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Peña J, González-Mariño I, Pavón JLP. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Simultaneous Quantification of Ethinyl Estradiol and Drospirenone in Contraceptive Formulations. Molecules 2023; 28:4978. [PMID: 37446640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraceptive tablets typically contain a combination of two synthetic versions of an estrogen and a progestogen, which work together to inhibit the ovulation process. An accurate and precise quantification of these components is essential for contraceptive producers. In this study, we have developed the first gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE) and drospirenone (DP) in contraceptive formulations. Under the final working conditions, analytes were extracted from the solid by ultrasound-assisted extraction (15 min) in methanol. The resulting suspension was diluted in ethyl acetate, subjected to centrifugation and, finally, the supernatant was directly injected into the GC-MS system. No derivatization reagents were utilized. To correct for instrumental variations, calibration was performed using the internal standard method, with cholesterol as the internal standard. A good linearity was achieved throughout the calibration range for both EE (3-12 µg mL-1) and DP (300-1200 µg mL-1), with R2 values exceeding 0.99. Trueness, assessed in terms of percentages of recovery, was also found to be satisfactory for both analytes, with recovery rates of 106 ± 8% for EE and 93 ± 9% for DP. Furthermore, intra-day and inter-day precision studies yielded relative standard deviation values below 6% for both analytes. In terms of sensitivity, the instrumental limits of detection were 0.25 µg mL-1 for EE and 6.6 µg mL-1 for DP, and the instrumental limits of quantification 0.82 µg mL-1 for EE and 22 µg mL-1 for DP. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of contraceptive tablets from three different pharmaceutical companies. No differences were observed between the measured and the declared amount of active principle per tablet, demonstrating the applicability of the procedure. In addition, a stability study conducted on both the standards and sample extracts demonstrated that they can be stored at room temperature for a minimum period of seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José L Pérez Pavón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Preparation of sheet-like covalent organic frameworks and their application for efficient preconcentration of 4-(tert-octyl)-phenol and 4-nonylphenol in textiles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461765. [PMID: 33285418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the design of highly ordered (covalent organic frameworks) COFs with "ordered domains size and orientation" construction in a well-defined arrangement, the molecular monomers are the key factors. Here, the effect of molecular monomers on the construction of COFs has been studied, and two kinds of molecular monomers, i.e., ethanediamine (flexible amine ligand) and 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl (rigid amine ligand) have been used for developing sheet-like COFs-I and sheet-like COFs-II, respectively. Furthermore, they have been evaluated in the dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) procedure for textiles prior to the analysis of alkylphenol by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that, the optimal usage amount of sheet-like COFs-II used in the dSPE procedure was less than that of sheet-like COFs-I, which may be explained by much higher adsorption capacity of sheet-like COFs via hydrogen-bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Rectilinear calibration graphs were obtained for 4-(tert-octyl)-phenol (4-tOP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in the range 0.2-20 µg/kg with determination coefficient (r2) higher than 0.9990, and the limits of detection (LODs) of 4-tOP and 4-NP were 0.039 µg/kg and 0.048 µg/kg, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied to analysis of 50 textile samples, in which 4-tOP and 4-NP were found in six samples with concentrations in the range of 1.6 μg/kg-20.9 μg/kg.
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Wang H, Liu ZH, Tang Z, Zhang J, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu PX, Liu Y. Bisphenol analogues in Chinese bottled water: Quantification and potential risk analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136583. [PMID: 31955091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the package materials have been widely used for Chinese bottled water, from which estrogenic bisphenol analogues might migrate into bottled water. Therefore, there is a strong need to investigate the occurrence and potential risk of such estrogenic bisphenol analogues in Chinese bottled waters. In this study, a GC-MS method was first established and validated for determination of trace-level ten kinds of bisphenol analogues, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol P (BPP), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol AP (BPAP), and bisphenol AF (BPAF). BPA was detected in all eleven brands of PET bottled waters with concentrations of 12.4-44.9 ng/L. Some bisphenol analogues were detected in PET bottled waters, and the average concentrations of BPA, BPE, and BPAF in PET bottled waters were found to be 20.8, 1.8, and 2.2 ng/L, respectively. The other eight bisphenol analogues were not detected in PET bottled waters. On the other hand, BPA was detected with high concentrations of 111.8 to 6452.8 ng/L in ten brands of PC bottled water. The average concentrations of BPA, BPS, BPAP, and BPAF were determined to be 1394.3, 1.9, 1.4 and 1.0 ng/L, respectively, while the other seven bisphenol analogues were not detected. High BPA concentration detected in PC bottled waters would remarkably increase human BPA daily intake through daily consumption of such bottled waters. Meanwhile, high estrogen equivalence (EEQ) in PC bottled waters of China is mainly due to the presence of BPA, which may imply adverse effect on human. Therefore, further investigation should be dedicated to assess PC bottled water-associated BPA risks in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Xiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech one, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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4
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Magnetic covalent organic frameworks based on magnetic solid phase extraction for determination of six steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in food samples. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jurek A, Leitner E. Analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in paper products by GC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1225-1238. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1319076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jurek
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - E. Leitner
- Food Chemistry and Human Sensory Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Alimzhanova M, Adilbekov Y, Nurzhanova Y, Batyrbekova S. Determination of ethinylestradiol and norgestrel in water using solid-phase microextraction. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2016. [DOI: 10.15328/cb700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are exogenous substances that alter some function of the endocrine system and have adverse health effects on intact organisms, their off spring or (sub)populations. EDCs mimic or block the action of natural hormones, and hence biological functions in living organisms, thus leading to impaired reproduction, growth and development. The article focuses on the development of analytical method based on solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry for detection of steroid hormones ethinylestradiol and norgestrel in water samples. In this work, studies were carried out on model water samples spiked with a mixture of ethinylestradiol and norgestrel. The following parameters of headspace solid-phase microextraction were optimized as a result of experiments: extraction temperature 80°C, extraction time 20 min, NaCl additive – 1.5 g, fiber coating – 65 µm PDMS/DVB.
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Harding LB, Schultz IR, da Silva DAM, Ylitalo GM, Ragsdale D, Harris SI, Bailey S, Pepich BV, Swanson P. Wastewater treatment plant effluent alters pituitary gland gonadotropin mRNA levels in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 178:118-31. [PMID: 27475653 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) present in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents interfere with reproduction in fish, including altered gonad development and induction of vitellogenin (Vtg), a female-specific egg yolk protein precursor produced in the liver. As a result, studies have focused on the effects of EDC exposure on the gonad and liver. However, impacts of environmental EDC exposure at higher levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis are less well understood. The pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh) are involved in all aspects of gonad development and are subject to feedback from gonadal steroids making them a likely target of endocrine disruption. In this study, the effects of WWTP effluent exposure on pituitary gonadotropin mRNA expression were investigated to assess the utility of Lh beta-subunit (lhb) as a biomarker of estrogen exposure in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). First, a controlled 72-h exposure to 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and 17β-trenbolone (TREN) was performed to evaluate the response of juvenile coho salmon to EDC exposure. Second, juvenile coho salmon were exposed to 0, 20 or 100% effluent from eight WWTPs from the Puget Sound, WA region for 72h. Juvenile coho salmon exposed to 2 and 10ng EE2L(-1) had 17-fold and 215-fold higher lhb mRNA levels relative to control fish. Hepatic vtg mRNA levels were dramatically increased 6670-fold, but only in response to 10ng EE2L(-1) and Fsh beta-subunit (fshb) mRNA levels were not altered by any of the treatments. In the WWTP effluent exposures, lhb mRNA levels were significantly elevated in fish exposed to five of the WWTP effluents. In contrast, transcript levels of vtg were not affected by any of the WWTP effluent exposures. Mean levels of natural and synthetic estrogens in fish bile were consistent with pituitary lhb expression, suggesting that the observed lhb induction may be due to estrogenic activity of the WWTP effluents. These results suggest that lhb gene expression may be a sensitive index of acute exposure to estrogenic chemicals in juvenile coho salmon. Further work is needed to determine the kinetics and specificity of lhb induction to evaluate its utility as a potential indicator of estrogen exposure in immature fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa B Harding
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Irvin R Schultz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory -Marine Sciences Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
| | - Denis A M da Silva
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Dave Ragsdale
- Manchester Environmental Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, 7411 Beach Drive E, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
| | - Stephanie I Harris
- Manchester Environmental Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, 7411 Beach Drive E, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
| | - Stephanie Bailey
- Manchester Environmental Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, 7411 Beach Drive E, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
| | - Barry V Pepich
- Manchester Environmental Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, 7411 Beach Drive E, Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA
| | - Penny Swanson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 98164, USA.
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8
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Isotope dilution gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the analysis of 4-octyl phenol, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A in vegetable oils. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:904-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Jurek A, Leitner E. Comparing different gas chromatographic methods for the quantification of bisphenol A (BPA) trace levels in paper and cardboard products from the market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1331-42. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1049564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Carvalho ARM, Cardoso VV, Rodrigues A, Ferreira E, Benoliel MJ, Duarte EA. Occurrence and analysis of endocrine-disrupting compounds in a water supply system. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:139. [PMID: 25712629 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the study of the occurrence of 10 endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in 60 water samples using a method for simultaneous quantification and confirmation of the presence of these emerging compounds, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). All samples were previously extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Several natural and synthetic hormones (17-β-estradiol, ethinylestradiol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, mestranol, and diethylstilbestrol) and some industrial products (4-n-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and bisphenol A) were chosen for this survey. The analytical limits were calculated for each compound and were used in the identification and quantification of these target compounds in EPAL's water supply system. In this study, several samples were taken from the main intakes of water (surface and groundwater) used for production of water for human consumption and from different sampling points of the drinking water distribution system (piping, nets, and reservoirs). Some target compounds, such as estriol, 4-tert-octylphenol, mestranol, and nonylphenol, were found in trace amounts in several water samples. However, the studied endocrine-disrupting appeared in very low concentrations when compared with the assessed analytical limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R M Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia dos Biossistemas (DCEB), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal,
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Garcia-Morales R, Rodríguez-Delgado M, Gomez-Mariscal K, Orona-Navar C, Hernandez-Luna C, Torres E, Parra R, Cárdenas-Chávez D, Mahlknecht J, Ornelas-Soto N. Biotransformation of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Groundwater: Bisphenol A, Nonylphenol, Ethynylestradiol and Triclosan by a Laccase Cocktail from Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2015; 226:251. [PMID: 26190872 PMCID: PMC4498228 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of organic compounds present in water at trace concentration has become a critical environmental problem. In particular, enzymatic oxidation by fungal laccases offers a promising alternative for efficient and sustainable removal of organic pollutants in water. In this work, the biocatalytic ability of laccases from the Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43 fungus was evaluated. A filtered culture supernatant (laccase cocktail) evidenced an enhanced biotransformation capability to remove common endocrine-disruptor compounds (EDCs), such as bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, 17-α-ethynylestradiol and triclosan. A biodegradation of around 89-100 % was achieved for all EDCs using synthetic samples (10 mg L-1) and after the enzymatic treatment with 100 U L-1 (50.3 U mg -1). The biodegradation rates obtained were fitted to a first order reaction. Furthermore, enzymatic biocatalytic activity was also evaluated in groundwater samples coming from northwestern Mexico, reaching biotransformation percentages between 55 and 93 % for all tested compounds. As far as we know this is the first study on real groundwater samples in which the enzymatic degradation of target EDCs by a laccase cocktail from any strain of Pycnoporus sanguineus was evaluated. In comparison with purified laccases, the use of cocktail offers operational advantages since additional purification steps can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Garcia-Morales
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
- />Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Universidad S/N Magisterial, Villahermosa, 86040 Tabasco Mexico
| | - M. Rodríguez-Delgado
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
| | - K. Gomez-Mariscal
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
| | - C. Orona-Navar
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
| | - C. Hernandez-Luna
- />Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria San Nicolás de los Garza, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 64450 Mexico
| | - E. Torres
- />Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 103G, 7, Puebla, Mexico
| | - R. Parra
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
| | - D. Cárdenas-Chávez
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
| | - J. Mahlknecht
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
| | - N. Ornelas-Soto
- />Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849 Mexico
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Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Wilson PC. Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:865-70. [PMID: 25464330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential uptake and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) (from reclaimed irrigation water) in edible crops was investigated. BPA and NP were spiked into simulated reclaimed water at environmentally relevant concentrations. Two crops (lettuce, Lactuca sativa and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse using the spiked irrigation water under two irrigation exposure scenarios (overhead foliar exposure and subsurface root exposure). BPA concentrations in tomato fruit were 26.6 ± 5.8 (root exposure) and 18.3 ± 3.5 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1), while concentrations in lettuce leaves were 80.6 ± 23.1 (root exposure) and 128.9 ± 17.4 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1). NP concentrations in tomato fruit were 46.1 ± 6.6 (root exposure) and 24.6 ± 6.4 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1), while concentrations in lettuce leaves were 144.1 ± 9.2 (root exposure) and 195.0 ± 16.9 (foliar exposure) μg kg(-1). BPA was relatively mobile in lettuce plants regardless of exposure route. Limited mobility was observed for NP in both crops and BPA in tomatoes. The estimated daily intake of BPA and NP through consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water ranged from 8.9-62.9 to 11.9-95.1 μg, respectively, depending on the exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, United States
| | - Peter J Stoffella
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, United States
| | - P Chris Wilson
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, United States.
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Aftafa C, Pelit FO, Yalçinkaya EE, Turkmen H, Kapdan İ, Nil Ertaş F. Ionic liquid intercalated clay sorbents for micro solid phase extraction of steroid hormones from water samples with analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Johnson-Ajinwo OR, Li WW. Stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantification of thymoquinone in black cumin seed oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5466-5471. [PMID: 24871868 DOI: 10.1021/jf500357x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) is a widely used spice and herb, where thymoquinone (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is the major bioactive compound. Here, a stable isotope dilution (SID) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was developed for the quantification of thymoquinone. A doubly deuterated thymoquinone ([(2)H2]-thymoquinone) was synthesized for the first time with more than 93% deuteration degree shown by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR). This compound was used as an internal standard for the quantification of thymoquinone using a SID GC-MS method. The validation experiment showed a recovery rate of 99.1 ± 1.1% relative standard deviation (RSD). Standard addition and external calibration methods have also been used to quantify thymoquinone, which cross-validated the developed stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA). In comparison to external calibration and standard addition methods, the SIDA method is robust and accurate. The concentration of thymoquinone in five marketed black cumin seed oils ranged between 3.34 and 10.8 mg/mL by use of SID GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okiemute Rosa Johnson-Ajinwo
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University , Thornburrow Drive, ST4 7QB Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Li J, Zhou H, Liu YX, Yan XY, Xu YP, Liu SM. Solid-phase extraction for selective determination of bisphenol A in drinks and fruits by dummy surface molecularly imprinted polymer with direct synthetic method. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.906751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Simultaneous analysis of eight phenolic environmental estrogens in blood using dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction combined with ultra fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 115:787-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Schultz IR, Nagler JJ, Swanson P, Wunschel D, Skillman AD, Burnett V, Smith D, Barry R. Toxicokinetic, Toxicodynamic, and Toxicoproteomic Aspects of Short-term Exposure to Trenbolone in Female Fish. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:413-29. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Wilson PC. Analysis of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and natural estrogens in vegetables and fruits using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:84-89. [PMID: 23215552 DOI: 10.1021/jf304971k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and steroidal estrogens in vegetables and fruits were analyzed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Isotope dilution standards were spiked before the extraction to account for extraction inefficiency and loss of analytes during sample workup. Recoveries were >90% for all of the compounds in each matrix. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.03 to 0.3 μg kg(-1), whereas the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 μg kg(-1). All analytes can be monitored in a single GC-MS/MS run with a run time of 20 min. Occurrence of these endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in vegetables and fruits from local markets was observed using the established analytical method. BPA was detected in all vegetable and fruit samples, ranging from 0.2 ± 0.1 to 9.0 ± 4.9 μg kg(-1), indicating significant exposure potential for humans. NP was detected in pumpkin, sweet potato, citrus, and apple samples. The concentration of 4-n-NP ranged from 5.3 ± 2.4 to 18.9 ± 8.0 μg kg(-1), whereas that of 4-NP ranged from 5.1 ± 2.6 to 12.2 ± 3.6 μg kg(-1). Concentrations of 17-β-estradiol in vegetables and fruits ranged from 1.3 ± 0.4 to 2.2 ± 1.0 μg kg(-1) except those in tomato and strawberry, in which no 17-β-estradiol was detected. The estimated daily intake of 17-β-estradiol was beyond the recommended acceptable daily intake (ADI) for children as recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945-3138, United States
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Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Chris Wilson P. Isotope dilution-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the analysis of alkylphenols, bisphenol A, and estrogens in food crops. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Pereira VJ, Galinha J, Barreto Crespo MT, Matos CT, Crespo JG. Integration of nanofiltration, UV photolysis, and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of hormones from surface water sources. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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The role of the acquisition methods in the analysis of natural and synthetic steroids and cholic acids by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8264-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Yang X, Flowers RC, Weinberg HS, Singer PC. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:5218-28. [PMID: 21864879 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of nineteen pharmaceutically active compounds and personal care products was followed monthly for 12 months after various stages of treatment in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant in Gwinnett County, GA, U.S.A. Twenty-four hour composite samples were collected after primary clarification, activated sludge biological treatment, membrane filtration, granular media filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and ozonation in the wastewater reclamation plant. Compounds were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after solid-phase extraction. Standard addition methods were employed to compensate for matrix effects. Sixteen of the targeted compounds were detected in the primary effluent; sulfadimethoxine, doxycycline, and iopromide were not found. Caffeine and acetaminophen were found at the highest concentrations (∼10(5) ng/L), followed by ibuprofen (∼10(4) ng/L), sulfamethoxazole and DEET (∼10(3) ng/L). Most of the other compounds were found at concentrations on the order of hundreds of ng/L. After activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration, the concentrations of caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, DEET, tetracycline, and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) had decreased by more than 90%. Erythromycin and carbamazepine, which were resistant to biological treatment, were eliminated by 74 and 88%, on average, by GAC. Primidone, DEET, and caffeine were not amenable to adsorption by GAC. Ozonation oxidized most of the remaining compounds by >60%, except for primidone and DEET. Of the initial 16 compounds identified in the primary effluent, only sulfamethoxazole, primidone, caffeine and DEET were frequently detected in the final effluent, but at concentrations on the order of 10-100 ng/L. Removal of the different agents by the various treatment processes was related to the physical-chemical properties of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Pérez RA, Albero B, Miguel E, Sánchez-Brunete C. Determination of parabens and endocrine-disrupting alkylphenols in soil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry following matrix solid-phase dispersion or in-column microwave-assisted extraction: a comparative study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2347-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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LaFleur AD, Schug KA. A review of separation methods for the determination of estrogens and plastics-derived estrogen mimics from aqueous systems. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 696:6-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Andrási N, Helenkár A, Záray G, Vasanits A, Molnár-Perl I. Derivatization and fragmentation pattern analysis of natural and synthetic steroids, as their trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry: Analysis of dissolved steroids in wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1878-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Simultaneous Determination of Steroid Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water by Solid Phase Extraction-Derivatization- Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Simultaneous determination of estrogenic and androgenic hormones in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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de Lima Gomes PCF, Barletta JY, Nazario CED, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Von Wolff MA, Coneglian CMR, Umbuzeiro GA, Lancas FM. Optimization of in situ
derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC-MS multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:436-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Gallart-Ayala H, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Recent advances in mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic endocrine disruptors and related compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:776-805. [PMID: 19367629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent literature on current methodologies based on chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to analyze phenolic compounds with endocrine-disrupting capabilities. For this review we chose alkylphenol ethoxylates, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and their degradation products and halogenated derivatives, which are considered important environmental contaminants. Additionally, some related compounds such as bisphenol diglycidylethers were included. Growing attention has been paid to the mass spectrometric characterization of these compounds and the instrumentation and strategies used for their quantification and confirmation. The current use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methodologies with different mass spectrometers and ionization and monitoring modes is discussed. Practical aspects with regards to the use of these analytical techniques, such as derivatizing reagents in GC-MS, ion suppression in LC-MS, and the most problematic aspects of quantification, are included in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gallart-Ayala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Nagler JJ, Davis TL, Modi N, Vijayan MM, Schultz I. Intracellular, not membrane, estrogen receptors control vitellogenin synthesis in the rainbow trout. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:326-30. [PMID: 20346361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of vitellogenin, via estrogens, by the liver of female oviparous vertebrates provides the precursor for yolk proteins in developing oocytes. There are two distinct estrogenic transduction pathways in vertebrates that could control vitellogenin synthesis. One provides direct genomic (i.e., nuclear) control in which estrogens bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) that function as transcription factors within the cell nucleus. The other involves a non-genomic pathway initiated by estrogens binding to membrane-bound ERs at the cell surface. The objective of this paper was to determine which ER transduction pathway regulates hepatic vitellogenin synthesis in rainbow trout. For this study an estrogenic molecule, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), was conjugated to a peptide moiety (PEP) to make 17alpha-ethynylestradiol-peptide (EE2-PEP) to bind to membrane-bound ERs. This was compared with EE2 that is capable of crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular ERs. An in vivo experiment using male rainbow trout injected with either EE2-PEP or EE2 demonstrated that only EE2 stimulated a significant increase in plasma vitellogenin concentrations. This was further confirmed by treating male rainbow trout hepatocytes in primary culture for 24h with PEP, EE2-PEP or EE2. Only the EE2 treatment resulted in significantly higher vitellogenin expression in trout hepatocytes. These results demonstrate that estrogens must gain entry into hepatocytes to bind to intracellular ERs in order to stimulate vitellogenin synthesis. While this study cannot conclude that a membrane ER system is absent in the rainbow trout liver, it has established that the liver synthesis of vitellogenin in rainbow trout is regulated by intracellular ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Nagler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 443051, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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31
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Stanford BD, Weinberg HS. Evaluation of on-site wastewater treatment technology to remove estrogens, nonylphenols, and estrogenic activity from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2994-3001. [PMID: 20345150 DOI: 10.1021/es903422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of five on-site wastewater treatment systems were monitored for the removal of steroid estrogens, nonylphenols, and total estrogenic activity through several stages of pretreatment including aerobic and anaerobic sand filters. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the ability of traditional septic systems and different types of pretreatment add-ons to remove nonylphenols (NPs) and the steroid estrogens estrone (E1), 17beta- estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17alpha- ethinylestradiol (EE2) from the final effluent prior to discharge into the environment and (2) to examine the ability of each system and each stage of treatment within the system to remove total estrogenic activity as measured by a yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. YES data and instrumental data are compared in the context of analyte recovery and estradiol equivalents. Results indicate excellent removal of NPs and total estrogenic activity to near or below detection limits when multiple stages of pretreatment including aerobic sand filters are used. However, only moderate removal of the steroid estrogens was observed through the anaerobic sand filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Stanford
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, USA
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32
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Simultaneous quantification of multiple classes of phenolic compounds in blood plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Huang B, Pan X, Liu J, Fang K, Wang Y, Gao J. New Discoveries of Heating Effect on Trimethylsilyl Derivatization for Simultaneous Determination of Steroid Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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HUANG B, PAN XJ, LIU JL, FANG K, WANG Y, GAO JP. Hydroxyl Group Derivatization of Steroid Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Enhancement of chemical derivatization of steroids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3237-42. [PMID: 19692297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid derivatization was investigated by varying the experimental parameters (reagent, reaction time, and reaction temperature) to determine the optimal conditions for individual steroids, and for larger subsets. Three methods of derivatization enhancement were also investigated: the use of sonication, the use of a microwave heating, and the addition of solvents to the reaction mixture. On a comprehensive level, derivatization using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) was most efficient, while the application of solvent addition and microwave heating, in several cases, provided a clear enhancement. In addition, generalized rules for steroid derivatization are described.
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Celiz MD, Aga DS, Colón LA. Evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the isolation/enrichment of β-estradiol. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Abstract
BACKGROUND New high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are among the most successful approaches to improve specificity problems inherent in many immunoassays. CONTENT We emphasize problems with immunoassays for the measurement of steroids and review the emerging role of LC-MS/MS in the measurement of clinically relevant steroids. The latest generation of tandem mass spectrometers has superior limits of quantification, permitting omission of previously employed derivatization steps. The measurement of steroid profiles in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal insufficiency, chronic pelvic pain and prostatitis, oncology (breast cancer), and athletes has important new applications. CONCLUSIONS LC-MS/MS now affords the specificity, imprecision, and limits of quantification necessary for the reliable measurement of steroids in human fluids, enhancing diagnostic capabilities, particularly when steroid profiles are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Soldin
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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