1
|
Huang J, Li J, Meng W, Su G. A critical review on organophosphate esters in drinking water: Analysis, occurrence, sources, and human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169663. [PMID: 38159759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Copious studies assessed OPEs in various environmental media. However, there is limited summative information about OPEs in drinking water. This review provides comprehensive data for the analytical methods, occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OPEs in drinking water. In general, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are the most common methods in the extraction of OPEs from drinking water, while gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are the most commonly used instrumental methods for detecting OPEs in drinking water. On the basis of these techniques, a variety of methods on OPEs pretreatment and determination have been developed to know the pollution situation of OPEs. Studies on the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water show that the total concentrations of OPEs vary seasonally and regionally, with tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominant among different kinds of drinking water. Source identification studies show that there are three main sources of OPEs in drinking water: 1) source water contamination; 2) residual in drinking water treatment process; 3) leakage from device or pipeline. Besides, risk assessments indicate that individual and total OPEs pose no or negligible health risk to human, but this result may be significantly underestimated. Finally, the current knowledge gaps on the research of OPEs in drinking water are discussed and some suggestions are provided for future environmental research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding J, He W, Sha W, Shan G, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling of Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in mice accounting for multiple exposure routes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115976. [PMID: 38232524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure routes are important for health risk assessment of chemical risks. The application of physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models to predict concentrations in vivo can determine the effects of harmful substances and tissue accumulation on the premise of saving experimental costs. In this study, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an organophosphate ester (OPE), was used as an example to study the PBTK model of mice exposed to different exposure doses by multiple routes. Different routes of exposure (gavage and intradermal injection) can cause differences in the concentration of chemicals in the organs. TCEP that enters the body through the mouth is mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. However, the concentrations of chemicals that enter the skin into the mice are higher in skin, rest of body, and blood. In addition, TCEP was absorbed and accumulated very rapidly in mice, within half an hour after a single exposure. We have successfully established a mouse PBTK model of the TCEP accounting for multiple exposure Routes and obtained a series of kinetic parameters. The model includes blood, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, skin, and rest of body compartments. Oral and dermal exposure route was considered for PBTK model. The PBTK model established in this study has a good predictive ability. More than 70% of the predicted values deviated from the measured values by less than 5-fold. In addition, we extrapolated the model to humans. A human PBTK model is built. We performed a health risk assessment for world populations based on human PBTK model. The risk of TCEP in dust is greater through mouth than through skin. The risk of TCEP in food of Chinese population is greater than dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ding
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanyu He
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanxiao Sha
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeger VR, Bell DS, Anderson JL. Understanding the influence of polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coating substituents on cannabinoid and pesticide affinity in solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464222. [PMID: 37523907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
To understand factors that drive pesticide-cannabinoid selectivity in solid-phase microextraction (SPME), eight new polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coatings were designed and compared to four previously reported PIL sorbent coatings for the extraction of pesticides. The four PIL sorbent coatings consisted of either vinylimidazolium or vinylbenzylimidazolium ILs with long alkyl chain substituents (i.e., -C8H17 or -C12H25) and bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([NTf2-]) anions, from which the eight new PIL sorbent coatings were adapted. Modifications to the chemical structure of IL monomers and crosslinkers included incorporation of polymerizable p-styrenesulfonate or 3-sulfopropyl acrylate anions, the addition of aromatic moieties, and/or the addition of polar functional groups (i.e., -OH or -O- groups). A total of ten commonly regulated pesticides and six cannabinoids were examined in this study. The effect of salt on the solubility of pesticides and cannabinoids in aqueous solutions was assessed by determining their extraction efficiencies in the presence of varied methanol content. Differences in their solubilities appear to play a dominant role in enhancing pesticide-cannabinoid selectivity. The selectivity, represented as the ratio of pesticide total peak areas to cannabinoid total peak areas, also exhibited a moderate correlation to the affinity of the sorbent coatings towards both the pesticides and the cannabinoids. A positive correlation was observed for the pesticides and a negative correlation was observed for the cannabinoids, suggesting that selectivity was driven by more than the presence of salt in the samples. The sorbent coatings' affinity towards each class of analytes were examined to determine specific interactions that might influence selectivity. The two main structural modifications increasing pesticide-cannabinoid selectivity included the absence of aromatic moieties and the addition of hydrogen bond donor functional groups. Extractions of simple aromatic molecules as probes were performed under similar extraction conditions as the cannabinoids and confirmed the influence of hydrogen bonding interactions on sorbent coating affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Zeger
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Magnetic deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction for determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in aqueous samples: One step closer to green chemistry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
5
|
Rezaee M, Khalilian F, Pourjavid MR. Development of ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography for the sensitive determination of diazinon in garden parsley as vegetable samples. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new pretreatment method termed ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) which is combined with solid-phase extraction which is combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SPE-DLLME) followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis has been developed for the determination of diazinon in garden parsley as vegetable samples. The analyte was extracted from garden parsley sample using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Various parameters that affect the efficiency of the extraction techniques have been optimized. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 5.0–1,000 μg kg−1 with detection limit of 1.0 μg kg−1 for diazinon in garden parsley samples. The results confirm the suitability of the UAE-SPE-DLLME-GC-FID as a sensitive method for the analysis of the targeted analyte in garden parsley samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaee
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Khalilian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Science, Yadegar -e- Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourjavid
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang J, Li R, Shi T, Ye J, Zhang H, Jin S, Gao H, Wang Q, Na G. Determination of multiple organic flame retardants in maricultural water using High-volume/High-throughput Solid-phase extraction followed by liquid/gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1663:462766. [PMID: 34971860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient analytical method is proposed and optimized for the enrichment, extraction and instrument analysis of four typical organic flame retardants (OFRs), including organophosphate esters (OPEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) and dechlorane compounds (Dechloranes) in maricultural waters using High-volume/High-throughput Solid-phase extraction with in-situ ultrasonic technique followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrumental detection. The optimized pretreatment conditions were that the analytes were enriched by XAD-2 resins and eluted repeatedly with 50 mL hexane/acetone (1:1, v:v) for 5 min. The results of method validation exhibited that the developed method can be used for quantitative detection of 11 OPEs, 13 PBDEs, 3 HBCDs and 5 Dechloranes in water samples. The method detection limits (MDLs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) are 0.4-26.2 pg/L and 1.5-87.4 pg/L for OPEs, 23.3-35.4 pg/L and 77.5-117.9 pg/L for HBCDs, 0.8-97.4 pg/L and 2.6-324.7 pg/L for PBDEs and 9.3-78.5 pg/L and 31.0-261.8 pg/L for Dechloranes, respectively. The method was successfully applied in lagoon maricultural areas in Hainan province, and the results showed that 4 OFRs were detected in almost all water samples. Total concentrations of 18 water samples were 1.89-39.97 ng/L for OPEs, 0.18-5.40 ng/L for PBDEs, ND-0.24 ng/L for HBCDs and 0.01-1.77 ng/L for Dechloranes, respectively. The optimized analytical method is highly sensitive and efficient with expectation to play an essential role in monitoring the ultra-trace organic pollutants and providing an effective risk assessment in ecological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Huang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Tengda Shi
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China; Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute of Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shahbodaghi M, Faraji H, Shahbaazi H, Shabani M. Sustainable and green microextraction of organophosphorus flame retardants by a novel phosphonium‐based deep eutectic solvent. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:452-461. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahbodaghi
- Department of ChemistryVaramin‐Pishva BranchIslamic Azad University Varamin Iran
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of ChemistryVaramin‐Pishva BranchIslamic Azad University Varamin Iran
| | - Hamidreza Shahbaazi
- Department of ChemistryVaramin‐Pishva BranchIslamic Azad University Varamin Iran
| | - Mohsen Shabani
- Department of ChemistryVaramin‐Pishva BranchIslamic Azad University Varamin Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo Q, Wang S, Adeel M, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun LN. Solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters in aqueous samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11292. [PMID: 31383918 PMCID: PMC6683150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a novel method for the determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aqueous samples through the optimization of solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop procedure coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method was rapid and accurate and could be used in field applications. Under the most suitable conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged from 0.16 ng/L to 20.0 ng/L and from 0.55 ng/L to 66.7 ng/L, respectively. The enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 30 to 46. The relative standard deviations were less than 15%. The spiked recoveries ranged between 68.2% and 97.7% in the analysis of actual aqueous samples. The proposed method was convenient, environment friendly, and time and solvent saving and could be used in field applications compared with other methods. Various concentrations and types of OPEs were detected in tap water, river water, and effluent of sewage treatment plant. Effluent samples had the highest detected levels and types of OPEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdullah A, O’Shea KE. TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of the flame retardant tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in aqueous solution: A detailed kinetic and mechanistic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:247-263. [PMID: 30173033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. They are also utilized as plasticizers, antifoaming or anti-wear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids and floor polishing agents. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge regardimg the analytical methodology applied for their determination in wastewater and aquatic environment as well as their occurrence in water, wastewater, sediments and sludge. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives have been identified, which include the elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of OPFRs in aquatic environment and possible risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang D, Li G, Wu L, Yang Y. Ferrofluid-based liquid-phase microextraction: Analysis of four phenolic compounds in milks and fruit juices. Food Chem 2018; 261:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
14
|
Hao C, Helm PA, Morse D, Reiner EJ. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry direct injection analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants in Ontario surface water and wastewater effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:288-295. [PMID: 29040943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) started to be used in plastics, electronics and furnishings back in the 1960s and became popular again last decade. They are now widely present in the environment and regarded as "new" emerging organic pollutants. An effective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) direct injection analysis (DIA) method was developed to monitor OPFR levels in aquatic environment. The removal of sample extraction and concentration steps not only improved operation efficiency, but also reduced the potential contamination commonly observed during the sample preparation process before. Positive background signals from the analytical instrument were eliminated by employing a "trap" column in front of the sample injector while an ACE C18 and an ACE C18-PFP column were compared for the separation of OPFRs. Nineteen OPFR related compounds were evaluated and rapid signal drops were observed for seven of them including TOTP, TMTP, TPTP, TEHP, T35DMPP, T2iPPP and EHDP, due to their low water solubility. The other twelve compounds, TMP, TEP, TPrP, TiPP, TBP, TCEP, TCPP, TDCPP, TPP, TBEP, BDCP and BEHP, were included for the measurement of OPFRs in drinking water, surface water, ground water and wastewater effluent samples. The instrumental detection limits of these twelve OPFRs at signal-to-noise ≥3 were in the 1.5-30 ng/L range. The method was applied for the determination of OPFRs in surface water and wastewater samples in Ontario, Canada, and BEHP, TBEP, TBP, TCEP, TCPP, TDCPP, and TEP were commonly detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - David Morse
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Naccarato A, Elliani R, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. Multivariate optimization of a microextraction by packed sorbent-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for organophosphate flame retardant analysis in environmental aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:7105-7120. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Pang L, Yang H, Yang P, Zhang H, Zhao J. Trace determination of organophosphate esters in white wine, red wine, and beer samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 229:445-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
17
|
Deng J, Zhang P, Jin T, Zhou H, Cheng J. Graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin composite as fiber coating for high efficiency headspace solid phase microextraction of organophosphate ester flame retardants in environmental water. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of a GO/β-CD sol–gel stainless steel fiber coating and its application for HS-SPME of OPFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology
- School of Environmental Studies
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
| | - Hongbin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
| | - Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Razmi R, Shahpari B, Pourbasheer E, Boustanifar MH, Azari Z, Ebadi A. Preconcentration and determination of ceftazidime in real samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with the aid of experimental design. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4116-4123. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Razmi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Dashtestan Branch; Islamic Azad University; Borazjan Iran
| | - Behrouz Shahpari
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University (PNU); Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Boustanifar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Dashtestan Branch; Islamic Azad University; Borazjan Iran
| | - Zhila Azari
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University (PNU); Tehran Iran
| | - Amin Ebadi
- Department of Chemistry, Kazerun Branch; Islamic Azad University; Kazerun Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jin T, Cheng J, Cai C, Cheng M, Wu S, Zhou H. Graphene oxide based sol-gel stainless steel fiber for the headspace solid-phase microextraction of organophosphate ester flame retardants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Ribeiro C, Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME. New trends in sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:142-85. [PMID: 25391434 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.833850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao L, Shi Y, Li W, Ren W, Liu J, Cai Y. Determination of organophosphate esters in water samples by mixed-mode liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2193-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing China
| | - Wenli Ren
- College of Science; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Naeemullah, Kazi TG, Tuzen M. Magnetic stirrer induced dispersive ionic-liquid microextraction for the determination of vanadium in water and food samples prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 2015; 172:161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
Kang H, Mao Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang H. Disposable ionic liquid-coated etched stainless steel fiber for headspace solid-phase microextraction of organophosphorus flame retardants from water samples. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An ionic liquid-coated etched stainless steel fiber was prepared for solid-phase microextraction of organophosphorus flame retardants from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Kang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Yanli Mao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Xianli Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan
- China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu M, Li J, Zhang B, Cui Q, Wei S, Yu H. Regional distribution of halogenated organophosphate flame retardants in seawater samples from three coastal cities in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 86:569-574. [PMID: 24974164 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen samples of seawater were collected from Yellow Sea and East China Sea near Qingdao, Lianyungang, and Xiamen, China. They were analyzed for halogenated organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). The compounds selected for detection were Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP). The total concentrations ranged from 91.87 to 1392 ng/L and the mean concentrations of these four chemicals were 134.44, 84.12, 109.28, and 96.70 ng/L, respectively. TCEP exhibited the highest concentrations, although concentrations of TCPP and TDCPP were also fairly high in Lianyungang and Xiamen. Generally, Lianyungang was the most heavily polluted district, with very high concentrations of TCEP at LYG-2 (550.54 ng/L) and LYG-4 (617.92 ng/L). The main sources of halogenated OPFRs were municipal and industrial effluents of wastewater treatment plants in the nearby economic and industrial zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglan Cui
- China Bluestar Lehigh Engineering Corp., Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haddadi H, Rezaee M, Semnani A, Mashayekhi HA, Hosseinian A. Application of Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Benzaldehyde in Injectable Formulation Solutions. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Feasibility of corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry for direct analysis of samples extracted by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1343:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Haddadi H, Shirani M, Semnani A, Rezaee M, Mashayekhi HA, Hosseinian A. Simultaneous Determination of Deltamethrin and Permethrin in Water Samples Using Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction via Flotation Assistance and GC-FID. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Xiong J, Zhou G, Guan Z, Tang X, He Q, Wu L. DETERMINATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS AND ITS MAIN DEGRADATION PRODUCT TCP IN WATER SAMPLES BY DISPERSIVE LIQUID–LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION BASED ON SOLIDIFICATION OF FLOATING ORGANIC DROPLET COMBINED WITH HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.745146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xiong
- a Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment , Ministry of Education Chongqing University , Chongqing , P. R. China
- b Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation , Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , P. R. China
- c Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis , Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University , (Southwest University), Chongqing , P. R. China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- c Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis , Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University , (Southwest University), Chongqing , P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Guan
- b Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation , Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- b Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation , Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Qiang He
- a Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment , Ministry of Education Chongqing University , Chongqing , P. R. China
| | - Limin Wu
- c Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis , Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University , (Southwest University), Chongqing , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leong MI, Fuh MR, Huang SD. Beyond dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
Kowalski B, Mazur M. The Simultaneous Determination of Six Flame Retardants in Water Samples Using SPE Pre-concentration and UHPLC-UV Method. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2014; 225:1866. [PMID: 24672141 PMCID: PMC3955136 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-014-1866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method for the determination of six flame retardants (FRs) from two groups was proposed. These groups included the brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA) and triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a UV detector, different chromatographic columns, different mobile phases and gradient elution programmes were used to obtain the best separations within the shortest possible time. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was examined as a pre-concentration step from distilled water. The column with the highest recoveries (the Bond Elut ENV column gave recoveries over 70 % for all compounds) was then tested on 1-L blank surface water samples. The proposed analytical procedure was applied for the determination of FRs in surface water samples. The concentrations of FRs found in water samples ranged from 0.03 (TPhP) to 3.10 μg L-1 (HBCD). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.008 to 0.518 μg L-1, and method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.023 to 1.555 μg L-1 for all compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kowalski
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Electrochemistry, Chemical Faculty, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 Marcina Strzody Str, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maciej Mazur
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Electrochemistry, Chemical Faculty, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 Marcina Strzody Str, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang X, He Y, Lin L, Zeng F, Luan T. Application of fully automatic hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction to assess the distribution of organophosphate esters in the Pearl River Estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:263-269. [PMID: 24140697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread organic pollutants that could be detected in various environmental matrices. In this study, a sample pretreatment method was developed for the determination of 9 OPEs by automatic hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High sensitivity of OPEs could be achieved after optimization of several important parameters with the limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 2.6 to 120 ng L(-1) for different individual OPEs, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 2.1% to 10.4%. Acceptable recoveries were observed and the proposed method was then successfully applied to determine OPEs in seawaters collected from 23 sampling sites of the Pearl River Estuaries in dry and wet seasons, respectively. All of the OPEs could be detected, except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP). The total concentrations of 9 OPEs in seawaters were ranging from 2.04 (Hemen) to 3.12 (Humen) μg L(-1) in the dry season and from 1.08 (Hemen) to 2.50 (Jitimen) μgL(-1) in the wet season. By using spatial interpolation method of ordinary kriging, the most polluted area of ΣOPEs was found in Humen in the dry season, while it was Jitimen in the wet season. Moreover, the annual input of ΣOPEs discharged via eight estuaries ranged from 384 tons (Jitimen) to 1,225 tons (Modaomen), and the total annual input was 5,694 tons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yingqian He
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for determination of organophosphate esters in aqueous samples. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:162465. [PMID: 24616613 PMCID: PMC3927578 DOI: 10.1155/2014/162465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new technique was established to identify eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) in this work. It utilised dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in combination with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The type and volume of extraction solvents, dispersion agent, and amount of NaCl were optimized. The target analytes were detected in the range of 1.0-200 µ g/L with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9982 to 0.9998, and the detection limits of the analytes were ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 µg/L (S/N = 3). The feasibility of this method was demonstrated by identifying OPEs in aqueous samples that exhibited spiked recoveries, which ranged between 48.7% and 58.3% for triethyl phosphate (TEP) as well as between 85.9% and 113% for the other OPEs. The precision was ranged from 3.2% to 9.3% (n = 6), and the interprecision was ranged from 2.6% to 12.3% (n = 5). Only 2 of the 12 selected samples were tested to be positive for OPEs, and the total concentrations of OPEs in them were 1.1 and 1.6 µg/L, respectively. This method was confirmed to be simple, fast, and accurate for identifying OPEs in aqueous samples.
Collapse
|
33
|
Applications of microextraction techniques in environmental analysis. Se Pu 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
34
|
Rezaee M, Mashayekhi HA, Saleh A, Abdollahzadeh Y, Naeeni MH, Fattahi N. Determination of abamectin in citrus fruits using SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC-UV detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2629-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaee
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute; Atomic Energy Organization of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Abolfazl Saleh
- Department of Marine Living Resources; Iranian National Institute for Oceanography; Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Nazir Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry; Razi University; Kermanshah Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rahnama Kozani R, Mofid-Nakhaei J, Jamali MR. Rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of palladium in water samples after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:6531-6537. [PMID: 23242461 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and efficient dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry was developed for the preconcentration and determination of Pd ions in water samples. Pd ions react with α-furildioxime (chelating agent) to form a hydrophobic complex. Various parameters were altered to study and optimize their effects on the extraction efficiency, such as pH, ligand concentration, the type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvents, extraction time, and salt concentration. Under optimized conditions, the method exhibited an enrichment factor (C org/C aq) of 25 and recovery more than 98 % within a very short extraction time. The linearity of the method ranged from 10 to 200 μg L(-1). The limit of detection was 1.1 μg L(-1). The relative standard deviation for the concentration of 100 μg L(-1) of Pd was 2.3 % (n = 10). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of Pd in tap, river, mineral, and sea water samples.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gao Z, Deng Y, Hu X, Yang S, Sun C, He H. Determination of organophosphate esters in water samples using an ionic liquid-based sol–gel fiber for headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-flame photometric detector. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Yan H, Wang H. Recent development and applications of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1295:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Determination of three phenoxyacid herbicides in environmental water samples by the application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with micellar electrokinetic chromatography. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAbstract An efficient method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with micellar electrokinetic chromatography has been developed for determination of three phenoxyacid herbicides (PAs) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB), dicamba and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), in environmental water samples. The types and volumes of extracting and dispersing solvents, ionic strength, extraction and centrifugation time and centrifugation speed were investigated. Successful separation of the three PAs was achieved within 7 min, by using the background electrolyte solution consisting of 10 mmol L−1 sodium tetraborate, 25 mmol L−1 sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15% (v/v) methanol, at pH 9.75. Excellent analytical performances were attained, such as good linear relationships (R ≥0.9993) between peak area and concentration for each PAs from 10–1000 ng mL−1, limits of detection of 1.56–1.91 ng mL−1, and intra-day precisions at two spiked levels in terms of migration time and peak area within the range of 0.22–0.42% and 3.88–6.39%, respectively. Enrichment factors of 2,4-DB, dicamba and 2,4-D were 180, 151 and 216, respectively. The method recoveries obtained at fortified 20.0, 50.0 and 100.0 ng mL−1 for lake, river and reservoir water samples varied from 67.91 to 119.07% with the relative standard deviation of 1.47–6.89%. Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
39
|
Hosseini MH, Rezaee M, Akbarian S, Mizani F, Pourjavid MR, Arabieh M. Homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction via flotation assistance for rapid and efficient determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 762:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Arvand M, Bozorgzadeh E, Shariati S, Zanjanchi MA. Ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of formaldehyde in wastewaters and detergents. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7597-7605. [PMID: 22258742 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spectrophotometry in combination with ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was applied for the extraction and determination of formaldehyde in real samples. The method is based on the reaction of formaldehyde with methyl acetoacetate in the presence of ammonia. The variation in the absorbance of the reaction product was measured at 375 nm. An appropriate mixture of ethanol (disperser solvent) and ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluoro-phosphate [C(6)MIM][PF(6)] (extraction solvent) was rapidly injected into a water sample containing formaldehyde. After extraction, sedimented phase was analyzed by spectrophotometry. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.1-20 ng mL(-1) with the detection limit of 0.02 ng mL(-1) and limit of quantification of 0.08 ng mL(-1) for formaldehyde. The relative standard deviation (RSD%, n = 5) for the extraction and determination of 0.8 ng mL(-1) of formaldehyde in the aqueous samples was 2.5%. The results showed that DLLME is a very simple, rapid, sensitive, and efficient analytical method for the determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde in wastewaters and detergents, and suitable results were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Arvand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Namjoo Street, P.O. Box 1914, Rasht, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hosseini MH, Rezaee M, Mashayekhi HA, Akbarian S, Mizani F, Pourjavid MR. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples using flotation-assisted homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Campone L, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, Rastrelli L. pH-controlled dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of ionisable compounds in complex matrices: Case study of ochratoxin A in cereals. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 754:61-6. [PMID: 23140955 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new sample preparation procedure, termed pH-controlled dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (pH-DLLME), has been developed for the analysis of ionisable compounds in highly complex matrices. This DLLME mode, intended to improve the selectivity and to expand the application range of DLLME, is based on two successive DLLMEs conducted at opposite pH values. pH-DLLME was applied to determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereals. The hydrophobic matrix interferences in the raw methanol extract (disperser, 1mL) were removed by a first DLLME (I DLLME) performed at pH 8 to reduce the solubility of OTA in the extractant (CCl(4), 400μL). The pH of the aqueous phase was then adjusted to 2, and the analyte was extracted and concentrated by a second DLLME (extractant, 150μL C(2)H(4)Br(2)). The main factors influencing the efficiency of pH-DLLME including type and volume of I DLLME extractant, as well as the parameters affecting the OTA extraction by II DLLME, were studied in detail. Under optimum conditions, the method has detection and quantification limits of 0.019 and 0.062μg kg(-1), respectively, with OTA recoveries in the range of 81.2-90.1% (n=3). The accuracy of the analytical procedure, evaluated with a reference material (cereal naturally contaminated with OTA), is acceptable (accuracy of 85.6%±1.7, n=5). The applicability of pH-DLLME to the selective extraction of other ionisable compounds, such as acidic and basic pharmaceutical products was also demonstrated. The additional advantages of pH-DLLME are a higher selectivity and the extension of this microextraction technique to highly complex matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Campone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Leng G, Lui G, Chen Y, Yin H, Dan D. Vortex-assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment by high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2796-804. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Leng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu; China
| | - Guibin Lui
- Chengdu Environmental Monitoring Center; Chengdu; China
| | - Yong Chen
- Chengdu Environmental Monitoring Center; Chengdu; China
| | - Hui Yin
- Chengdu Environmental Monitoring Center; Chengdu; China
| | - Dezhong Dan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu; China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Biparva P, Ehsani M, Hadjmohammadi MR. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using extraction solvents lighter than water combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of synthetic antioxidants in fruit juice samples. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
45
|
Afzali D, Ghanbarian M, Mostafavi A, Shamspur T, Ghaseminezhad S. A novel method for high preconcentration of ultra trace amounts of B1, B2, G1 and G2 aflatoxins in edible oils by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction after immunoaffinity column clean-up. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1247:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
46
|
Vardini MT, Mashayekhi HA, Saber-Tehrani M. DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AS AN EFFICIENT AND SENSITIVE TECHNIQUE FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ALPRAZOLAM, OXAZEPAM, AND DIAZEPAM IN HUMAN URINE SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.637277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Ali Mashayekhi
- b Department of Chemistry , Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tonekabon , Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber-Tehrani
- c Department of Chemistry , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen HC, Ding WH. Determination of aqueous fullerene aggregates in water by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
48
|
FU H, WANG L, FAN C, LI X, LIANG B. Determination of Log P by Dispersive Liquid/Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Derivatized Magnetic Nanoparticles Predispersed in 1-Octanol Phase. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:589-94. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng FU
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University
| | - Lina WANG
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University
| | | | - Xiaomeng LI
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University
| | - Baoan LIANG
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
ZHANG Y, PAN S, SHEN H, HU M. Amino-functionalized Nano-size Composite Materials for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction of Phosphate in Water Samples. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:887-92. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun ZHANG
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University
- College of Science, Zhejiang University
| | - Shengdong PAN
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University
- College of Science, Zhejiang University
| | - Haoyu SHEN
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University
| | - Meiqin HU
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Extraction and separation of zirconium from hafnium using a new solvent microextraction technique. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|