1
|
Sun T, Chen R, Huang Q, Ba M, Cai Z, Hu S, Liu X, Nardiello D, Quinto M. Chromatographic Separation of Aromatic Amine Isomers: A Solved Issue by a New Amphiphilic Pillar[6]arene Stationary Phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56132-56142. [PMID: 36472861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the fabrication, synthesis, and characterization of a new stationary phase based on an amphiphilic pillar[6]arene (P6A-C10-2NH2) for gas chromatographic analyses are reported. The gas chromatography (GC) column prepared with P6A-C10-2NH2 stationary phase exhibited a medium polarity, an efficiency of 3219 plates/m, and unmatched resolving capabilities toward chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, and toluidine isomers. Furthermore, the P6A-C10-2NH2 column showed excellent repeatability with maximum relative standard deviations equal to 0.02, 0.07, and 2.56% for run-to-run, day-to-day, and column-to-column, respectively, demonstrating a great potential as a new stationary phase in separation science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Chen
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Qiuchen Huang
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mengyi Ba
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
| | - Xianming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resource, and Engineering (DAFNE), via Napoli 25, Foggia I-71122, Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resource, and Engineering (DAFNE), via Napoli 25, Foggia I-71122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma JJ, Wang ZW, Xu J, Hu CY, Qiu TC, Huang ZY. Effect of autoclave sterilization, gamma irradiation and high-pressure processing on the migration of 4,4’-MDA and its isomers in laminated food packaging bags. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Stability study of primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants under storage conditions of food contact material migration studies. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Luo RJ, Lin QB, Zhu L, Yan JW, Li Z. Detection of primary aromatic amines content in food packaging ink and migration from printed plastic bags. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Faraji M, Afsharsaveh Z, Shirani M. Application of vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on a new deep eutectic solvent for microextraction of aromatic amines from simulant of kitchenware samples by HPLC-UV. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Faraji M, Ghanati K, Kamankesh M, Aryanasab F, Mohammadi A. New and efficient magnetic nanocomposite extraction using multifunctional deep eutectic solvent based on ferrofluid and vortex assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction: Determining primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in tetra-packed fruit juices. Food Chem 2022; 386:132822. [PMID: 35366633 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel magnetic nanocomposite solvent (MNCS) based on ferrofluid and multifunctional deep eutectic solvent (MDES) was synthesized and applied in vortex assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME). The ferrofluid has been composed from zirconium phosphate (modified magnetic graphene oxide) and tetrabutylammonium bromide-octanoic acid deep eutectic solvent (MGO/α-ZrP@TBAB-OA). This efficient method was employed to determine primary aromatic amines including aniline, 4-methoxyanniline, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, orthotoluidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2-naphtylamine in tetra-packed juice samples. The proposed method showed the excellent extraction efficiency of PAAs according to strong interactions of new extraction solvent including electrostatic, π-π, and hydrogen bonding attractions. The found levels of PAAs are lower than the limit of quantifications (2.0 µg L-1). Therefore, the migration of PAAs from packaging to the juice samples is lower than permitted level (<10 µg kg-1). The results indicated high potential use of the offered method to analyze aromatic amine compounds in foodstuff and biologic samples in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faraji
- Food, Halal and Agricultural Products Research Group, Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj P.O. Box 31745-139, Iran.
| | - Kiandokht Ghanati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- School of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Fezzeh Aryanasab
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), P.O. Box 31745‑139, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, de Juan-de Juan P, Bressan C, Vázquez-Espinosa M, González-de-Peredo AV, Santos FJ, Moyano E. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the migration studies of primary aromatic amines from food contact materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3137-3151. [PMID: 35233696 PMCID: PMC8934768 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 23 primary aromatic amines (PAAs) that can potentially migrate from food contact materials. The chromatographic separation was performed in a pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) column achieving the separation of all PAAs in less than 6.5 min using water to acetonitrile (0.1% acetic acid in both solvents) as mobile phase and a gradient elution. The feasibility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) was evaluated as alternative to electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of PAAs. Results showed that for most of the compounds, better responses were obtained with APCI, which shows the advantage of being less susceptible to matrix effects. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation studies of [M + H]+ allowed for the selection of the two most characteristic and abundant product ions of the 23 PAAs which led to the development of a selective and sensitive UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS method with limits of detection ranging from 0.2 to 2 μg kg−1. Moreover, intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD%) were lower than 10% and 15%, while trueness as relative error was <15% for most of the compounds. The UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS method was applied to the analysis of twenty black Nylon kitchenware samples that were submitted to migration tests using food simulant B (3% acetic acid, w/v), and the presence of PAAs were detected in eighteen samples at concentrations above the legislated limit (2 μg kg−1 of food or food simulants).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro de Juan-de Juan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Bressan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vázquez-Espinosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of CádizIVAGROPuerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana V González-de-Peredo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of CádizIVAGROPuerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nerín C, Bourdoux S, Faust B, Gude T, Lesueur C, Simat T, Stoermer A, Van Hoek E, Oldring P. Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:620-643. [PMID: 35081016 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous approaches and methodologies for assessing the identity and quantities of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMs). They can give different results and it can be difficult to make meaningful comparisons. The initial approach was to attempt to prepare a prescriptive methodology but as this proved impossible; this paper develops guidelines that need to be taken into consideration when assessing NIAS. Different approaches to analysing NIAS in FCMs are reviewed and compared. The approaches for preparing the sample for analysis, recommended procedures for screening, identification, and quantification of NIAS as well as the reporting requirements are outlined. Different analytical equipment and procedures are compared. Limitations of today's capabilities are raised along with some research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Birgit Faust
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting (TERC), Dow Olefinverbund GmbH, Schkopau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gude
- Swiss Quality Testing Services, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lesueur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Danone, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Simat
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Stoermer
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany
| | - Els Van Hoek
- Organic Contaminants & Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Oldring
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Sherwin Williams, Witney, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kalauz A, Kapui I. Determination of potentially genotoxic impurities in crotamiton active pharmaceutical ingredient by gas chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114544. [PMID: 34968997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years control of potentially genotoxic impurities have an increasing importance in the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Guidelines of different regulatory bodies specify very low limits for these impurities, in many cases the analytical development is challenging to comply with the requirements. In this paper potential genotoxic impurities of Crotamiton drug substance are investigated, a simple and robust gas chromatographic method is developed for the determination of genotoxic impurities in Crotamiton drug substance. One of the main benefits of this method is that it can quantify all potential genotoxic impurities that can be present in the entire synthesis pathway of Crotamiton drug substance. Crotamiton is synthesized from toluidine derivatives, in which the aromatic amine group represents genotoxic alert. In the method development toluidine isomers (o-, m-, p-toluidine), N-ethyl-toluidine isomers (o-, m-, N-ethyl-p-toluidine) and N-methyl-toluidine isomers (o-, m-, N-methyl-p-toluidine) were separated, and the developed gas chromatographic method is validated in accordance with the relevant guidelines at a specification limit of NMT 40 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kalauz
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, H-1106 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Imre Kapui
- Drug Substance Analytical Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Keresztúri út 30-38, H-1106 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The application of ion mobility time of flight mass spectrometry to elucidate neo-formed compounds derived from polyurethane adhesives used in champagne cork stoppers. Talanta 2021; 234:122632. [PMID: 34364441 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane adhesives are used to bond agglomerated cork and natural disk cork to produce cork stoppers that are used in champagne bottles. These adhesives are manufactured by reacting polyols with an excess of diisocyanates. Isocyanates are highly reactive compounds that have a propensity to form non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in the end product. In this work, ion mobility-time of flight-mass spectrometry was used to elucidate such NIAS, through the comparison of accurate mass spectra with the fragmentation patterns of proposed candidates. Twelve neo-formed compounds, including amines, amides and urethanes, resulting from the reaction of isocyanates with acetic acid and ethanol used as food simulants, were identified. Additionally, markers from champagne vs. champagne after its exposure to the adhesive were investigated using the supervised multivariate analysis method of Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures - Discriminant Analysis. Four neo-formed compounds, resulting from the reaction of diisocyanates with malic acid or tartaric acid contained in the champagne, were identified for the first time in this work. All of the compounds identified were subsequently quantified using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Limits of detection were below 5 μg/kg in the food simulants and below 30 μg/kg in champagne samples. Migration levels ranged from 70 to 721 μg/kg, with most of them exceeding the specific migration limit established for Cramer class III compound (90 μg/kg).
Collapse
|
11
|
Development of a nano-modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of 2,6-diaminotoluene (TDA). Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Galbiati E, Jacxsens L, De Meulenaer B. Hazard prioritisation of substances in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1608-1626. [PMID: 34372753 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called 'Substances of Concern' lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as 'Very High Priority Substances' (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Galbiati
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Su X, Chen L, Liu H, Zhang C, Liu J, Hao J, Shangguan Y, Zhu G. Green preparation of carbon dots from Momordica charantia L. for rapid and effective sensing of p-aminoazobenzene in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111279. [PMID: 33961826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
p-Aminoazobenzene (pAAB) is a hazardous azo dye that causes considerable harm to human health and the environment. The development of novel and sensitive sensors for the rapid detection of pAAB is in high demand. In this study, a simple fluorescent sensor for pAAB detection is designed based on carbon dots (CDs) which are prepared using green carbon source of Momordica charantia L. via a facile hydrothermal approach. The fluorescence spectra of CDs exhibit considerable overlap with the absorption band of pAAB, and the fluorescence is specifically suppressed in the presence of pAAB ascribed to the inner filter effect. Good and wide linearity is observed in the pAAB concentration range of 0.01-12.5 μg mL-1 with a lower detection limit of 3.9 ng mL-1. The established method achieves good results with a rapid analysis of pAAB in different practical water and soil samples. The as-constructed fluorescent sensor provides a simple, rapid, economical and eco-friendly platform and possesses prospective applications for the effective, selective and sensitive detection of pAAB in the environmental field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Letian Chen
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Huanjia Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jiayi Hao
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yu Shangguan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pahade P, Bose D, Peris-Vicente J, Goberna-Bravo MÁ, Albiol Chiva J, Esteve Romero J, Carda-Broch S, Durgbanshi A. Screening of some banned aromatic amines in textile products from Indian bandhani and gamthi fabric and in human sweat using micellar liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
15
|
SZABÓ BS, JAKAB PP, HEGEDŰS J, KIRCHKESZNER C, PETROVICS N, NYIRI Z, BODAI Z, RIKKER T, EKE Z. Determination of 24 primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants by combining solid phase extraction and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Perez MÂF, Daniel D, Padula M, do Lago CL, Bottoli CBG. Determination of primary aromatic amines from cooking utensils by capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 362:129902. [PMID: 34175690 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a fast, sensitive, environment-friendly method for the determination of 19 primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in cooking utensils by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The best electrophoretic separation of PAAs was obtained in 0.1 mol l-1 formic acid (pH 2.4) as the background electrolyte, fused silica capillary (67 cm) with a run time below 6 min. The proposed method presented a linear calibration with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 and reproducibility in a range of 1-25%. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.2-1.3 μg kg-1 and recoveries were in a range of 85-120% for all the PAAs. The validated method was employed to determine PAAs on 36 samples of cooking utensils using acetic simulant. The results showed that 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and aniline being the most frequently found PAAs in these samples and 28% of cooking utensils were not compliant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ângela Favaro Perez
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Packaging Technology Center (Cetea), Av. Brasil, 2880 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Daniel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Padula
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Packaging Technology Center (Cetea), Av. Brasil, 2880 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Devreux V, Combet S, Clabaux E, Gueneau ED. From pigments to coloured napkins: comparative analyses of primary aromatic amines in cold water extracts of printed tissues by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1985-2010. [PMID: 32960150 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1802068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to understand the correlation between pigments purity profile (primary aromatic amine content of the pigments) and the behaviour of these PAAs during cold water extraction (CWE) tests according to EN 645. From a selection of organic pigments based on seven colour indexes (PR122, PR184, PO13, PY74, PY111, PY138 and PY155), the pigment purity profile was established according to European Resolution AP (89) 1, then mono-pigmented inks were prepared and napkins printed with these inks. In a second step, cold water extraction and PAA determination were performed by two independent laboratories. In one laboratory, an analytical method based on LC-MS/MS was used, whereas in the other laboratory a method based on LC-HRMS using Orbitrap technology was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 35 PAAs. Good qualitative results were obtained if we consider that at significant levels the PAAs were positively detected in both laboratories, except for 3-amino-4-methoxybenzanilide and 8-amino-2-methyl-quinoline, for which inter-laboratory differences were observed. It was also shown that no contamination from unexpected PAAs was detected. The comparison between pigment analysis and CWE results shows that if the pigment purity profile is of major importance, other parameters such as pigment surface treatment, ink grinding process or ink formulation could have an important influence on the CWE results. For such sensitive applications, for example napkins or other Food Contact Materials (FCM), it is therefore recommended not only to select a pigment with a good purity profile but also to test the pigment in the final application. Finally, this work highlights the difficulty of validating a product on a single analysis and shows the importance of a multilevel global assessment on worst case application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- R&D Department, Ferro Performance Pigments Belgium , Menen, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Combet
- Analytical Laboratory, Siegwerk France , Annemasse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Balçık U, Chormey DS, Ayyıldız MF, Bakırdere S. Liquid phase microextraction based sensitive analytical strategy for the determination of 22 hazardous aromatic amine products of azo dyes in wastewater and tap water samples by GC-MS system. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
19
|
Cai G, Ge K, Ouyang X, Hu Y, Li G. Thin-layer chromatography combined with surface-enhanced Raman scattering for rapid detection of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl in migration from food contact materials based on gold nanoparticle doped metal-organic framework. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2834-2841. [PMID: 32306540 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a rapid and sensitive thin-layer chromatography combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy method was established for rapid detection of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl in migration from food contact materials based on Au nanoparticle doped metal-organic framework. Benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were firstly separated by thin-layer chromatography to solve the limitation of their overlapping Raman peaks. Then the target molecules were monitored by adding AuNPs/MIL-101(Cr) on the sample spots. Under the optimum conditions, the concentration of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl can be quantitatively measured in the range of 2.0-20.0 and1.0-15.0 μg/L, respectively with good linear relationship, and the limits of detection were 0.21 and 0.23 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the developed method was applied to analyze benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl in migration of different food contact materials. The recoveries of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl for migration of food contact materials, including paper cups, polypropylene food containers, and polyethylene glycol terephthalate bottles, were 80.6-116.0 and 80.7-118% with relative standard deviations of 1.1-9.1 and 3.1-9.9%, respectively. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection was performed conveniently in the on-plate mode without additional elution process. The method shows great potential in rapid monitoring of hazardous substances with overlapping characteristic Raman peaks in food contact materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Cai
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kun Ge
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Perez MÂF, Padula M, Moitinho D, Bottoli CBG. Primary aromatic amines in kitchenware: Determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Otoukesh M, Nerín C, Aznar M, Kabir A, Furton KG, Es'haghi Z. Determination of adhesive acrylates in recycled polyethylene terephthalate by fabric phase sorptive extraction coupled to ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:56-63. [PMID: 31155144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a simple and effective pre-concentration method for the enrichment of acrylate compounds in different food simulants and subsequent analysis of the extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-MS). Acrylate compounds come from acrylic adhesives used commonly for sticking the paper labels on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and therefore, they may exist in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET). Four acrylates were studied: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Five different types of FPSE media coated with different sol-gel sorbents were studied and finally sol-gel polyethylene glycol- polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol triblock copolymer (PEG-PPG-PEG) coated FPSE media was chosen for its satisfactory results. The optimal conditions affecting the extraction efficiency of compounds were determined in three different food simulants. Statistical evaluation of this method reveals good linearity and precision. Under the optimized conditions, the method provided limits of detection of the compounds in the range of (0.1-1.9 ng g-1, 0.1-1.2 ng g-1, 0.2-2.3 ng g-1) in EtOH 10%, HAc 3% and EtOH 20% and the enrichment factor values (EFs) after applying N2 were in the range of 11.1-25.0, 13.8-26.3, 8.3-21.9, in simulants A, B and C respectively. The optimized method was applied successfully to analyze thirteen types of recycled PET samples. Acrylates were found in some of the samples at ng g-1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Otoukesh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Made Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kämpfer P, Crettaz S, Nussbaumer S, Scherer M, Krepich S, Deflorin O. Quantitative determination of 58 aromatic amines and positional isomers in textiles by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Shahrestani M, Tehrani MS, Shoeibi S, Aberoomand Azar P, Waqif Husain S. Comparison between Different Extraction Methods for Determination of Primary Aromatic Amines in Food Simulant. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1651629. [PMID: 29888024 PMCID: PMC5977034 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1651629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary aromatic amines (PAAs) are food contaminants which may exist in packaged food. Polyurethane (PU) adhesives which are used in flexible packaging are the main source of PAAs. It is the unreacted diisocyanates which in fact migrate to foodstuff and then hydrolyze to PAAs. These PAAs include toluenediamines (TDAs) and methylenedianilines (MDAs), and the selected PAAs were 2,4-TDA, 2,6-TDA, 4,4'-MDA, 2,4'-MDA, and 2,2'-MDA. PAAs have genotoxic, carcinogenic, and allergenic effects. In this study, extraction methods were applied on a 3% acetic acid as food simulant which was spiked with the PAAs under study. Extraction methods were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 ec (octadecyl), HR-P (styrene/divinylbenzene), and SCX (strong cationic exchange) cartridges. Extracted samples were detected and analyzed by HPLC-UV. In comparison between methods, recovery rate of SCX cartridge showed the best adsorption, up to 91% for polar PAAs (TDAs and MDAs). The interested PAAs are polar and relatively soluble in water, so a cartridge with cationic exchange properties has the best absorption and consequently the best recoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shahrestani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), MOH, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber Tehrani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azad University, Sciences and Researches Branch, P.O. Box 14515-775, Poonak-Hesarak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), MOH, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Food Chemistry, Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center (FDLRC), Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), MOH, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Waqif Husain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Merkel S, Kappenstein O, Sander S, Weyer J, Richter S, Pfaff K, Luch A. Transfer of primary aromatic amines from coloured paper napkins into four different food matrices and into cold water extracts. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1223-1229. [PMID: 29648940 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1463567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the transfer of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) from napkins into cold water extract (CWE) with transfer into four different food matrices. An HPLC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for quantification of 26 PAAs in CWE was validated and applied. In addition, the method was validated for seven different PAAs in four different food matrices (cucumber, rice, pickled gherkin and butter cookie) representing wet, dry, acidic and fatty food. The CWEs of 12 coloured napkin samples were analysed, and 3 napkins released more than 0.01 mg kg-1 PAAs into the CWE. These three napkins were chosen for transfer testing with food samples. In total, seven different PAAs were quantified in the food samples. Results show that the transfer of the tested PAAs into the CWE is in most cases comparable to the transfer into the tested food samples. In some cases, the CWE overestimates transfer into food, except for the transfer of aniline into pickled gherkin, where the CWE underestimates transfer. Therefore, the CWE serves as an adequate and certainly not overestimating simulation of reality for the tested transfer of PAAs into the food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merkel
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Sander
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jürgen Weyer
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Stephan Richter
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- a Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials , Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jalilian N, Ebrahimzadeh H, Asgharinezhad AA. Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of aromatic amines based on an efficient sorbent made from poly(1,8-diaminonaphtalen) and magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Song Y, Jung D, Kang S, Lee Y. Amine-selective affinity resins based on pH-sensitive reversible formation of covalent bonds. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2295-2298. [PMID: 28252159 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of affinity resins using reversible covalent bonds is introduced for the separation of amine-containing molecules. pH-sensitive reversible formation of amic acid bonds between amines and carboxylate dimethyl maleic anhydride-decorated wrinkled silica nanoparticle resins was used to selectively retain and release amine-containing molecules, by controlling the pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongwook Jung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amiri A, Saadati-Moshtaghin HR, Zonoz FM, Targhoo A. Preparation and characterization of magnetic Wells–Dawson heteropoly acid nanoparticles for magnetic solid-phase extraction of aromatic amines in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1483:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Migration kinetics of primary aromatic amines from polyamide kitchenware: Easy and fast screening procedure using fluorescence. Talanta 2016; 160:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Aznar M, Alfaro P, Nerin C, Kabir A, Furton K. Fabric phase sorptive extraction: An innovative sample preparation approach applied to the analysis of specific migration from food packaging. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
31
|
Yavuz O, Valzacchi S, Hoekstra E, Simoneau C. Determination of primary aromatic amines in cold water extract of coloured paper napkin samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1072-9. [PMID: 27146949 PMCID: PMC4917902 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1184493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the optimisation of a multi-analyte method for the analysis of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) from napkins in order to support official controls and food safety. We developed a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 36 toxicologically relevant PAAs for paper and board. Good regression coefficients of the calibration curves in a range of 0.992-0.999 and reproducibilities in a range of 2.3-15% were obtained. Limits of detections (LODs) were in the range of 0.03-1.4 µg l(-1) and recoveries were in a range of 21-110% for all the amines. A total of 93 coloured paper napkin samples from different European countries were bought and extracted with water to determine the PAAs. The results showed that 42 of 93 samples contained at least one PAA. More than half of the detected PAAs are considered as toxic, carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), or are classified as such in the European Union legislation on chemicals. Summed concentrations of PAAs in seven samples were higher than 10 µg l(-1), the limit of summed PAA in the European Union plastic food contact material regulation. Also, eight PAAs, classified as Category 1A and 1B carcinogen in the European Union legislation of chemicals, were detected at concentrations higher than 2 µg l(-1), exceeding the limit proposed by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany. Aniline (n = 14) was most frequently present in higher concentrations followed by o-toluidine, o-anisidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline and 4-aminoazobenzene. Red, orange, yellow and multicoloured paper napkins contained the highest concentrations of total PAAs (> 10 µg l(-1)). Although the European Union has not harmonised the legislation of paper and board materials and, thus, there is no specific migration limit for PAAs from paper napkins, the present study showed that coloured paper napkins can contain toxic and carcinogenic PAAs at concentrations that are relevant for monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Yavuz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Eddo Hoekstra
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu T, Wang HT, Shen B, Du YP, Wang X, Wang ZP, Zhang CJ, Miu WB. Determination of primary aromatic amines using immobilized nanoparticles based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Wang S, Zhu G, Chen M, Liu J, Jiang K. Isomeric differentiation of chloroanilines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in combination with tosylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:127-132. [PMID: 27553734 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
p-Chloroaniline is one of the banned aromatic amines in azo dyes, but it is very difficult to distinguish it from its isomers due to their identical retention time in chromatography and similar mass spectra. In this work, derivatization of the isomeric chloroanilines was carried out to yield the corresponding N-tosyl chloroanilines, which were completely separated by gas chromatography and also possessed clearly different electron ionization mass spectra. Thus, the three isomers could be differentiated and determined at the same time. Density functional theory calculation results indicated that the effect of the substituent pattern in electron ionization mass spectrometry is mainly due to the difference in the stability of the product ion (P2) at m/z 126, originating from the loss of tosyl radical from the precursor ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Kezhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Campanella G, Ghaani M, Quetti G, Farris S. On the origin of primary aromatic amines in food packaging materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
36
|
Hadjmohammadi MR, Nazari SSSJ. Evaluation of Some Empirical Retention Models for High Submicellar Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Aromatic Diamines. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Wang N, Guo Y, Wang L, Liang X, Liu S, Jiang S. Preparation of an aminopropyl imidazole-modified silica gel as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of carboxylic acid compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Analyst 2015; 139:2531-7. [PMID: 24681764 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a kind of aminopropyl imidazole-modified silica sorbent was synthesized and used as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent for the determination of carboxylic acid compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The resultant aminopropyl imidazole-modified silica sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis (EA) to ensure the successful binding of aminopropyl imidazole on the surface of silica gel. Then the aminopropyl imidazole-modified silica sorbent served as a SPE sorbent for the enrichment of carboxylic acid compounds and PAHs. The new sorbent exhibited high extraction efficiency towards the tested compounds and the results show that such a sorbent can offer multiple intermolecular interactions: electrostatic, π-π, and hydrophobic interactions. Several parameters affecting the extraction recovery, such as the pH of sample solution, the pH of eluent, the solubility of eluent, the volume of eluent, and sample loading, were also investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method was applied to the analysis of four carboxylic acid compounds and four PAHs in environmental water samples. Good linearities were obtained for all the tested compounds with R(2) larger than 0.9903. The limits of detection were found to be in the range of 0.0065-0.5 μg L(-1). The recovery values of spiked river water samples were from 63.2% to 112.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10.1% (n = 4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Application of an Ultrasound-assisted Polymer Surfactant-enhanced Emulsification Microextraction for Determination of Aromatic Amines in Water Sample. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Merkel S, Richter S, Weyer J, Kappenstein O, Pfaff K, Luch A. Inter-laboratory comparison study on the determination of primary aromatic amines in cold water extracts of coloured paper napkins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1367-72. [PMID: 26084659 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the competence in the analysis of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in cold water extracts from napkins, an inter-laboratory comparison study was conducted with 19 participating laboratories. Two cold water extracts spiked at two different PAA concentration levels, each containing four different PAAs (aniline, o-toluidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline and o-anisidine) and, additionally, four different napkins containing one of the PAAs each were distributed between the laboratories. In this exercise, the influence of different parameters in the preparation of cold water extracts from napkins according to the European Norm (EN) 645 was also investigated. For the already spiked cold water extracts and the napkins, 88% and 77% of the results were satisfactory with zU-scores of ≤ |2|. The Horwitz ratio (HorRat) values for the spiked cold water extracts were in the range of 0.48-1.25. For the napkins, HorRat values were in the range of 1.261.91, whereas the lowest assigned value was 0.97 µg l(-1) (o-toluidine). Thus, the results show that preparation and instrumental analysis of PAAs in cold water extracts from napkins according to EN 645 has been well established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merkel
- a German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pifferi V, Cappelletti G, Bari CD, Meroni D, Spadavecchia F, Falciola L. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified electrodes: Effect of purification and functionalization on the electroanalytical performances. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
41
|
Lambertini F, Di Lallo V, Catellani D, Mattarozzi M, Careri M, Suman M. Reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for investigation of primary aromatic amines migration from food packaging and during industrial curing of multilayer plastic laminates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:870-7. [PMID: 25230184 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) can migrate from packaging into food from different sources such as polyurethanic adhesives used for the manufacture of multilayer films, which may contain residual aromatic isocyanates, or recycled paperboard, because of the presence of azo dyes in the printed paper massively used in the recycling process. In the present work, a reliable analytical method, exploiting a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography-(selected ion monitoring)-mass spectrometry system, for PAAs compliance assessment in food contact materials was developed as an effective alternative to the current standard spectrophotometric one, moving in this way from the screening to the accurate and selective quantitation perspective for the analysis of PAAs both in aqueous and acidic food simulants. The main validation parameters were verified achieving very satisfactory results in terms of linearity range, limit of detection (ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 µg kg(-1)) and quantitation (ranging from 0.1 to 3.6 µg kg(-1)), repeatability and accuracy. Suitability of the method was demonstrated for a wide range of commercial samples, chosen among different producers of the most common used food packaging plastic and paperboard categories and then analyzed to assess the risk related to PAAs migration. Finally, the method was also successfully exploited to monitor the evolution of potential PAAs migration during the industrial curing process of multilayer plastic laminates, prior to their release for delivery to the food industry end user.
Collapse
|
42
|
Fiber-assisted emulsification microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of aromatic amines in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
43
|
Yu J, Wang S, Zhao G, Wang B, Ding L, Zhang X, Xie J, Xie F. Determination of urinary aromatic amines in smokers and nonsmokers using a MIPs-SPE coupled with LC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 958:130-5. [PMID: 24735928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinary aromatic amines (AAs) could be used as biomarkers for human exposure to AAs in cigarette smoke. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of urinary AAs (i.e. 1-naphthylamine (1-NA), 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP)) in smokers and nonsmokers. A molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was applied to purify urine samples and no derivatization reaction was involved. Each analytes used respective stable isotope internal standards, which could well compensate matrix effect. Lower limit of detections (LODs) for four AAs were obtained and in the range of 1.5-5ngL(-1). Recovery ranged from 87.7±4.5% to 111.3±6.4% and precision were less than 9.9%. The method was applied to analyze urine samples of 40 smokers and 10 nonsmokers. The 24h urinary excretion amounts of total AAs were higher for smokers compared with nonsmokers. What's more, 1-NA, 3-ABP and 4-ABP excretion amounts showed significant differences (p<0.05) between smokers and nonsmokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Ding
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vera P, Canellas E, Nerín C. Migration of odorous compounds from adhesives used in market samples of food packaging materials by chromatography olfactometry and mass spectrometry (GC–O–MS). Food Chem 2014; 145:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
45
|
Paseiro-Cerrato R, Noonan G, Begley T. Development of a rapid screening method to determine primary aromatic amines in kitchen utensils using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:537-45. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.867366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
46
|
Koster S, Rennen M, Leeman W, Houben G, Muilwijk B, van Acker F, Krul L. A novel safety assessment strategy for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in carton food contact materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:422-43. [PMID: 24237267 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.866718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in food contact materials research is to prove that the presence of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is not a safety issue. Migration extracts may contain many unknown substances present at low concentrations. It is difficult and time-consuming to identify all these potential NIAS and concurrently to assess their health risk upon exposure, whereas the health relevance at low exposure levels might not even be an issue. This paper describes a scientifically based, but pragmatic safety assessment approach for unknown substances present at low exposure levels in food contact matrices. This complex mixture safety assessment strategy (CoMSAS) enables one to distinguish toxicologically relevant from toxicologically less relevant substances, when related to their respective levels of exposure, and allows one to focus on the substances of potential health concern. In particular, substances for which exposure will be below certain thresholds may be considered not of health relevance in case specific classes of substances are excluded. This can reduce the amount of work needed for identification, characterisation and evaluation of unknown substances at low concentration. The CoMSAS approach is presented in this paper using a safety assessment of unknown NIAS that may migrate from three carton samples.
Collapse
|
47
|
Mattarozzi M, Lambertini F, Suman M, Careri M. Liquid chromatography–full scan-high resolution mass spectrometry-based method towards the comprehensive analysis of migration of primary aromatic amines from food packaging. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1320:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
48
|
Application of an ampholine-functionalized hybrid organic-inorganic silica material for the SPE of aromatic amines. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:143-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
49
|
Jain A, Reddy-Noone K, Pillai AK, Verma KK. Conversion to isothiocyanates via dithiocarbamates for the determination of aromatic primary amines by headspace-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 801:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
50
|
Xie F, Yu J, Wang S, Zhao G, Xia Q, Zhang X, Zhang S. Rapid and simultaneous analysis of ten aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry under ISO and "Health Canada intensive" machine smoking regimens. Talanta 2013; 115:435-41. [PMID: 24054615 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ten primary aromatic amines (AAs) in mainstream cigarette smoke under both ISO and "Health Canada intensive" machine smoking regimens were determined in this work, which were suspected to be carcinogenic compounds. The measured AAs included aniline, ortho-toluidine, meta-toluidine, para-toluidine, 1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, meta-phenylenediamine and meta-anisidine. For rapidly and sensitively analyzing these AAs, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) was developed. The particulate phase of mainstream cigarette smoke was collected on a Cambridge filter pads, while the gas phase was trapped by 25 mL 5% HCl solution. Then, the pad was extracted in an ultrasonic bath with the impinger HCl solution. After being neutralized with NaOH, the extract was purified with a HLB solid phase extraction column, and then was analyzed with LC-MS/MS using isotope-labeled internal standard. The overall sample pretreatment and analysis time was less than 1.5h. The limits of detection for all targets ranged from 0.05 ng cig(-1) to 0.96 ng cig(-1) with the recoveries in the range of 75.0-131.8%. And the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 10% and 16%, respectively. Under HCI machine smoking regimen, the AAs yields in mainstream cigarette smoke were much higher and the average increases were greater than 100% compared with those under ISO smoking condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Xie
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China; Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|