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Shen J, Liu J, Ji X, Liang J, Feng X, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Qu G, Yan B, Liu R. Nail salon dust reveals alarmingly high photoinitiator levels: Assessing occupational risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134913. [PMID: 38880048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are chemical additives that generate active substances, such as free radicals to initiate photopolymerization. Traditionally, polymerization has been considered a green technique that seldomly generates contaminants. However, many researches have confirmed toxicity effects of PIs, such as carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, endocrine disrupting effects. Surprisingly, we found high levels of PIs in indoor dust. Our analysis revealed comparable levels of PIs in dust from printing shops (geometric mean, GM: 1.33 ×103 ng/g) and control environments (GM: 874 ng/g), underscoring the widespread presence of PIs across various settings. Alarmingly, in dust samples from nail salons, PIs were detected at total concentrations ranging from 610 to 1.04 × 107 ng/g (GM: 1.87 ×105 ng/g), significantly exceeding those in the control environments (GM: 1.43 ×103 ng/g). Nail salon workers' occupational exposure to PIs through dust ingestion was estimated at 4.86 ng/kg body weight/day. Additionally, an in vitro simulated digestion test suggested that between 10 % and 42 % of PIs present in ingested dust could become bioaccessible to humans. This is the first study to report on PIs in the specific environments of nail salons and printing shops. This study highlights the urgent need for public awareness regarding the potential health risks posed by PIs to occupational workers, marking an important step towards our understanding of environmental pollution caused by PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingzhe Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Chen HC, Huang YF, Wu CT. Concentrations, compositional profiles, and health risks of benzophenones among the Taiwanese population based on analysis of 23 daily consumed foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134077. [PMID: 38574654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the occurrence and distribution of 11 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) in 893 food samples spanning 7 food categories in Taiwan. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of BPs. The results indicated that cornflakes had the highest mean level of BPs (103 ng/g), followed by bread (101 ng/g) and pastries (59 ng/g). BP was the most prevalent category, followed by 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and benzophenone-3. Estimation of the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of BP (average life expectancy of 80 years) placed them in the 50th and 97.5th percentiles [P50 (P97.5)] LTCR of 1.9 × 10-7 (5.7 × 10-6), indicating that BP in food poses a low renal hazard to the Taiwanese population. The noncarcinogenic risk of BPs was evaluated using a hazard quotient and combined margin of exposure (MOET), revealing a P50 (P97.5) hazard index of < 1 for BP, 4-MBP, and methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate. Although the P50 MOET values for all age groups were within the moderate range of concern, with a more conservative extreme (P2.5), the MOET values for the 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 age groups fell below 100, indicating a high concern for renal degeneration and hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ting Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Science Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yao YN, Wang Y, Zhang H, Gao Y, Zhang T, Kannan K. A review of sources, pathways, and toxic effects of human exposure to benzophenone ultraviolet light filters. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2024; 3:30-44. [PMID: 38162868 PMCID: PMC10757257 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone ultraviolet light filters (BPs) are high-production-volume chemicals extensively used in personal care products, leading to widespread human exposure. Given their estrogenic properties, the potential health risks associated with exposure to BPs have become a public health concern. This review aims to summarize sources and pathways of exposure to BPs and associated health risks. Dermal exposure, primarily through the use of sunscreens, constitutes a major pathway for BP exposure. At a recommended application rate, dermal exposure of BP-3 via the application of sunscreens may reach or exceed the suggested reference dose. Other exposure pathways to BPs, such as drinking water, seafood, and packaged foods, contribute minimal to the overall dose. Inhalation is a minor pathway of exposure; however, its contribution cannot be ignored. Human exposure to BPs is an order of magnitude higher in North America than in Asia and Europe. Studies conducted on laboratory animals and cells have consistently demonstrated the toxic effects of BP exposure. BPs are estrogenic and elicit reproductive and developmental toxicities. Furthermore, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and carcinogenicity have been reported from chronic BP exposure. In addition to animal and cell studies, epidemiological investigations have identified associations between BPs and couples' fecundity and other reproductive disorders, as well as adverse birth outcomes. Further studies are urgently needed to understand the risks posed by BPs on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - You Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hengling Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, NY 12237, USA
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Ji X, Liang J, Liu J, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Y, Jing C, Mabury SA, Liu R. Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11704-11717. [PMID: 37515552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals used in polymerization systems that generate active substances to initiate polymerization reactions under certain radiations. Although polymerization is considered a green method, its wide application in various commercial products, such as UV-curable inks, paints, and varnishes, has led to ubiquitous environmental issues caused by PIs. In this study, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of PIs and provide suggestions for future research based on numerous available studies. The residual concentrations of PIs in commercial products, such as food packaging materials, are at microgram per gram levels. The migration of PIs from food packaging materials to foodstuffs has been confirmed by more than 100 reports of food contamination caused by PIs. Furthermore, more than 20 PIs have been detected in water, sediment, sewage sludge, and indoor dust collected from Asia, the United States, and Europe. Human internal exposure was also confirmed by the detection of PIs in serum. In addition, PIs were present in human breast milk, indicating that breastfeeding is an exposure pathway for infants. Among the most available studies, benzophenone is the dominant congener detected in the environment and humans. Toxicity studies of PIs reveal multiple toxic end points, such as carcinogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Future investigations should focus on synergistic/antagonistic toxicity effects caused by PIs coexposure and metabolism/transformation pathways of newly identified PIs. Furthermore, future research should aim to develop "greener" PIs with high efficiency, low migration, and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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He Y, Pan Z, Liang X, Xie R, Sun Y, Li J, Wang Y, Zeng L. Distribution characteristics of photoinitiators and their flux estimation from the Pearl River Delta to the coastal waters of the South China Sea. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:71-80. [PMID: 36801043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are widely used in industrial polymerization processes. It has been reported that PIs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and that humans are exposed to PIs, but the occurrence of PIs in natural environments are rarely known. In the present study, 25 PIs, including 9 benzophenones (BZPs), 8 amine co-initiators (ACIs), 4 thioxanthones (TXs) and 4 phosphine oxides (POs), were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Eighteen, 14, and 14 of the 25 target PIs were detected in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples, respectively. The total concentrations of PIs in water, SPM, and sediment were in the ranges of 2.88‒96.1 ng/L, 9.25‒923 ng/g dry weight (dw), and 3.79‒56.9 ng/g dw, with geometric mean concentration (GM) of 10.8 ng/L, 48.6 ng/g dw, and 17.1 ng/g dw, respectively. A significant linear regression was observed between the log partitioning coefficients (Kd) values of PIs and their log octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) values (R2 = 0.535, p < 0.05). The annual riverine input of PIs to the coastal waters of the South China Sea via eight main outlets of the PRD was estimated to be 4.12 × 103 kg/year, and the ∑BZPs, ∑ACIs, ∑TXs and ∑POs contributed to 1.96 × 103, 1.24 × 103, 89.6 and 830 kg/year, respectively. This is the first report of a systematic description of the occurrence characteristics of PIs exposure in water, SPM, and sediment. The environmental fate and risks of PIs in aquatic environments need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zibin Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ruiman Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Gamil M, El Zahar NM, Magdy N, El-Kosasy AM. Green, bioanalytically validated chromatographic method for the determination and quantification of photoinitiators in saliva in contact with baby bibs, teethers and pacifiers. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Liang Q, Wang Z, Du W, Liu W, Cao J, Ren J, Lian W, Lu H, Li H. Determination of 18 photoinitiators in food paper packaging materials by FastPrep-based extraction combined with GC-MS. Food Chem 2022; 377:131980. [PMID: 34999461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of photoinitiators (PIs) from food paper packages is difficult since they normally hide inside multiple ink layers. A one-step FastPrep-based extraction in combination with GC-MS was developed to simultaneously measure 18 PIs in food paper packaging materials. FastPrep-based extraction enabled direct and efficient release of PIs from raw paperboard in a minute without additional procedures. It was simple, high-throughput, consuming less solvent and not requiring heat or radiation. GC-MS using selected ion monitoring provided identification of PIs with high selectivity. The LODs and LOQs for 18 PIs ranged from 0.060 to 0.614 mg/kg, and 0.197-2.027 mg/kg, respectively. The method was successfully applied for various real samples, and the spiked recoveries using different real sample matrices ranged from 93.3% to 110.1%. The developed method can thus be used for the quality control of PI residues in paper packaging materials of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Liang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China.
| | - Wen Du
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jianxin Ren
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Wenliu Lian
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Determining the trace-level photoinitiators in juices and milk from various types of packages in Taiwan by a micro-QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2022; 388:132929. [PMID: 35447581 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of 16 photoinitiators (PIs)-benzophenone (BP) and its five derivatives, 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate (M2BB), 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB), and the other 7 PIs-in packaged juice and milk was assessed using an UPLC-MS/MS with micro-QuEChERS. The validated method demonstrated robust linearity (≥0.9908), LOQs (juice: 0.006-7.26 ng/mL; milk: 0.004-7.14 ng/mL), intra- and inter-day accuracy (93.1%-110.1% for juice and 66.8%-114.6% for milk with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of ≤16.8%), and matrix effect with RSDs of ≤14.8%. BP exceeded the LOQ in 100% of 136 packaged juice (14.22 ± 7.60 ng/mL) and 51 milk (8.45 ± 3.25 ng/mL) samples, and the quantitation rates for M2BB and EHDAB in packaged juice were 100%. Notably, the 4-MBP in both juice and milk was significantly related to the packaging material. The method has been successfully applied to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of PIs in packaged juice and milk.
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An D, Xing X, Tang Z, Li Y, Sun J. Concentrations, distribution and potential health risks of organic ultraviolet absorbents in street dust from Tianjin, a megacity in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112130. [PMID: 34571034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVAs) in outdoor dust remains poorly understood, especially in megacities. We measured the concentrations of 11 OUVAs in street dust from Tianjin, China, by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and found total concentrations in the range of 10.3-129 ng/g. These OUVAs were prevalent in the study street dust, but their concentrations were much lower than those in indoor dust reported in other areas previously. Benzophenone and octocrylene were the dominant OUVAs, representing medians of 15.5% and 13.1% of total OUVA concentrations, respectively. Total concentrations of dust OUVAs in the industrial area were higher than the residential, cultural and new urban areas. Source assessment indicated that the OUVAs likely originated mainly from the manufacture and consumption of cosmetics and personal care products, and some may have been from the production and use of OUVA-containing consumer products. The calculated non-carcinogenic risks of OUVAs in street dust were low. Our results further confirmed that the OUVAs were prevalent in the environment, provide useful information for understanding potential risks of these chemicals and developing risk management strategies. Further studies are needed to investigate the occurrence, environmental behaviors and potential risks of these emerging contaminants in outdoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di An
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Li Y, Xing X, An D, Sun J, Tang Z. Occurrence and distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbents in sediments from small urban rivers, Tianjin, China: Implications for risk management. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113120. [PMID: 34959016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (OUVAs) in the environment have been of increasing concern because of their potential hazards. However, the OUVAs in waters is far from being well studied and little is known about their occurrence in small urban rivers. This study investigated the concentrations and distribution of eleven OUVAs in the sediments from five small urban rivers of Tianjin, China, and found total concentrations in the range of 11.6-189 ng/g dry weight. Relative to other rivers and lakes, no high concentrations of sediment OUVAs were observed in the small rivers. Benzophenone, homosalate and octocrylene were the dominant OUVAs, representing medians of 13.3%, 12.4% and 12.3% of the total concentrations, respectively. Our observed composition profiles of these chemicals were different from those found in most of other waters. The sediment OUVAs may originate more from industrial activities than the use of cosmetics and personal care products in this area. The risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to the sediment OUVAs in these small urban rivers was considered low, except for benzophenone. However, more researches are needed to investigate the pollution and associated risks of these chemicals in urban rivers due to the complexity of their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Di An
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Power AC, Jones J, NiNeil C, Geoghegan S, Warren S, Currivan S, Cozzolino D. What's in this drink? Classification and adulterant detection in Irish Whiskey samples using near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5256-5263. [PMID: 33616203 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to analyse a series of different Irish Whiskey samples in order to define their spectral profile and to assess the capability of the NIR method to identify samples based on their origin and storage (e.g. distiller, method of maturation). The ability of NIR spectroscopy to quantify the level of potential chemical adulterants was also investigated. Samples were spiked with 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% v/v of each adulterant (e.g. methanol, ethyl acetate, etc.) prior to NIR analysis. RESULTS The results of this study demonstrated the capability of NIR spectroscopy combined with PLS regression to classify the whiskey samples and to determine the level of adulteration. Moreover, the potential of NIR coupled with chemometric analysis as a rapid, portable, and non-destructive screening tool for quality control, traceability, and food/beverage adulteration for customs and other regulatory agencies, to mitigate beverage fraud was illustrated. CONCLUSION Given the non-specificity of the NIR technique, these positive preliminary results indicated that this method of analysis has the potential to be applied to identify the level of adulteration in distilled spirits. The rapid nature of the technique and lack of consumables or sample preparation required allows for a far more time and cost-effective analysis per sample. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife C Power
- CREST, Technology Gateway of TU Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Jones
- Process Analytical Technology Lab, TU Dublin Tallaght Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe NiNeil
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, TU Dublin City Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sive Geoghegan
- MiCRA - Biodiagnostics, Technology Gateway of TU Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Warren
- CREST, Technology Gateway of TU Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Zeng B, Cai Z, Lalevée J, Yang Q, Lai H, Xiao P, Liu J, Xing F. Cytotoxic and cytocompatible comparison among seven photoinitiators-triggered polymers in different tissue cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105103. [PMID: 33516932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are widely used for photopolymerization in industrial area and recently paid close attention to in biomedical field. However, there are few reports on their toxicity to human health. Here we explored cytotoxicity and cytocompatibilty of seven commercial and industrial-used PIs for developing their potential clinical application. Phenylbis(acyl) phosphine oxides (BAPO), 2-Benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-4'-morpholinobutyrophenone (369), 4,4'-Bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (EMK), Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO), and 2-Isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) caused different extent cytotoxicities to four tissue types of cells at the concentrations of 1 to 50 μM under a non-irradiation condition, of which the BAPO cytotoxicity was the highest, whereas Ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate (TPOL) and Methyl benzoylformate (MBF) displayed the lowest cellular toxicity. The cell lines and primary cells appeared highly sensitive to BAPO toxicity, the primary lymphocytes relatively to photoinitiator 369 (369) and EMK toxicities, LO2 cells to EMK and TPO toxicities, the primary lymphocytes and HUVEC-12 cells to MBF toxicity, but only HEK293T cells not to 369 toxicity. Furthermore, these PIs led to increasing cytotoxicity to different extents after exposure to 455 nm blue light, which is consistent with non-irradiation tendency. All the cells presented low sensitivity to TPOL and MBF, of which TPOL-triggered polymer is dramatically superior in its cytocompatibility to MBF, and in its transparency to clinically exclusively-used camphorquinone (CQ). The novel findings indicate that BAPO is the most toxic among the seven PIs, but TPOL and MBF are the least toxic, directing their development and application. Combined their triggered polymer cytocompatibility and color with reported deep curing efficiency, TPOL is more promising to be applied especially to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Cai
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
| | - Qizhi Yang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwang Lai
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pu Xiao
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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He NX, Bayen S. An overview of chemical contaminants and other undesirable chemicals in alcoholic beverages and strategies for analysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3916-3950. [PMID: 33337040 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of chemical contaminant in alcoholic beverages is a widespread and notable problem with potential implications for human health. With the complexity and wide variation in the raw materials, production processes, and contact materials involved, there are a multitude of opportunities for a diverse host of undesirable compounds to make their way into the final product-some of which may currently remain unidentified and undetected. This review provides an overview of the notable contaminants (including pesticides, environmental contaminants, mycotoxins, process-induced contaminants, residues of food contact material [FCM], and illegal additives) that have been detected in alcoholic products thus far based on prior reviews and findings in the literature, and will additionally consider the potential sources for contamination, and finally discuss and identify gaps in current analytical strategies. The findings of this review highlight a need for further investigation into unwanted substances in alcoholic beverages, particularly concerning chemical migrants from FCMs, as well as a need for comprehensive nontargeted analytical techniques capable of determining unanticipated contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Xiaohe He
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Zabaleta I, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Elizalde MP. Migration of photoinitiators, phthalates and plasticizers from paper and cardboard materials into different simulants and foodstuffs. Food Chem 2020; 344:128597. [PMID: 33214042 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The migration of photoinitiators, phthalates and plasticizers from two paper and cardboard materials into food simulants (50% and 95% EtOH and Tenax) and foodstuffs (rice, cereals and milk powder) was studied. In the case of liquid simulants migration was observed to reach the equilibrium after 60 min and depended on the material type and the physicochemical parameters of the migrants, whereas the temperature (room temperature and 60 °C) did not show significant effects. The study of migration of the compounds from a baking paper to Tenax at high temperatures (150 and 250 °C) evidenced an increment of migration when increasing temperature, except for the most volatile analytes. Finally, the migration to foodstuffs was studied using fully validated analytical protocols. Overall, the comparison of the migration rates demonstrated that Tenax was adequate for the simulation of the migration to rice and cereals, but underestimated the migration to infant milk powder, for which 95% EtOH resulted a more suitable simulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blanco-Zubiaguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - I Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - M P Elizalde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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15
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Mei Y, Wu Q, Zhou S, Wang Z, Liang Q, Li Y, Lu H. Rapid in situ quantitation of photoinitiators in packaging by two-points kinetic calibration of liquid microjunction surface sampling-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 216:121017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Interpretation of the migration of benzophenone type photoinitiators into different food simulants and foodstuffs in terms of the physicochemical properties of the migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Chang HC, Chen YJ, Chang MH, Liao CD, Kao YM, Wang DY, Cheng HF. Novel multi-analyte method for detection of thirty photoinitiators in breakfast cereal and packaged juice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1130-1131:121788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Li J, Lam JCW, Li W, Du B, Chen H, Zeng L. Occurrence and Distribution of Photoinitiator Additives in Paired Maternal and Cord Plasma in a South China Population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10969-10977. [PMID: 31411872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are widely used in industrial polymerization and have been detected as emerging contaminants in environmental matrixes. It has been reported that humans are exposed to PIs, but the maternal-fetal transmission of PIs has not been documented. In this study, we analyzed 21 PIs (9 benzophenones, BZPs; 8 amine co-initiators, ACIs; and 4 thioxanthones, TXs) in matched maternal-cord plasma samples from 49 pregnant women in South China. Sixteen of the 21 target PIs were found in maternal plasma at concentrations of ∑PIs (sum of the detected PIs) from 303 to 3500 pg/mL. Meanwhile, 12 PIs were detected in cord plasma with ∑PIs from 104 to 988 pg/mL. The PIs detected in both maternal and cord plasma samples were dominated by BZPs, followed by ACIs and TXs. Different groups of PIs showed structure-dependent placental transfer efficiencies (PTEs). The PTEs were generally less than 100% for BZPs but greater than 100% for ACIs and TXs. By further theoretical calculation, we revealed the critical structural features of PIs that affect PTEs. This is the first study to investigate the occurrence and distribution of PIs in paired maternal and cord plasma, and it sheds light on the potential mechanism of structure-dependent placental transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
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19
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Liu R, Mabury SA. Identification of Photoinitiators, Including Novel Phosphine Oxides, and Their Transformation Products in Food Packaging Materials and Indoor Dust in Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4109-4118. [PMID: 30942572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although photopolymerization is generally considered a green technology, the contamination of foodstuffs by photoinitiators (PIs), an essential component of photopolymerization systems, has recently attracted notice. Despite this interest, little attention has been paid to PI contamination in the environment. To date, only one study, performed in China, has reported the occurrence of PIs in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence of 25 PI additives with discrete molecular structures was investigated in food packaging materials and indoor dust. The PIs studied here include benzophenones (BZPs), thioxanthones (TXs), amine co-initiators (ACIs), and novel phosphine oxides (POs). Twenty-four PIs were detected in food packaging materials. Total concentrations of PIs (∑PIs) ranged between 122 and 44 113 ng/g, with a geometric mean (GM) of 3375 ng/g. The photodegradation of PIs in food packaging materials was investigated for the first time, and the half-lives of PIs in these materials were found to range from 32 to 289 h. These 24 PIs were also detected in indoor dust samples (GM of ∑PIs = 1483 ng/g). The relative abundances of different PIs were found to vary between the packaging materials and the indoor dust, which is attributed in part to the different stabilities of different PIs under simulated sunlight. Using standards synthesized in our lab, four TX transformation products (GM: 34.8 ng/g) were also detected in indoor dust. The concentrations of the transformation products were higher than the concentrations of the parent chemicals in indoor dust. Thus, further studies exploring human exposure to TXs should include these transformation products to avoid underestimation. This is the first report of PIs and relevant transformation products in the indoor environment in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , M5S 3H6 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , M5S 3H6 , Ontario , Canada
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20
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Wu H, Wu LH, Wang F, Gao CJ, Chen D, Guo Y. Several environmental endocrine disruptors in beverages from South China: occurrence and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5873-5884. [PMID: 30612374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in beverages may enter the human body by ingestion and thus may represent a potential health risk. In this study, phthalates, bisphenol A, and its analogues, parabens, benzophenone-type UV filters, and triclosan (TCS) were analyzed in beverage samples (n = 116) collected from local markets in Guangzhou, South China. Twelve of 30 target compounds were found in > 50% samples, and for the first time, TCS was found in a majority of beverages from China (~ 80%). Among all analytes, concentrations of total phthalates (median = 14.4 ng/mL) were generally two orders of magnitude higher than other target EEDs, and concentrations of total benzophenone-type UV filters (0.02 ng/mL) and TCS (0.01 ng/mL) were the lowest. Among all targets, phthalates were predominant, accounting for > 99% of the total EEDs, and dimethyl phthalate was frequently detected in beverages (> 60%). In addition, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of EEDs for Chinese populations of different age groups based on the daily consumption of beverages. The EDIs of total EEDs were the highest for toddlers (mean = 14,200 ng/kg-bw/day) followed by children and teenagers (3420 ng/kg-bw/day), adults (1950 ng/kg-bw/day), the elderly (1740 ng/kg-bw/day), and infants (70 ng/kg-bw/day). Compared to all food categories, EEDs from beverage consumption accounted for ~ 0.1% (parabens) to 20% (phthalates) of total exposure from diet. However, intakes of phthalates, bisphenols, and TCS from beverages were comparable to those from other potential sources (food, dust, personal care products, cloth, and medicines). Furthermore, the cumulative risks of EEDs by beverage consumption were not high, which indicated that EEDs in beverages might not represent a potential human health risk for Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu-Hong Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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21
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Tang Z, Han X, Li G, Tian S, Yang Y, Zhong F, Han Y, Yang J. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk of ultraviolet absorbents in water and sediment from Lake Chaohu and its inflowing rivers, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:540-547. [PMID: 30149352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The available information is insufficient to enable a reliable understanding of the global distribution and effect of organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) on ecosystems. Little is known about the pollution of China's lakes by these chemicals. We conducted a survey of UVAs in water and sediment from Lake Chaohu and its inflowing rivers. The UVAs were widely present in this area and the concentrations of total 12 UVAs (Σ12 UVAs) ranged between 162 and 587 ng/L in water and 9.70-178 ng/g in sediment. Benzophenone and benzophenone-3 were dominant in water, and benzophenone and octocrylene dominated in sediment. Higher concentrations of benzophenone were detected in the investigated water samples, although the contamination levels of UVAs in this study were comparable to those investigated in other areas. In addition to the inputs from the UVAs used as filters in cosmetics, the discharge from industries using UVAs as stabilizers also contributed much to the pollution in the study waters. Generally, the risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to UVAs in this area was low, but further research is needed to elucidate the fate of UVAs and to understand bioaccumulation and associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xue Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- China Merchants Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Shulei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fuyong Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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22
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Pechancová R, Qiu C, Smuts J, Lemr K, Schug KA. Comparative study of ink photoinitiators in food packages using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:556-565. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Radka Pechancová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Faculty of Science; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Changling Qiu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Karel Lemr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Faculty of Science; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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23
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Zhan T, Pan L, Liu Z, Chen J, Ge Z, Lu L, Zhang X, Cui S, Zhang C, Liu W, Zhuang S. Metabolic Susceptibility of 2-Chlorothioxanthone and Its Toxic Effects on mRNA and Protein Expression and Activities of Human CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 Enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11904-11912. [PMID: 30234976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioxanthones (TXs) are photoinitiators widely used in UV curable resins and food packaging, and their residues have been frequently detected in human bodies. Our current understanding of the susceptibility of residual TXs to metabolism and their effects on human health is very limited. The in vitro metabolism of TXs and its toxic effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) (the key xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes) were examined in this study. 2-Chlorothioxanthone (2-Cl-TX) significantly inhibited the enzymatic activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 with IC50 of 8.36 and 0.86 μM, respectively. The exposure to 2-Cl-TX at 2.5 μM up-regulated the mRNA expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to 3.03-fold and 2.02-fold, respectively. 2-Cl-TX at 2.5 μM caused 2.19-fold and 1.98-fold overexpression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, respectively. In vitro studies revealed that 2-Cl-TX was biotransformed into two metabolites through the sulfoxidation of the sulfur atom, or via the hydroxylation of aromatic carbon. Results from this study, including the metabolic susceptibility of residual 2-Cl-TX, the proposed metabolites and the significant toxic effect on the activities, mRNA, and protein expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, are vital to the human health and safety risk assessment from this ubiquitous xenobiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjie Zhan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Liumeng Pan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310003 , P. R. China
| | - Jiayan Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Liping Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Shixuan Cui
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Houston-Clear Lake , 2700 Bay Area Boulevard , Houston , Texas 77058 , United States
| | - Weiping Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
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24
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Liu R, Mabury SA. First Detection of Photoinitiators and Metabolites in Human Sera from United States Donors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10089-10096. [PMID: 30063130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs), including benzophenones (BZPs), thioxanthones (TXs), and amine co-initiators (ACIs), are commonly used in photopolymerization systems, and their contamination in foodstuffs and the environment is attracting attention. Although humans are likely exposed to PIs, no data on human burdens of these chemicals are available. In this study, 18 PIs were detected in 50 individual human serum samples with concentrations of ΣPIs (sum of the detected PIs) from 423 to 2870 pg/mL (geometric mean, GM: 836 pg/mL). ΣBZPs (231-1240 ng/g,; GM: 593 pg/mL) were the dominant components, while ΣTXs (21.0-1431 ng/g; GM: 145 pg/mL) and ΣACIs (11.3-976 ng/g; GM: 48.5 pg/mL) were much lower. Data analysis found significantly higher concentrations of most PIs in the male sera than in the female ( p < 0.05). ΣPIs (2921-4139 ng/g; GM: 3621 pg/mL) were also detected in five pooled serum samples, each from at least 1000 donors, indicating the prevalent human burdens of PIs in a large population. Human liver S9 biodegradations of representative PIs, 2-isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX) and 2,4-diethylthioxanthone (DETX), were conducted. Hydroxylation, sulfoxide, and sulfone metabolites of DETX and 2-ITX were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry in human liver S9 incubation systems. With synthesized standards, the sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites were successfully detected in the human serum samples, which contributed substantially to total human burdens. The ubiquitous presence of PIs in human sera indicates significant human exposure to PIs, although photopolymerization reaction has been generally considered a green technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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25
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Cai H, Ji S, Zhang J, Tao G, Peng C, Hou R, Zhang L, Sun Y, Wan X. Migration kinetics of four photo-initiators from paper food packaging to solid food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1331470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Cai
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuilin Ji
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juzhou Zhang
- National Agricultural and sideline products processing food quality supervision and inspection center, Auhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Gushuai Tao
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanyi Peng
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Lagacé L, Charron C, Sadiki M. Analysis of plastic residues in maple sap and syrup collected from tubing systems sanitized with isopropyl alcohol. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00306. [PMID: 28560359 PMCID: PMC5443961 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A plastic tubing system operated under vacuum is usually used to collect sap from maple trees during spring time to produce maple syrup. This system is commonly sanitized with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to remove microbial contamination colonizing the system during the sugar season. Questions have been raised whether IPA would contribute to the leaching of plastic residues in maple sap and syrup coming from sanitized systems. First, an extraction experiment was performed in the lab on commercial plastic tubing materials that were submitted to IPA under harsh conditions. The results of the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of many compounds that served has target for further tests. Secondly, tests were done on early and mid-season maple sap and syrup coming from many sugarbushes using IPA or not to determine potential concentrations of plastic residues. Results obtained from sap and syrup samples showed that no quantifiable (< 1–75 μg/L) concentration of any plastic molecules tested was determined in all samples coming from IPA treated or not treated systems. However, some samples of first sap run used as a rinse solution to be discarded before the season start and that were coming from non sanitized or IPA sanitized systems, showed quantifiable concentrations of chemical residue such as ultraviolet protector (octabenzone). These results show that IPA can be safely used to sanitize maple sap collection system in regards to the leaching of plastic residues in maple sap and syrup and reinforced the need to thoroughly rinse the tubing system at the beginning of the season for both sanitized and non sanitized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Lagacé
- Centre de recherche, de développement et de transfert technologique acéricole inc. 142 rang Lainesse, St-Norbert d'Arthabaska, Québec, Canada. G0P 1B0
| | - Carmen Charron
- Centre de recherche, de développement et de transfert technologique acéricole inc. 142 rang Lainesse, St-Norbert d'Arthabaska, Québec, Canada. G0P 1B0
| | - Mustapha Sadiki
- Centre de recherche, de développement et de transfert technologique acéricole inc. 142 rang Lainesse, St-Norbert d'Arthabaska, Québec, Canada. G0P 1B0
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Han B, Ding L, Su R, Chen L, Wang L, Qi W, He Z. Migration of photoinitiators from paper to fatty food simulants: experimental studies and model application. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:876-84. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1166524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ding
- Research Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changsha, China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Libing Wang
- Research Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Liu P, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Simultaneous Determination of 10 Photoinitiators in Milk by Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J Food Sci 2016; 81:T1336-41. [PMID: 27010861 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are widely used in food packaging materials, can migrate easily from packaging materials to food, and cause food contamination. It is essential to establish a method of determining PIs residues in food. A new method for simultaneously determining 10 kinds of PIs in milk has been established by using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with a simple method of protein precipitation as the pretreatment approach and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as the detecting technique. The limits of detection for 10 PIs in different milks were between 0.05 and 1.4 μg/L (skimmed milk), between 0.07 and 2.2 μg/L (semi-skimmed milk), between 0.11 and 4.4 μg/L (whole milk), respectively. The recoveries were from 71.5% to 133.5%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. Twelve kinds of packed milk with different brands and fat contents were determined using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei Univ, Baoding, 071000, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei Univ, Baoding, 071000, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei Univ, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yanjie Chen
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei Univ, Baoding, 071000, China
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Lago MA, Ackerman LK. Identification of print-related contaminants in food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:518-29. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1136435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Method for analysis of 68 organic contaminants in food contact paper using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu R, Lin Y, Hu F, Liu R, Ruan T, Jiang G. Observation of Emerging Photoinitiator Additives in Household Environment and Sewage Sludge in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:97-104. [PMID: 26649800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are widely used additives in industrial polymerization process, the contamination of which through migration into foodstuffs has been subjected to increasing public scrutiny. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the PI residue levels and potential exposure pathways from other environmental compartments. In the present study, the occurrence of PI additives with discrete molecular structures, that is, nine benzophenones (BZPs), four thioxanthones (TXs), and eight amine co-initiators (ACIs), was investigated in commercial products, indoor dust and sewage sludge samples. Nine PI compounds were positively detected in ultraviolet curable resins with concentrations of ∑PIs (sum of the detected PIs) up to 2.51 × 10(4) ng/g, and 20 PIs can be found in food contact materials with concentrations of ∑PIs varying from 65.9 to 6.93 × 10(3) ng/g. The wide usage of PIs in commercial products led to the occurrence of 19 PIs in indoor dust, with concentrations of ∑PIs in the range of 245-5.68 × 10(3) ng/g. Meanwhile, all 21 targeted PIs could be identified in the sewage sludge, with concentrations from 67.6 to 2.03 × 10(3) ng/g. Distinct PI composition profiles were observed in different investigated compartments, and BZPs were the dominant homologues in all samples. Most of the target PIs were further identified as class III chemicals by toxic hazard estimation algorithm (Toxtree), which indicates the compounds might be of significant toxicity or have reactive functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China , 100085
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China , 100085
| | - Fanbao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China , 100085
| | - Ruirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China , 100085
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China , 100085
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China , 100085
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Field-Amplified Sample Injection-Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography for the Determination of Benzophenones in Food Simulants. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lago MA, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Nieto MT, Paseiro P. Photoinitiators: a food safety review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:779-98. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1014866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractTwenty three paper based packaging materials commercially used for food packaging in the Czech Republic were analysed with regard to 2-phenylphenol (OPP) content using HPLC technique with fluorimetric detection. The HPLC method was modified with the aim to increase its sensitivity. OPP was detected in quantities ranging from 10 mg kg−1 to 527 mg kg−1 in twenty tested samples. The level of OPP in packaging materials was in close correlation to the content of recycled pulp in used paper material. The migration of OPP from two packaging materials comprised of paperboard coated with low density polyethylene (LDPE) into food simulants was determined at 40°C for 10 days. The levels of migration into 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and olive oil were below the limit of detection of used analytical procedure. In the case of 95% ethanol, 13% and 21% of OPP present in tested samples were transferred into simulant. The found occurrence of OPP in paper packages does not pose any significant safety risk for food consumer, but OPP could be considered as wide spread contaminant in paper materials.
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Determination of ten pyrethroids in various fruit juices: Comparison of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction sample preparation and QuEChERS method combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Food Chem 2014; 159:367-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined With Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography for the Determination of Some Photoinitiators in Fruit Juice. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Lago MA, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Santillana MI, Paseiro P. Simultaneous chromatographic analysis of photoinitiators and amine synergists in food contact materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4251-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Van Den Houwe K, van de Velde S, Evrard C, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Bolle F. Evaluation of the migration of 15 photo-initiators from cardboard packaging into Tenax®using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:767-75. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.886340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Jung T, Browatzki C, Simat T. Multi-analyte methods for the detection of photoinitiators and amine synergists in food contact materials and foodstuffs – Part I: HPLC-DAD screening of materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:512-36. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.877600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Koster S, Rennen M, Leeman W, Houben G, Muilwijk B, van Acker F, Krul L. A novel safety assessment strategy for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in carton food contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:422-43. [PMID: 24237267 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.866718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in food contact materials research is to prove that the presence of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is not a safety issue. Migration extracts may contain many unknown substances present at low concentrations. It is difficult and time-consuming to identify all these potential NIAS and concurrently to assess their health risk upon exposure, whereas the health relevance at low exposure levels might not even be an issue. This paper describes a scientifically based, but pragmatic safety assessment approach for unknown substances present at low exposure levels in food contact matrices. This complex mixture safety assessment strategy (CoMSAS) enables one to distinguish toxicologically relevant from toxicologically less relevant substances, when related to their respective levels of exposure, and allows one to focus on the substances of potential health concern. In particular, substances for which exposure will be below certain thresholds may be considered not of health relevance in case specific classes of substances are excluded. This can reduce the amount of work needed for identification, characterisation and evaluation of unknown substances at low concentration. The CoMSAS approach is presented in this paper using a safety assessment of unknown NIAS that may migrate from three carton samples.
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41
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Bentayeb K, Ackerman L, Lord T, Begley T. Non-visible print set-off of photoinitiators in food packaging: detection by ambient ionisation mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:750-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.762694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Bugey A, Janin Y, Edder P, Bieri S. Targeted multidimensional gas chromatography using a heart-cutting device and cryogenic focusing for the determination of benzophenone derivatives in foodstuffs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4177-85. [PMID: 23423124 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoinitiators are used to promote the polymerization process during the curing of varnishes or inks on cartonboard packaging. Depending on storage conditions and shelf life, these substances are able to migrate through the packaging layer into the foodstuff. This type of contamination phenomenon is therefore becoming a critical issue in terms of food safety. In order to tackle this problem, a fast and selective method was developed for the determination of benzophenone and three methylbenzophenone isomers in cereal-based foodstuffs and their cardboard packaging. Food samples or packages were efficiently extracted by pressurized liquid extraction using acetonitrile, and the extracts were directly injected onto the analytical system. The analysis was performed by multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a heart-cutting approach to reduce the background noise from complex matrices. The strategy employed two distinct cuts each containing its proper deuterated internal standard leading to accurate quantification. By integrating a cryofocusing effect, an enhancement in signal/noise ratio was achieved by a factor >10, which markedly decreased the sensitivity threshold. Moreover, baseline separation of the critical isomers allowed their unequivocal determination. The method was fully validated on cereal-based foodstuffs based upon an analysis of variance, and excellent performances were obtained at the decision limit making this method well suited for official food controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bugey
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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43
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Gallart-Ayala H, Núñez O, Lucci P. Recent advances in LC-MS analysis of food-packaging contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Determination and Migration Study of Six Photoinitiators in Printing Inks Used for Food Contact Materials by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Gallart-Ayala H, Nuñez O, Moyano E, Galceran MT, Martins CPB. Preventing false negatives with high-resolution mass spectrometry: the benzophenone case. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3161-3166. [PMID: 21953972 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP) is one of the many contaminants reported as present in foodstuffs due to its migration from food packaging materials. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is acknowledged in the literature as the method of choice for this analysis. However, cases have been reported where the use of this methodology was insufficient to unambiguously confirm the presence of a contaminant. In previous work performed by the authors, the unequivocal identification of BP in packaged foods was not possible even when monitoring two m/z transitions (precursor ion - product ion), since ion ratio errors higher than 20% were obtained. In order to overcome this analytical problem a fast, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) methodology has been developed and applied to the analysis of BP in packaged foods. A direct comparison between LC/HRMS and LC/MS/MS data indicated better selectivity when working with LC/HRMS at a resolving power of 50,000 FWHM (full width at half maximum) than when monitoring two m/z transitions by LC/MS/MS. The resolving power used enabled the detection and identification of Harman as the compound impeding the confirmation of BP by LC-MS/MS. Similar quantitative results were obtained by an Orbitrap mass analyser (Exactive™) and a triple quadrupole mass analyser (TSQ Quantum Ultra AM™).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gallart-Ayala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Muncke J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: an updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:118-27. [PMID: 21073950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCM) are an underestimated source of chemical food contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantifying the exposure of the general population to substances from FCM relies on estimates of food consumption and leaching into food. Recent studies using polycarbonate plastics show that food simulants do not always predict worst-case leaching of bisphenol A, a common FCM substance. Also, exposure of children to FCM substances is not always realistically predicted using the common conventions and thus possibly misjudged. Further, the exposure of the whole population to substances leaching into dry foods is underestimated. Consumers are exposed to low levels of substances from FCM across their entire lives. Effects of these compounds currently are assessed with a focus on mutagenicity and genotoxicity. This approach however neglects integrating recent new toxicological findings, like endocrine disruption, mixture toxicity, and developmental toxicity. According to these new toxicology paradigms women of childbearing age and during pregnancy are a new sensitive population group requiring more attention. Furthermore, in overweight and obese persons a change in the metabolism of xenobiotics is observed, possibly implying that this group of consumers is insufficiently protected by current risk assessment practice. Innovations in FCM risk assessment should therefore include routine testing for EDCs and an assessment of the whole migrate toxicity of a food packaging, taking into account all sensitive population groups. In this article I focus on recent issues of interest concerning either exposure to or effects of FCM-related substances. Further, I review the use of benzophenones and organotins, two groups of known or suspected EDCs, in FCM authorized in the US and EU.
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Ranganathan D, Zamponi S, Conti P, Sagratini G, Berrettoni M, Giorgetti M. Voltammetric Determination of ITX in Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions and Wine. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.551692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Xu J, Ma G, Wang K, Gu J, Jiang S, Nie J. Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of oxime ester photoinitiators. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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