants in animal-derived food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Engel E, Ratel J, Blinet P, Chin ST, Rose G, Marriott PJ. Benchmarking of candidate detectors for multiresidue analysis of pesticides by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:140-8. [PMID: 24011509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study discusses the relevance, performance and complementarities of flame photometric detector in phosphorus (FPD/P) and sulfur (FPD/S) modes, micro electron capture detector (μECD), nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD), flame ionization detector (FID) and time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) analysis of pesticides. A mix of 41 pesticides including organophosphorus pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids and fungicides was investigated in order to benchmark GC×GC systems in terms of linearity (R(2)), limits of detection (LOD), and peak shape measures (widths and asymmetries). A mixture of pesticides which contained the heteroatoms phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and one or several halogens, was used to acquire a comparative data set to monitor relative detector performances. GC×GC datasets were systematically compared to their GC counterpart acquired with an optimized one-dimensional GC configuration. Compared with FID, considered the most appropriate detector in terms of suitability for GC×GC, the element-selective detector FPD/P and μECD best met the peak widths (0.13-0.27s for FPD/P; 0.22-0.26s for μECD) and tailing factors (0.99-1.66 for FPD/P; 1.32-1.52 for μECD); NPD exhibited similar peak widths (0.23-0.30s), but exceeded those of the above detectors for tailing factors (1.97-2.13). These three detectors had improved detection limits of 3-7 times and 4-20 times lower LODs in GC×GC mode compared with FID and TOF-MS, respectively. In contrast FPD/S had poor peak shape (tailing factor 3.36-5.12) and much lower sensitivity (10-20 fold lower compared to FPD/P). In general, element-selective detectors with favorable detection metrics can be considered viable alternatives for pesticide determination using GC×GC in complex matrices. The controversial issue of sensitivity enhancement in GC×GC was considered for optimized GC and GC×GC operation. For all detectors, we found no significant LOD enhancement in GC×GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Engel
- INRA, UR370 QuaPA, Micro-contaminants, Aroma and Separation Science Group, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Centre for Green Chemistry School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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7
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Experience in South Africa of combining bioanalysis and instrumental analysis of PCDD/Fs. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Gas Chromatography–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62623-3.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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Hoh E, Dodder NG, Lehotay SJ, Pangallo KC, Reddy CM, Maruya KA. Nontargeted comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry method and software for inventorying persistent and bioaccumulative contaminants in marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8001-8. [PMID: 22712571 DOI: 10.1021/es301139q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods for contaminant monitoring are generally targeted; i.e., they measure defined lists of compounds. Routine monitoring projects using targeted methods are not usually designed to screen for unrecognized or novel contaminants and therefore miss compounds within the region or population of study that cause, or have the potential to cause, adverse biological impacts. We describe a nontargeted analytical method utilizing direct sample introduction coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To test the capabilities of this instrumental method within the context of marine contaminant surveys, we characterized a broad array of nonpolar, persistent, and bioaccumulative contaminants in Atlantic common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ) blubber, including compounds that are not typically monitored. Compound identifications were made by searching a standard reference database, by contemporaneously analyzing mass spectra from reference standards, and by de novo interpretation. We identified a total of 271 compounds belonging to 24 classes; all compounds but 1 were halogenated. Anthropogenic contaminants and halogenated natural products were concurrently detected. A total of 86 compounds were anthropogenic contaminants that are not routinely targeted in environmental surveys, and 54 compounds were halogenated natural products. A total of 112 spectra were identified de novo, demonstrating that exclusive reliance on commercially available reference standards and mass spectral libraries may miss a significant fraction of identifiable compounds. We also cataloged 27 halogenated mass spectra that were not able to be identified. Due to the volume and complexity of the identification data, we developed custom software to organize and provide shared access to the identified mass spectra and related information. The nontargeted analytical method and data reporting system, in combination with the analysis of a high-trophic-level sentinel species, demonstrates a framework for creating an inventory of persistent and bioaccumulative contaminants in marine environments, with the future goal of suggesting new compounds for further investigation by targeted monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
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10
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Manzano C, Hoh E, Simonich SLM. Improved separation of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures using novel column combinations in GC × GC/ToF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7677-84. [PMID: 22769970 PMCID: PMC3423902 DOI: 10.1021/es301790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are difficult to resolve because of the high degree of overlap in compound vapor pressures, boiling points, and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. The objective of this research was to improve the separation of complex PAH mixtures (including 97 different parent, alkyl-, nitro-, oxy-, thio-, chloro-, bromo-, and high molecular weight PAHs) using GC × GC/ToF-MS by maximizing the orthogonality of different GC column combinations and improving the separation of PAHs from the sample matrix interferences, including unresolved complex mixtures (UCM). Four different combinations of nonpolar, polar, liquid crystal, and nanostationary phase columns were tested. Each column combination was optimized and evaluated for orthogonality using a method based on conditional entropy that considers the quantitative peak distribution in the entire 2D space. Finally, an atmospheric particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) sample from Beijing, China, a soil sample from St. Maries Creosote Superfund Site, and a sediment sample from the Portland Harbor Superfund Site were analyzed for complex mixtures of PAHs. The highest chromatographic resolution, lowest synentropy, highest orthogonality, and lowest interference from UCM were achieved using a 10 m × 0.15 mm × 0.10 μm LC-50 liquid crystal column in the first dimension and a 1.2 m × 0.10 mm × 0.10 μm NSP-35 nanostationary phase column in the second dimension. In addition, the use of this column combination in GC × GC/ToF-MS resulted in significantly shorter analysis times (176 min) for complex PAH mixtures compared to 1D GC/MS (257 min), as well as potentially reduced sample preparation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Corresponding Author (, fax: 541-737-0497)
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11
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Application of GC–TOFMS for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Grapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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da Silva JM, Zini CA, Caramão EB. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detection for the analysis of seven pesticides in sediment samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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de Vos J, Gorst-Allman P, Rohwer E. Establishing an alternative method for the quantitative analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans by comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for developing countries. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Ieda T, Ochiai N, Miyawaki T, Ohura T, Horii Y. Environmental analysis of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3224-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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de Vos J, Dixon R, Vermeulen G, Gorst-Allman P, Cochran J, Rohwer E, Focant JF. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1230-1239. [PMID: 21236466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The disposal and dumping of toxic waste is a matter of growing concern in developing countries, including South Africa. Frequently these countries do not possess access to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This publication describes an alternative approach to the investigation of toxic waste using comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The technology permits both comprehensive screening of toxic samples for numerous classes of organic pollutants and also quantitative analysis for the individual compounds. This paper describes the use of this technique by analysing samples obtained from a hazardous waste treatment facility in South Africa. After sampling and extraction the samples were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and four dioxin-like non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The quantitative values, as well as detection limits, obtained using the GC×GC-TOFMS methodology compares well with those obtained using GC-HRMS; the accepted benchmark technology for this analysis. Although GC×GC-TOFMS is not a target compound analytical technique (as is GC-HRMS), it is possible to obtain information on numerous other classes of organic pollutants present in the samples in one analytical run. This is not possible with GC-HRMS. Several different column combinations have been investigated for handling very complex waste samples and suggestions are presented for the most suitable combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne de Vos
- Organic and Bio-Analysis Group, Metrology in Chemistry Area, National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Private Bag X34, Lynnwood Ridge 0040, South Africa.
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16
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Cajka T, Hajslova J. Halogenated persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 747:373-410. [PMID: 21643916 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-136-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) and hyphenated chromatographic instrumentation and techniques have been a subject of dramatic developments, resulting in the introduction of various useful tools for the analysis of halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and environmental matrices. This chapter describes state-of-the-art in the field of MS as a primary detection tool for the halogenated POPs and PAHs previously separated using either gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC). Since sample preparation practice plays a crucial role for obtaining optimal performance characteristics of a particular analytical method, a brief overview of sample extraction and clean-up procedures in the POPs/PAHs analysis is also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Cajka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Reiner EJ. The analysis of dioxins and related compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:526-559. [PMID: 19672939 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other related compounds requires complex sample preparation and analytical procedures using highly sensitive and selective state-of-the-art instrumentation to meet very stringent data quality objectives. The analytical procedures (extraction, sample preparation), instrumentation (chromatographic separation and detection by mass spectrometry) and screening techniques for the determination of dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and related compounds with a focus on new approaches and alternate techniques to standard regulatory methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6.
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18
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Dasgupta S, Banerjee K, Patil SH, Ghaste M, Dhumal K, Adsule PG. Optimization of two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry for separation and estimation of the residues of 160 pesticides and 25 persistent organic pollutants in grape and wine. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3881-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Cortes HJ, Winniford B, Luong J, Pursch M. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:883-904. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Evaluation of automated direct sample introduction with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the screening analysis of dioxins in fish oil. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1201:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Dorman FL, Overton EB, Whiting JJ, Cochran JW, Gardea-Torresdey J. Gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4487-97. [PMID: 18484737 DOI: 10.1021/ac800714x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Dorman
- Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Chemistry Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 16652, USA.
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22
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Optimization of separation and detection conditions for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in grapes by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:350-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Cochran J. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of pesticides in tobacco. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:202-10. [PMID: 18261736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) with fast acquisition time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze a tobacco extract for pesticides. The emphasis was on qualitative characterization of the sample, using automated peak find and spectral deconvolution software to identify 14 pesticides in the extract. Two additional pesticides were located based on manual review of the data. Matrix-matched standards of tobacco extract spiked with 2.5 to 50 ng/mL concentrations of numerous organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were used to demonstrate linearity and the GC x GC benefit of eliminating interferences that might contribute to quantification bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cochran
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA.
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24
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Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:67-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Cajka T, Hajslova J, Lacina O, Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. Rapid analysis of multiple pesticide residues in fruit-based baby food using programmed temperature vaporiser injection–low-pressure gas chromatography–high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:281-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Mondello L, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Dugo G. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:101-124. [PMID: 18240151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) has been on the scene for more than 15 years, it is still generally considered a relatively novel technique and is yet far from being fully established. The revolutionary aspect of GC x GC, with respect to classical multidimensional chromatography, is that the entire sample is subjected to two distinct analytical separations. The resulting enhanced separating capacity makes this approach a prime choice when GC analysts are challenged with highly complex mixtures. The combination of a third mass spectrometric dimension to a GC x GC system generates the most powerful analytical tool today for volatile and semi-volatile analytes. The present review is focused on the rather brief, but not scant, history of comprehensive two-dimensional GC-MS: the first experiments were carried out at the end of the 1990s and, since then, the methodology has been increasingly studied and applied. Almost all GC x GC-MS applications have been carried out by using either a time-of-flight or quadrupole mass analyzer; significant experiments relative to a variety of research fields, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the MS systems employed, are discussed. The principles, practical and theoretical aspects, and the most significant developments of GC x GC are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Mastovska K. Chapter 6 Recent Developments in Chromatographic Techniques. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chapter 7 New Approaches in Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by direct injection of sample extract into the comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatograph/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1178:187-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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