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Nešić K, Habschied K, Mastanjević K. Modified Mycotoxins and Multitoxin Contamination of Food and Feed as Major Analytical Challenges. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:511. [PMID: 37624268 PMCID: PMC10467123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, as natural products of molds, are often unavoidable contaminants of food and feed, to which the increasingly evident climate changes contribute a large part. The consequences are more or less severe and range from economic losses to worrying health problems to a fatal outcome. One of the best preventive approaches is regular monitoring of food and feed for the presence of mycotoxins. However, even under conditions of frequent, comprehensive, and conscientious controls, the desired protection goal may not be achieved. In fact, it often happens that, despite favorable analytical results that do not indicate high mycotoxin contamination, symptoms of their presence occur in practice. The most common reasons for this are the simultaneous presence of several different mycotoxins whose individual content does not exceed the detectable or prescribed values and/or the alteration of the form of the mycotoxin, which renders it impossible to be analytically determined using routine methods. When such contaminated foods enter a living organism, toxic effects occur. This article aims to shed light on the above problems in order to pay more attention to them, work to reduce their impact, and, eventually, overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Nešić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Food and Feed Department, Smolućska 11, 11070 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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2
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Comprehensive review of liquid chromatography methods for fumonisin determination, a 2006-2022 update. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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3
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Rapid detection of fumonisin B1 and B2 in ground corn samples using smartphone-controlled portable near-infrared spectrometry and chemometrics. Food Chem 2022; 384:132487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Kirimker SE, Turksoy S, Kabak B. Assessment of dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and fumonisin in the population of infants and toddlers in Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Analysis and Detection of Major Mycotoxins in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E518. [PMID: 32326063 PMCID: PMC7230321 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most widely studied biological toxins, which contaminate foods at very low concentrations. This review describes the emerging extraction techniques and the current and alternatives analytical techniques and methods that have been used to successfully detect and identify important mycotoxins. Some of them have proven to be particularly effective in not only the detection of mycotoxins, but also in detecting mycotoxin-producing fungi. Chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors like fluorescence, diode array, UV, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have been powerful tools for analyzing and detecting major mycotoxins. Recent progress of the development of rapid immunoaffinity-based detection techniques such as immunoassays and biosensors, as well as emerging technologies like proteomic and genomic methods, molecular techniques, electronic nose, aggregation-induced emission dye, quantitative NMR and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of mycotoxins in foods, have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (S.A.); (E.S.)
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Votani A, Chisvert A, Giokas DL. On-line extraction coupled to liquid chromatographic analysis of hydrophobic organic compounds from complex solid samples-Application to the analysis of UV filters in soils and sediments. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460561. [PMID: 31564565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the applicability of on-line extraction (OLE) directly coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) for the dynamic extraction of hydrophobic organic compounds from complex solid samples. The method operates within the existing apparatus of the LC by replacing the valve loop with an extraction vessel comprised of an empty guard column loaded with the sample. In this manner, extraction is accomplished by the mobile phase as it flows through the extraction vessel under high pressure without the need for additional apparatus other than those comprising the LC system or additional sample pretreatment steps. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the method were investigated and discussed in relation to both the extraction performance and the chromatographic efficiency. The method was optimized and applied for the first time to the extraction of hydrophobic UV filters from spiked soil and sediment samples yielding recoveries between 59 and 117% and reproducibility from 4.8 to 14.3%, which are comparable to those reported from more advanced sample preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Votani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dimosthenis L Giokas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Optimised extraction methods for the determination of trichothecenes in rat faeces followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1105:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Determination of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Porridge Destined for Infant Consumption by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Luzardo OP, Bernal-Suárez MDM, Camacho M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Boada LD, Rial-Berriel C, Almeida-González M, Zumbado M, Díaz-Díaz R. Estimated exposure to EU regulated mycotoxins and risk characterization of aflatoxin-induced hepatic toxicity through the consumption of the toasted cereal flour called "gofio", a traditional food of the Canary Islands (Spain). Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:73-81. [PMID: 27132021 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
"Gofio" is a type of flour made from toasted grain, which is part of the staple food in the Canary Islands, Spain, in which the occurrence of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), Fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) Ochratoxin A (OTA), Deoxynivalenol (DNV) and Zearalenone (ZEA) was evaluated. 83% of the samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin and 69.2% of the analyzed samples showed co-occurrence of mycotoxins (range 2 to 8). All the concentrations were well below the established limits (maximum values of AFs=0.42 μg/kg; FBs=178.3 μg/kg; OTA=0.3 μg/kg; DON=92.5 μg/kg; and ZEA=9.9 μg/kg). The daily dietary exposure to total AFs was estimated to be 7.1% of the TDI. This value was almost double in children, and considering the upper-bound approach could reach 35% of the TDI. For the rest of mycotoxins, the consumers would be exposed to less than 2% of their TDIs. The risk characterization indicates that there is a potential risk in developing aflatoxin induced liver cancer due to gofio consumption in the subpopulation which is simultaneously exposed to other hepatocarcinogens, such as the hepatitis B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - María Del Mar Bernal-Suárez
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/ Los Cactus no 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maira Almeida-González
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/ Los Cactus no 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Bertuzzi T, Mulazzi A, Rastelli S, Pietri A. Hidden Fumonisins: Simple and Innovative Extractions for Their Determination in Maize and Derived Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Ouf SA, Basher AH, Mohamed AAH. Inhibitory effect of double atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma on spores and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus niger contaminating date palm fruits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:3204-10. [PMID: 25557283 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus niger has been reported as a potentially dangerous pathogen of date-palm fruits in Saudi Arabia due to the production of fumonisin B2 (FB2 ) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In a trial to disinfect this product, a double atmospheric pressure argon cold plasma (DAPACP) jet system was set up and evaluated against spore germination and mycotoxin production of the pathogen. RESULTS The plasma jets were characterised photographically, electrically and spectroscopically. DAPACP jet length increases with the increase of argon flow rate, with optimum rate at 3.5 L min(-1) . The viability of A. niger spores, inoculated onto sterilised date palm fruit discs, progressively decreases with extension of the exposure time of DAPACP due to the more quantitative amount of OH and O radicals interacting with the examined samples. There was a progressive reduction of the amount of FB2 and OTA detected in date palm discs on extension of the exposure time of the plasma-treated inoculums at flow rate of 3.5 L min(-1) . FB2 was not detected in the discs inoculated with 6-min plasma-treated A. niger, while OTA was completely absent when the fungus was treated for 7.5 min. CONCLUSION DAPACP showed promising results in dry fruit decontamination and in inhibition of mycotoxin release by A. niger contaminating the fruits. The progress in the commercial application of cold plasma needs further investigation concerning the ideal width of the plasma output to enable it to cover wider surfaces of the sample and consequently inducing greater plasma performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Ouf
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman H Basher
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Aleam H Mohamed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
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Raiola A, Tenore GC, Manyes L, Meca G, Ritieni A. Risk analysis of main mycotoxins occurring in food for children: An overview. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:169-80. [PMID: 26327433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi contaminating the food chain that are toxic to animals and humans. Children up to 12 years old are recognized as a potentially vulnerable subgroup with respect to consumption of these contaminants. Apart from having a higher exposure per kg body weight, they have a different physiology from that of adults. Therefore they may be more sensitive to neurotoxic, endocrine and immunological effects. For these reasons, a specific and up-to-date risk analysis for this category is of great interest. In this review, an accurate analysis of the main mycotoxins occurring in food intended for children (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin and fumonisins) is presented. In particular, known mechanisms of toxicity and levels of exposure and bioaccessibility in children are shown. In addition, recent discoveries about the strategies of mycotoxins managing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Universitá 100, 80055, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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Campone L, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, Russo M, Valdés A, Ibáñez C, Rastrelli L. A fully automated method for simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried fruits by pressurized liquid extraction and online solid-phase extraction cleanup coupled to ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2899-911. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Jakšić S, Živkov-Baloš M, Mihaljev Ž, Mašić Z, Jajić I, Banić N, Abramović B. Extraction without Organic Solvents in the Determination of Fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 in Maize by HPLC–FLD and ELISA Tests. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Determining mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds using stable isotope dilution and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8935-43. [PMID: 25153173 DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine multiple mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds. Samples were fortified with [(13)C]-uniformly labeled mycotoxins as internal standards ([(13)C]-IS) and prepared by solvent extraction (50% acetonitrile in water) and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins in each sample were quantitated with the corresponding [(13)C]-IS. In general, recoveries of aflatoxins (2-100 ng/g), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (50-2000 ng/g), ochratoxin A (20-1000 ng/kg), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (40-2000 ng/g) in tested matrices (grain/rice/oatmeal-based formula, animal feed, dry cat/dog food) ranged from 70 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <20%. The method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxins at ng/g concentrations and deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at low μg/g concentrations in baby foods and animal feeds, without using conventional standard addition or matrix-matched calibration standards to correct for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Han Z, Feng Z, Shi W, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Wu A. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample pretreatment and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins inLentinula edodes. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1957-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - Zhihong Feng
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wen Shi
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Aibo Wu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
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Pereira V, Fernandes J, Cunha S. Mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs: A review on occurrence and recent methods of analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Li P, Zhang Z, Hu X, Zhang Q. Advanced hyphenated chromatographic-mass spectrometry in mycotoxin determination: current status and prospects. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:420-452. [PMID: 23804155 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric techniques are essential for advanced research in food safety and environmental monitoring. These fields are important for securing the health of humans and animals, and for ensuring environmental security. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi, are major contaminants of agricultural products, food and feed, biological samples, and the environment as a whole. Mycotoxins can cause cancers, nephritic and hepatic diseases, various hemorrhagic syndromes, and immune and neurological disorders. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can provoke trade conflicts, resulting in massive economic losses. Risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals generally depends on clear identification and reliable quantitation in diversified matrices. Pioneering work on mycotoxin quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS) was performed in the early 1970s. Now, unambiguous confirmation and quantitation of mycotoxins can be readily achieved with a variety hyphenated techniques that combine chromatographic separation with MS, including liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC). With the advent of atmospheric pressure ionization, LC-MS has become a routine technique. Recently, the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in the same sample has drawn an increasing amount of attention. Thus, modern analyses must be able to detect and quantitate multiple mycotoxins in a single run. Improvements in tandem MS techniques have been made to achieve this purpose. This review describes the advanced research that has been done regarding mycotoxin determination using hyphenated chromatographic-MS techniques, but is not a full-circle survey of all the literature published on this topic. The present work provides an overview of the various hyphenated chromatographic-MS-based strategies that have been applied to mycotoxin analysis, with a focus on recent developments. The use of chromatographic-MS to measure levels of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, is discussed in detail. Both free and masked mycotoxins are included in this review due to different methods of sample preparation. Techniques are described in terms of sample preparation, internal standards, LC/ultra performance LC (UPLC) optimization, and applications and survey. Several future hyphenated MS techniques are discussed as well, including multidimensional chromatography-MS, capillary electrophoresis-MS, and surface plasmon resonance array-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
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Han Z, Ren Y, Zhu J, Cai Z, Chen Y, Luan L, Wu Y. Multianalysis of 35 mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicines by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with accelerated solvent extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8233-8247. [PMID: 22823451 DOI: 10.1021/jf301928r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A generic procedure, which involved accelerated solvent extraction and homemade cleanup cartridges, has been developed for the extraction and purification of 35 mycotoxins in various traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) matrixes, i.e., rhizomes and roots, seeds, flowers, and grasses and leaves, for subsequent analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). All target analytes could be simultaneously quantitated in less than 17 min per run, showing narrow symmetrical peaks. The developed method was also successfully applied in routine monitoring programs, which implied a significant reduction of both effort and time, to investigate the contamination of TCMs. Among 60 commercial TCMs analyzed, 50 were positive. The achieved data underpin the practical application of the UHPLC-MS/MS method as a valuable tool for the trace analysis of multiple mycotoxins in TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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20
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Rubert J, Soler C, Mañes J. Application of an HPLC–MS/MS method for mycotoxin analysis in commercial baby foods. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Yang QF, Wu YL. Fast Determination of Fumonisin B1 and B2 in Corn Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Kong W, Xie T, Li J, Wei J, Qiu F, Qi A, Zheng Y, Yang M. Analysis of fumonisins B1 and B2 in spices and aromatic and medicinal herbs by HPLC-FLD with on-line post-column derivatization and positive confirmation by LC-MS/MS. Analyst 2012; 137:3166-74. [PMID: 22627776 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, which are known to cause fatal diseases in some animals and humans. Here, we describe a sensitive, reproducible and reliable analytical method for the quantitative determination of fumonisins B(1) (FB(1)) and B(2) (FB(2)) in 112 spices and aromatic and medicinal herbs marketed in China. This method is based on high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) coupled to a new on-line post-column derivatization using ortho-phthaldialdehyde with 2-mercaptoethanol and immunoaffinity column clean-up. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a complete separation of FB(1) and FB(2) was obtained using a Synergi C(18) column and a gradient elution at 0.8 mL min(-1) with methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 3.15. The limits of detection for FB(1) and FB(2) were both 40 μg kg(-1). Good recoveries were found for spiked samples with FB(1) and FB(2), ranging from 82.34% to 98.16% for FB(1) and from 72.58% to 97.10% for FB(2), with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 7.0%. 5 spices, 11 aromatic herbs and 96 medicinal herbs including 93 normal samples and 19 visibly moldy samples, which were spoiled artificially, were analyzed. The results showed that 8 (42.1%) visibly moldy samples and 8 (8.6%) normal samples were contaminated with FB(1) at mean contents of 129.0 and 165.9 μg kg(-1), and with FB(2) at 1745.0 and 256.8 μg kg(-1), respectively. Positive confirmation of detected samples was performed by liquid chromatography tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), using a triple quadrupole analyzer and operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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23
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Pesticide residue analysis in cereal-based baby foods using multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersive solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:183-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Cano-Sancho G, Ramos A, Marín S, Sanchis V. Occurrence of fumonisins in Catalonia (Spain) and an exposure assessment of specific population groups. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:799-808. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.644813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Li C, Wu YL, Yang T, Huang-Fu WG. Rapid determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with ultrasonic extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:57-63. [PMID: 22291057 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and reliable analytical method is developed for the rapid determination of fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) in corn by high-performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS). Fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) are extracted from corn with methanol-water (3:1, v/v) by means of ultrasonic extraction, and directly injected into an LC-MS-MS system after centrifugation. Fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) are separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C(18) column with a solution of methanol-water-formic acid as the mobile phase. The method is validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and stability. Moreover, the method was applied to real samples and demonstrated to be suitable for the determination of fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) in corn. The total time required for the analysis of one sample was ~30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Li
- College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, PR China
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26
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Schenzel J, Forrer HR, Vogelgsang S, Bucheli TD. Development, validation and application of a multi-mycotoxin method for the analysis of whole wheat plants. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:135-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Applicability of hybrid linear ion trap-high resolution mass spectrometry and quadrupole-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry for mycotoxin analysis in baby food. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Simple Phosphate Buffer Extraction for the Determination of Fumonisins in Masa, Maize, and Derived Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Khayoon WS, Saad B, Salleh B, Ismail NA, Manaf NHA, Latiff AA. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in food and feed using monolithic column and positive confirmation by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 679:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Han Z, Ren Y, Liu X, Luan L, Wu Y. A reliable isotope dilution method for simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in traditional Chinese medicines by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2723-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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De Girolamo A, Fauw DPD, Sizoo E, van Egmond H, Gambacorta L, Bouten K, Stroka J, Visconti A, Solfrizzo M. Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize-based baby food products by HPLC with fluorimetric detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in different commercial maize-based products for infants and young children was developed and tested in a limited validation study involving 3 laboratories. The method used extraction at 55 °C with an acidic mixture of methanol-acetonitrile-phosphate/citrate buffer, clean-up through immunoaffinity column and fumonisin determination by high performance liquid chromatography with automated pre-column derivatisation with o-phthaldialdehyde. Recovery experiments were performed at five spiking levels in the ranges of 80-800 µg/kg FB1 and 20-200 µg/kg FB2. Mean recoveries ranged from 83 to 97% for FB1 and from 61 to 78% for FB2. Relative standard deviations for within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 5 to 12% for FB1 and from 8 to 13% for FB2, whereas relative standard deviation for between-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 6 to 10% for FB1 and from 9 to 16% for FB2. The limit of quantification of the method (signal to noise ratio of 6) was 2.8 µg/kg for FB1 and 2.2 µg/kg for FB2. Fumonisins were found in 6 out of 19 maize-based baby foods obtained from the Italian retail market at levels up to 53 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. De Girolamo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Pereboom-de Fauw
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands (previously affiliated with the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - E. Sizoo
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands (previously affiliated with the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands (previously affiliated with the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - L. Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - K. Bouten
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - A. Visconti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Campone L, Piccinelli AL, Aliberti L, Rastrelli L. Application of pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) in nuts. J Sep Sci 2010; 32:3837-44. [PMID: 19842119 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) were extracted from nuts by using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and the PLE extracts were analyzed using HPLC with fluorescence detection using photochemical post-column derivatization without further cleanup procedures. Several extraction parameters such as temperature (25, 40, 60 and 80 degrees C), pressure (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 psi), solvent extraction mixture (acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and methanol), number of cycles (1 and 2), use of dispersing agents and cell size (5 and 11 mL) were investigated for their effects on the extraction performance. The results showed 60 degrees C, 1500 psi, acetonitrile, one cycle and a cell size of 5 mL as most favorable PLE operating conditions. The proposed analytical method provides LODs below the maximum levels established by European Union regulations and the recoveries of the four AFs were between 77 and 93% at spiking levels of 4, 2 and 0.5 microg/kg for AFB(1) and AFG(1) and 1, 0.5 and 0.13 microg/kg for AFB(2) and AFG(2). Validation was carried out using certified reference materials. PLE has been applied for the first time to the analysis of AFs in nuts and offers the possibility for fast simple and accurate quantitative determination of studied mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Campone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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33
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Pressurized liquid extraction coupled to liquid chromatography for the analysis of ochratoxin A in breakfast and infants cereals from Morocco. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Dorner J, Krska R, Lombaert G, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Trucksess M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2008-2009. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2009.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2008 and mid-2009. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. Developments in mycotoxin analysis continue, with emphasis on novel immunological methods and further description of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, particularly as multimycotoxin applications for different ranges of mycotoxins. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Dorner
- USDA, ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 509, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742, USA
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Lombaert
- Health Canada, 510 Lagimodiere Blvd., Winnipeg, MB, R2J 3Y1, Canada
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 111 West Fourth Street, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - M. Trucksess
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, P.O. Box 7625, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Frenich AG, Vidal JLM, Romero-González R, Aguilera-Luiz MDM. Simple and high-throughput method for the multimycotoxin analysis in cereals and related foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Fumonisins determination in urine by LC-MS-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:809-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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D’Arco G, Fernández-Franzón M, Font G, Damiani P, Mañes J. Survey of fumonisins B1, B2and B3in conventional and organic retail corn products in Spain and Italy and estimated dietary exposure. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2009; 2:146-53. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903148314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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