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Sun W, Liu H, Zhu H, Gao M, Xu S. Eucalyptol antagonized the apoptosis and immune dysfunction of grass carp hepatocytes induced by tetrabromobisphenol A by regulating ROS/ASK1/JNK pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:820-832. [PMID: 36629057 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a common environmental pollutant which has multi-organ toxicity to mammals. Eucalyptol (EUC) has super antioxidant biological activity. However, in this experimental study, we probed into the mechanism of toxic of TBBPA exposure on Grass carp hepatocytes (L8824 cells) and the antagonistic impact of EUC on TBBPA. We treated L8824 cells with 8 μg/ml TBBPA and/or 20 μM EUC for 24 h in this test research. The experiment results suggested that TBBPA exposure induced elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), led to oxidative stress, decreased SOD and CAT activities, decreased GSH and T-AOC contents, exacerbated MDA accumulation, activated ASK1/JNK signaling pathway, and further increased the contents of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis pathway related indicators (Cyt-C, Bax, Caspase 9, Caspase 3), while Bcl-2 expression decreased. In addition, TBBPA exposure induced increased expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and decreased expression of IL-2, IFN-γ, Hepcidin, β-defensin, LEAP2. The oxidative stress level, ASK1/JNK signal pathway expression level, apoptosis ratio and cellular immune function of cells exposed to EUC alone did not change significantly. Combined exposure of TBBPA and EUC significantly reduced the proportion of apoptosis and restored cellular immune function. Therefore, these results suggest that EUC can effectively antagonize TBBPA-induced apoptosis and immune dysfunction of L8824 cells by regulating ROS/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meichen Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang Q, Okoli CP. Development of a Solid-Phase Extraction Method Based on Biocompatible Starch Polyurethane Polymers for GC-MS Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Ambient Water Samples. Molecules 2022; 27:3253. [PMID: 35630728 PMCID: PMC9144483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the extraction, enrichment, and analysis of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water was developed. The current approach involves using a cross-linked starch-based polymer as an extraction adsorbent and determining the PBDE analytes of interest using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionization mode (GC-NCI-MS). The starch-based polymer was synthesized by the reaction of soluble starch with 4,4'-methylene-bis-phenyldiisocyanate as a cross-linking agent in dry dimethylformamide. Various parameters impacting extraction efficiencies, such as adsorbent quantity, sample volumes, elution solvents and volumes, and methanol content, were carefully optimized. The 500 mg of starch-based polymer as an adsorbent used to extract 1000 mL of spiked water, presented high extraction recoveries of eight PBDEs. The linearity of the extraction process was investigated in the range of 1-200 ng L-1 for BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, and 5-200 ng L-1 for BDE-153, 154, 183, and 209, with coefficients of determination (r2) exceeding 0.990 for all PBDEs. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.06 to 1.42 ng L-1 (S/N = 3) and the relative standard deviation values (RSD) were between 3.6 and 9.5 percent (n = 5) under optimum conditions. The method was successfully used to analyze river and lake water samples, where it exhibited acceptable recovery values of 71.3 to 104.2%. Considering the excellent analytical performance and comparative cost advantage, we recommend the developed starch-based SPE method for routine extraction and analysis of PBDEs in water media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chukwunonso P. Okoli
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Chemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Abakaliki 482131, Nigeria
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3
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Sunday OE, Bin H, Guanghua M, Yao C, Zhengjia Z, Xian Q, Xiangyang W, Weiwei F. Review of the environmental occurrence, analytical techniques, degradation and toxicity of TBBPA and its derivatives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112594. [PMID: 34973196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BFRs (brominated flame retardants) are a class of compounds that are added to or applied to polymeric materials to avoid or reduce the spread of fire. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the known BFR used many in industries today. Due to its wide application as an additive flame retardant in commodities, TBBPA has become a common indoor contaminant. Recent researches have raised concerns about the possible hazardous effect of exposure to TBBPA and its derivatives in humans and wildlife. This review gives a thorough assessment of the literature on TBBPA and its derivatives, as well as environmental levels and human exposure. Several analytical techniques/methods have been developed for sensitive and accurate analysis of TBBPA and its derivatives in different compartments. These chemicals have been detected in practically every environmental compartment globally, making them a ubiquitous pollutant. TBBPA may be subject to adsorption, biological degradation or photolysis, photolysis after being released into the environment. Treatment of TBBPA-containing waste, as well as manufacturing and usage regulations, can limit the release of these chemicals to the environment and the health hazards associated with its exposure. Several methods have been successfully employed for the treatment of TBBPA including but not limited to adsorption, ozonation, oxidation and anaerobic degradation. Previous studies have shown that TBBPA and its derivative cause a lot of toxic effects. Diet and dust ingestion and have been identified as the main routes of TBBPA exposure in the general population, according to human exposure studies. Toddlers are more vulnerable than adults to be exposed to indoor dust through inadvertent ingestion. Furthermore, TBBP-A exposure can occur during pregnancy and through breast milk. This review will go a long way in closing up the knowledge gap on the silent and over ignored deadly effects of TBBPA and its derivatives and their attendant consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okeke Emmanuel Sunday
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Huang Bin
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Mao Guanghua
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Chen Yao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Zeng Zhengjia
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Qian Xian
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China
| | - Wu Xiangyang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China.
| | - Feng Weiwei
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China.
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4
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Feng H, Cheng Y, Ruan Y, Tsui MMP, Wang Q, Jin J, Wu R, Zhang H, Lam PKS. Occurrence and spatial distribution of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in seawater and sediment of the South China sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116324. [PMID: 33360350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in seawater and surficial sediment samples (N = 19 and 45, respectively) from the South China Sea (SCS) in 2018 were investigated, and the correlation between BFRs and site parameters (total organic carbon, depth, etc.) were assessed by principal component analysis. The concentration ranges of ΣPBDEs in seawater and sediments were 0.90-4.40 ng/L and 0.52-22.67 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively, while those of ΣNBFRs were 0.49-37.42 ng/L and 0.78-82.29 ng/g dw, respectively. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane were the predominant BFRs, accounting for 38.65% and 36.94% in seawater and 26.71% and 68.42% in sediments, respectively. Notably, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, seldomly detected in aquatic matrices worldwide, were detected for the first time in the study area, and their relatively high levels and detection frequencies indicate the ubiquitous application of these NBFRs in the Pearl River Delta. Zhuhai and Jiangmen are the main sources of NBFRs in the SCS. Preliminary risk assessment on NBFRs using hazard quotient indicates low to medium risks to marine organisms at some sites. The occurrence of NBFRs in the SCS highlights the prioritization of more toxicological information on these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yixue Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Benedetti B, Majone M, Cavaliere C, Montone CM, Fatone F, Frison N, Laganà A, Capriotti AL. Determination of multi-class emerging contaminants in sludge and recovery materials from waste water treatment plants: Development of a modified QuEChERS method coupled to LC–MS/MS. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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7
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Moukas AI, Maragou NC, Thomaidis NS, Calokerinos AC. Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Surface Water by Liquid Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1339713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I. Moukas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki C. Maragou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios C. Calokerinos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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8
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Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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9
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Cheng H, Bian Y, Song Y, He W, Gu C, Wang F, Yang X, Ye M, Ji R, Jiang X. A solvent free method of analysis to rapidly determine trace levels of ten medium and low brominated diphenyl ethers in soil pore water. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent free method to rapidly determine trace levels of ten brominated diphenyl ethers in soil pore water.
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10
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Liu YH, Zhang SH, Ji GX, Wu SM, Guo RX, Cheng J, Yan ZY, Chen JQ. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals in surface water and suspended particulate matter of Yangtze River (Nanjing section). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:90-97. [PMID: 27721125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of eight selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals were investigated in samples of surface water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Nanjing section of Yangtze River over a year (the flow period, the wet period and the dry period). All target compounds were detected at least once in surface water with 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP), nonyphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) as the dominant compounds, with concentrations in the range of 225-1121ng/L, 1.4-858ng/L and 1.7-563ng/L, respectively. Except for December, all selected compounds for the other sampling times were not found in all sampling points. NP (mean concentration 69.8µg/g) and BPA (mean concentration 51.8µg/g) were also the dominant estrogens in SPM. In addition, the highest total compounds concentrations were found in December in both phases, which could be due to the low flow conditions and temperature during this season. Meanwhile, a significant positive correlation was found between the total compounds concentrations in the water phase and those in SPM phase. Risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients (RQ) showed that low and moderate risk for the aquatic environment from presence of the target compounds at all sampling points with exception of 4-TBP and NP which might pose a high risk to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Liu
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Sheng-Hu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Sheng-Min Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rui-Xin Guo
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Yan
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Jian-Qiu Chen
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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11
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Recent advances in the analysis of TBBPA/TBBPS, TBBPA/TBBPS derivatives and their transformation products. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Huang G, Dong S, Zhang M, Zhang H, Huang T. Fabric phase sorptive extraction: Two practical sample pretreatment techniques for brominated flame retardants in water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:547-554. [PMID: 27300591 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is the critical section for residue monitoring of hazardous pollutants. In this paper, using the cellulose fabric as host matrix, three extraction sorbents such as poly (tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF), poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly (dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) (PDMDPS), were prepared on the surface of the cellulose fabric. Two practical extraction techniques including stir bar fabric phase sorptive extraction (stir bar-FPSE) and magnetic stir fabric phase sorptive extraction (magnetic stir-FPSE) have been designed, which allow stirring of fabric phase sorbent during the whole extraction process. In the meantime, three brominated flame retardants (BFRs) [tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A bisallylether (TBBPA-BAE), tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)ether (TBBPA-BDBPE)] in the water sample were selected as model analytes for the practical evaluation of the proposed two techniques using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, various experimental conditions affecting extraction process such as the type of fabric phase, extraction time, the amount of salt and elution conditions were also investigated. Due to the large sorbent loading capacity and unique stirring performance, both techniques possessed high extraction capability and fast extraction equilibrium. Under the optimized conditions, high recoveries (90-99%) and low limits of detection (LODs) (0.01-0.05 μg L(-1)) were achieved. In addition, the reproducibility was obtained by evaluating the intraday and interday precisions with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 5.1% and 6.8%, respectively. The results indicated that two pretreatment techniques were promising and practical for monitoring of hazardous pollutants in the water sample. Due to low solvent consumption and high repeated use performance, proposed techniques also could meet green analytical criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqi Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheying Dong
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; College of Sciences, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- College of Sciences, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Environmental occurrence, analysis and human exposure to the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A)-A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:235-250. [PMID: 27266836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
TBBP-A is a high production volume chemical applied widely as a flame retardant in printed circuit boards. Recent studies have raised concern over potential harmful implications of TBBP-A exposure in human and wildlife, leading to its classification under group 2A "Probably carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This article provides a comprehensive review of the available literature on TBBP-A analysis, environmental levels and human exposure. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been identified as the method of choice for robust, accurate and sensitive analysis of TBBP-A in different matrices. TBBP-A has been detected in almost all environmental compartments all over the world, rendering it a ubiquitous contaminant. Human exposure studies revealed dust ingestion and diet as the major pathways of TBBP-A exposure in the general population. Toddlers are likely to be more exposed than adults via accidental indoor dust ingestion. Moreover, exposure to TBBP-A may occur prenatally and via breast milk. There are no current restrictions on the production of TBBP-A in the EU or worldwide. However, more research is required to characterise human exposure to TBBP-A in and around production facilities, as well as in e-waste recycling regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
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14
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Zhao Q, Zhang K, Yu G, Wu W, Wei X, Lu Q. Facile electrochemical determination of tetrabromobisphenol A based on modified glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 2016; 151:209-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Liu K, Li J, Yan S, Zhang W, Li Y, Han D. A review of status of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:8-20. [PMID: 26800486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a currently intensively used brominated flame retardant (BFR), is employed primarily as a reactive flame retardant in printed circuit boards but also has additive applications in several types of polymers. TBBPA is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is observed in both abiotic and biotic matrices. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data concerning the current pollution status of TBBPA in China. To provide an indication of the seriousness of the pollution levels of TBBPA in China, the data are compared with available existing data from other countries of the world. According to the available data, the sources of TBBPA in China are mainly derived from the primitive e-waste dismantling, TBBPA manufacturing and processing of TBBPA-based materials. The most serious cases of TBBPA pollution in China are in Guiyu, Guangdong (primitive e-waste dismantling site) with concentrations of TBBPA reaching 66,010-95,040 pg m(-3) in air, Shouguang, Shandong (TBBPA manufacturing site) with concentrations of TBBPA reaching 1.64-7758 ng g(-1) dry weight in soil, and Chaohu Lake, Anhui (industry concentration site) with concentrations of TBBPA reaching 850-4870 ng L(-1) in water. In general, China is the most polluted region as affected by TBBPA compared with other countries. The present review preliminarily reveals the research status of TBBPA in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Liu
- Research Institute of Tianying in Shanghai, China Tianying Inc., Shanghai 200233, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Li
- Research Institute of Tianying in Shanghai, China Tianying Inc., Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Shengjun Yan
- Research Institute of Tianying in Shanghai, China Tianying Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yaojian Li
- Research Institute of Tianying in Shanghai, China Tianying Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Han
- Research Institute of Tianying in Shanghai, China Tianying Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
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Santos MSF, Alves A, Madeira LM. Chemical and photochemical degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in liquid systems - A review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:39-59. [PMID: 26465809 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants which have received a great deal of attention due to their persistence, potential to bioaccumulate and possible toxic effects. PBDEs have been globally detected in humans, wildlife and environment, highlighting the urgency of looking for effective removal technologies to mitigate their spread and accumulation in the environment. Among all environmental compartments, the water has raised particular attention. This paper aims to provide information about the suitability of the main degradation processes investigated to date (photolysis, zerovalent iron and TiO2 photocatalysis) for the degradation of PBDEs in water matrices. The most relevant criteria behind the design of a system for such purpose are discussed in detail for each individual process. The comparative analysis suggests that the oxidative degradation by TiO2 is the most appropriated technology to treat waters contaminated with PBDEs because higher debromination and mineralization degrees are achieved, preventing the formation/accumulation of lower brominated PBDE congeners and promoting the cracking of aromatic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica S F Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M Madeira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Santos MSF, Moreira JL, Madeira LM, Alves A. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water at ng/L level by a simple DLLME–GC–(EI) MS method. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481511012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Dousty F, O'Brien R. The use of isoprene as a novel dopant in negative ion atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1031-1038. [PMID: 26044270 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE As in the case with positive ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (PI-APPI), the addition of dopants significantly improves the sensitivity of negative ion APPI (NI-APPI). However, the research on dopant-assisted-NI-APPI has been quite limited compared to the studies on dopant-assisted PI-APPI. This work presents the potential of isoprene as a novel dopant for NI-APPI. METHODS Thirteen compounds, possessing suitable gas-phase ion energetic properties in order to make stable negative ions, were selected. Dopants were continuously introduced into a tee junction prior to the ion source through a fused-silica capillary, while analytes were directly injected into the same tee. Then both were mixed with the continuous solvent from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nebulized, and entered the source. The nebulized stream was analyzed by APPI tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. RESULTS The results obtained using isoprene were compared with those obtained by using toluene as a dopant and dopant-free NI-APPI. Isoprene enhanced the ionization intensities of the studied compounds, which were found to be comparable and, in some cases, more effective than toluene. The mechanisms leading to the observed set of negative analyte ions were also discussed. Because in NI-APPI, thermal electrons, which are produced during the photoionization of a dopant, are considered the main reagent ions, both isoprene and toluene promoted the ionization of analytes through the same mechanisms, as expected. CONCLUSIONS Isoprene was shown to perform well as a novel dopant for NI-APPI. Isoprene has a high photoabsorption cross section in the VUV region; therefore, its photoionization leads to a highly effective production of thermal electrons, which further promotes the ionization of analytes. In addition, isoprene is environmentally benign and less toxic compared to currently used dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Dousty
- Department of Chemistry, I.K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1V 1 V7
| | - Rob O'Brien
- Supra Res & Dev, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1W 4C2
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Wang J, Liu Q, Gao Y, Wang Y, Guo L, Jiang G. High-Throughput and Rapid Screening of Low-Mass Hazardous Compounds in Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6931-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liangqia Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Kowalski B, Mazur M. The Simultaneous Determination of Six Flame Retardants in Water Samples Using SPE Pre-concentration and UHPLC-UV Method. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2014; 225:1866. [PMID: 24672141 PMCID: PMC3955136 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-014-1866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method for the determination of six flame retardants (FRs) from two groups was proposed. These groups included the brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA) and triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a UV detector, different chromatographic columns, different mobile phases and gradient elution programmes were used to obtain the best separations within the shortest possible time. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was examined as a pre-concentration step from distilled water. The column with the highest recoveries (the Bond Elut ENV column gave recoveries over 70 % for all compounds) was then tested on 1-L blank surface water samples. The proposed analytical procedure was applied for the determination of FRs in surface water samples. The concentrations of FRs found in water samples ranged from 0.03 (TPhP) to 3.10 μg L-1 (HBCD). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.008 to 0.518 μg L-1, and method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.023 to 1.555 μg L-1 for all compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kowalski
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Electrochemistry, Chemical Faculty, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 Marcina Strzody Str, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maciej Mazur
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Electrochemistry, Chemical Faculty, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 Marcina Strzody Str, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Barco-Bonilla N, Plaza-Bolaños P, Tarifa NMV, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Frenich AG. Highly sensitive determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface water by GC coupled to high-resolution MS according to the EU Water Directive 2008/105/EC. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:69-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Barco-Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Noelia Ma Valera Tarifa
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area); Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG); Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; University of Almería; Almería Spain
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Dousty F, O'Brien RT, Gahler R, Kersten H, Benter T. Carbon disulfide as a dopant in photon-induced chemical ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1969-1976. [PMID: 23939964 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The addition of a dopant to an Atmospheric Pressure PhotoIonization (APPI) source of a mass spectrometer has been shown to enhance the degree of analyte ionization. A series of different dopants has been successfully utilized; however, there has been very little published on the characteristics of a good dopant. We have proposed carbon disulfide (CS2) as a novel new dopant based on its absorption cross-section for the VUV photon's energy used and its unique gas-phase ion chemistry, notably the fact that it does not contain a proton. METHODS The ability of CS2 to enhance the ionization effectiveness of APPI was tested by using a group of compounds that have different proton affinities (PAs) and electron affinities (EAs). These results were compared to results obtained using the commonly used dopants, toluene and anisole. Particular attention was paid to the formation of [M](+) ions relative to [M+H](+) ions. Mass spectra were collected using a Waters Quattro Premier liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) system equipped with a commercial Photomate™ photoionization source. RESULTS The results show that CS2 increases the ionization efficiency of most of the analytes studied in this work comparably to toluene and anisole. CS2 promotes both ionization routes of [M](+) and [M+H](+). In addition, due to the higher ionization energy (IE) of CS2 (10.01) compared to the IEs of toluene (8.83) and anisole (8.20), CS2 can enhance the ionization efficiency of analytes that cannot be enhanced with toluene and anisole. CONCLUSIONS We have determined that CS2 is a viable dopant for use in APPI sources. For some analytes, significant [M+H](+) ion signals are observed; therefore, the donated proton must come from either water clusters or solvents. In addition, CS2 promotes the ionization of analytes with low PAs and higher IEs than that of toluene and anisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Dousty
- Chemistry, I. K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1 V7
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Analytical methodologies for the determination of endocrine disrupting compounds in biological and environmental samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:674838. [PMID: 23738329 PMCID: PMC3662172 DOI: 10.1155/2013/674838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disruptor compounds (EDCs) can mimic natural hormones and produce adverse effects in the endocrine functions by interacting with estrogen receptors. EDCs include both natural and synthetic chemicals, such as hormones, personal care products, surfactants, and flame retardants, among others. EDCs are characterised by their ubiquitous presence at trace-level concentrations and their wide diversity. Since the discovery of the adverse effects of these pollutants on wildlife and human health, analytical methods have been developed for their qualitative and quantitative determination. In particular, mass-based analytical methods show excellent sensitivity and precision for their quantification. This paper reviews recently published analytical methodologies for the sample preparation and for the determination of these compounds in different environmental and biological matrices by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The various sample preparation techniques are compared and discussed. In addition, recent developments and advances in this field are presented.
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Valls-Cantenys C, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Iglesias M, Salvadó V, Cela R. Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nyholm JR, Grabic R, Arp HPH, Moskeland T, Andersson PL. Environmental occurrence of emerging and legacy brominated flame retardants near suspected sources in Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:307-314. [PMID: 23201697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of potentially emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was investigated near suspected source zones in Norway, within seepage water, sewage waste water, sewage sludges, and sediments. Analyzed emerging BFRs included 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (EBTPI), tetrabromobisphenol A diallyl ether (TBBPA AE), and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dipropyl ether) (TBBPA DBPE). In addition selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were analyzed, so that findings could be compared to legacy BFRs. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of EBTPI, TBBPA AE, and TBBPA DBPE. The legacy BFRs were in general found in higher levels and abundances than the studied emerging BFRs. However, BTBPE was detected in most of the studied matrices (sewage sludge, seepage water and sediment). DBDPE was detected in sewage sludge, waste water, seepage water and in sediment taken close to a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site. TBECH was found in seepage water, waste water and sewage sludge. EBTPI was identified in one seepage water sample; TBBPA AE was detected both in seepage water and sediment, and TBPPA DBPE in waste water and seepage water. Of the emerging BFRs, the highest levels in water samples were quantified for TBBPA DBPE (81 ng/L, seepage water from a combined metal recycling and car dismantling site) and in sediment for BTBPE (6.5 ng/g, taken close to landfill). The findings of current-use BFRs in seepage water, sediment and in sewage suggest that further investigations are needed of the environmental fate and effects of these flame retardants.
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Analysis of Halogenated Flame Retardants by Gas Chromatography Coupled to LRMS, HRMS, MS–MS, and TOF-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62623-3.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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New Developments in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Micropollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/748989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) in the environmental field has appeared as a valuable tool for the determination of micropollutants. Several groups of compounds have been considered as particularly relevant (e.g., pharmaceuticals, hormones and other endocrine-disrupting, personal care products and their metabolites, flame retardants, surfactants, and plasticizers, among others) since the same ones are continuously being released in the environment mainly as a result of the manufacturing processes, the disposal of unused or expired products, and the excreta. Because these micropollutants are not completely removed in the environment, very specific and sensitive analytical procedures are needed for their identification and quantification. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (or LC-MS2) and especially time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS), has allowed that many environmental contaminants that are highly polar or nonvolatile or have a high molecular weight to be analyzed or identified. In this work we present an overview focused on the developments of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of the main classes of micropollutants in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Various aspects of methodologies based on these techniques, including sample preparation (extraction/preconcentration) and matrix effects, are discussed.
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Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples - review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2075-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fulara
- Central Laboratory; Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas; Katowice Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Environmental Protection Department; Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals; Gliwice Poland
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30
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Kopp E, Fromme H, Völkel W. Analysis of common and emerging brominated flame retardants in house dust using ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction and on-line sample preparation via column switching with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1241:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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PBDEs in environmental samples: Sampling and analysis. Talanta 2012; 93:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marteau C, Chevolleau S, Jouanin I, Perdu E, De Sousa G, Rahmani R, Antignac JP, LeBizec B, Zalko D, Debrauwer L. Development of a liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photo-ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry analytical method for the simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their metabolites: application to BDE-47 metabolism in human hepatocytes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:599-610. [PMID: 22328212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants widely used in electronic and domestic goods. These persistent pollutants are present in the environment and in humans, and their toxicological properties are of growing concern. PBDEs can be metabolised into compounds suspected to be responsible for their toxicity. These metabolites have been characterised quite well in rodents and fish, but available information in humans remains scarce. For their identification, an efficient method for the simultaneous analysis of PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), and other PBDE metabolites in a single run was needed and has been developed in this work. Atmospheric pressure ionisation modes were compared, and Atmospheric Pressure Photo-Ionization (APPI) was selected. After careful setting of APPI parameters such as dopant and operating temperature, the optimised method was based on APPI ionization coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry operating in the full scan mode at a resolution of 60 000. This provided excellent sensitivity and specificity, allowing the discrimination of signals which could not be resolved on a triple quadrupole used as a reference. The full-scan high-resolution acquisition mode allowed monitoring of both parent PBDEs and their metabolites, including hydroxylated PBDEs, with detection limits ranging from 0.1 pg to 4.5 pg injected on-column based on the investigated standard compounds. The method was applied to the study of BDE-47 metabolism after incubation with human primary cultures of hepatocytes, and proved to be efficient not only for monitoring the parent compound and expected hydroxylated metabolites, but also for the identification of other non-targeted metabolites. In addition to hydroxy-BDE-47, several conjugated metabolites could be located, and the formation of a dihydrodiol derivative was evidenced for the first time in the case of PBDEs in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Marteau
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA-INP, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, F31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4614-48. [PMID: 21668018 DOI: 10.1021/ac200915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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ZHAO X, LI Y, ZHANG H, NI Y, CHEN J. Applications of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of emerging organic pollutants. Se Pu 2010; 28:435-41. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Gu C, Shamsi SA. CEC-atmospheric pressure ionization MS of pesticides using a surfactant-bound monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1162-1174. [PMID: 20349511 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant bound poly (11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was simply prepared by in situ co-polymerization of 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate with 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol and water as porogens in 100 microm id fused-silica capillary in one step. This column was used in CEC-atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)-MS system for separation and detection of N-methylcarbamates pesticides. Numerous parameters are optimized for CEC-APPI-MS. After evaluation of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid composition and the monolithic capillary outlet position, a fractional factorial design was selected as a screening procedure to identify factors of ionization source parameters, such as sheath liquid flow rate, drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, nebulizing gas pressure, vaporizer temperature and capillary voltage, which significantly influence APPI-MS sensitivity. A face-centered central composite design was further utilized to optimize the most significant parameters and predict the best sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, S/Ns around 78 were achieved for an injection of 100 ng/mL of each pesticide. Finally, this CEC-APPI-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine N-methylcarbamates in spiked apple juice sample after solid phase extraction with recoveries in the range of 65-109%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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