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Lu X, Zhou Y, Miao Q, Han X, Zhou Y, Zhao G, Yu H, Chen M. Independent and joint associations between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and cognitive function in older adults in the United States. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1392813. [PMID: 39171318 PMCID: PMC11335504 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1392813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as organic pollutants widely present in daily environments, have been shown by existing epidemiological studies to be significantly associated with deficits in learning and memory functions in children and adults. However, the association between exposure to PAHs and cognitive function in older adults remains unclear. Additionally, existing related studies have only assessed the association between individual PAH exposures and cognitive assessments, overlooking the risks posed by mixed exposures. This study aims to use three statistical models to investigate the individual and overall effects of mixed PAH exposures on the cognition of older adults in the United States. Methods The study cohort was obtained from the NHANES database, which included individuals aged 60 and older from 2011 to 2014. Weighted generalized linear models (GLM), weighted quantile sum (WQS) models, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were utilized to evaluate the connections between urinary PAH metabolites and the standardized Z-scores of four cognitive tests: Immediate Recall Test (IRT), Delayed Recall Test (DRT), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Results Our analysis involved 899 individuals aged 60 and above. In the fully adjusted GLM, 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNa), 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFlu), and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFlu) demonstrated negative associations with DSST Z-scores. In the WQS model, six urinary PAH metabolites were negatively linked to AFT Z-scores (β (95% confidence intervals [CI]): -0.120 (-0.208, -0.033), p = 0.007) and DSST Z-scores (β (95% CI): -0.182 (-0.262, -0.103), p < 0.001). In both assessments, 2-OHNa exerted the greatest influence among the urinary PAH metabolites. In the BKMR model, there was an overall negative correlation between urinary PAH metabolites and AFT and DSST Z-scores when the concentration was within the 25th to 75th percentile, where 2-OHNa dominated the main effect of the mixture. The WQS and BKMR models were adjusted for all covariates. Conclusion Increased concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites are associated with cognitive decline in older adults, mainly on language ability, executive function, sustained attention, working memory, and information processing speed, with 2-OHNa playing a major effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Daizhuang Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | | | - Xuexue Han
- Daizhuang Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Daizhuang Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Lin Q, Zhang H, Lv X, Xie R, Chen BH, Lai YW, Chen L, Teng H, Cao H. A systematic study on the chemical model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formation from nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) in food. Food Chem 2024; 446:138849. [PMID: 38460280 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), prominent carcinogens formed during food processing, pose health risks through long-term consumption. This study focuses on 16 priority PAHs in the European Union, investigating their formation during pyrolysis. Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids are important food nutrients. To further explore whether these nutrients in food form PAHs during heating, a single chemical model method was used to heat these nutrients respectively, and GC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify the obtained components. Glucose is the most basic nutrient in food, so the influence of water, pH, temperature and other factors on the formation of PAHs was studied in the glucose model. At the same time, the models of amino acids and fatty acids were used to assist in improving the entire nutrient research system. According to our results, some previously reported mechanisms of PAHs formation by fatty acids heating were confirmed. In addition, glucose and amino acids could also produce many PAHs after heating, and some conclusions were improved by comparing the intermediates of PAHs from three types of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Xiaomei Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ruiwei Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Bing-Huei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, China.
| | - Yu-Wen Lai
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Carranza ME, Elero HM, Hernández PJP, Veglia AV. Calixarenes and cyclodextrins as off- and on-fluorescence probes for carbazole. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2024; 12:025005. [PMID: 38467069 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ad326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the nitrogen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carbazole (CZL) were analyzed with native cyclodextrins (CD;α,β,γ); derivatizedCD(hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin,HPCD; methyl-β-cyclodextrin,MeCD) and p-sulfonated calixarenes (SCAn, with n = 6 and 8) macrocycles. The results showed a slight increase in the absorbance ofCZLwithCD, but the mixture ofCZLwithSCAshowed lower absorption than the sum of the individual spectra. Also, changes in fluorescence were observed by adding the macrocycles, quenching withSCA, and significant increases withCD. The higher fluorescence enhancement was withHPCDrationalized as a complex formation with 1:1 stoichiometry, with an average value for the association constant (KA) of (12 ± 1) x 102M-1, and a quantum yield ratio between the complexedCZLand freeCZL(ΦCZL-HPCD/ΦCZL) of (1.56 ± 0.02) at neutral pH and 25.0 °C. These increases in fluorescence were used as an on-fluorescence switch to develop a supramolecular analytical method forCZLin aqueous samples. The best analytical parameters were inHPCD(LOD = 1.41 ± 0.01 ng mL-1). The method was validated in aqueous samples of river and tap water with recoveries between 96%-104%. The proposed supramolecular method is quick, direct, selective and represents an alternative and low-cost analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías E Carranza
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo M Elero
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro J Peña Hernández
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia V Veglia
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
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Iammarino M, Marino R, Nardelli V, Ingegno M, Albenzio M. Red Meat Heating Processes, Toxic Compounds Production and Nutritional Parameters Changes: What about Risk-Benefit? Foods 2024; 13:445. [PMID: 38338580 PMCID: PMC10855356 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The heating process is a crucial step that can lead to the formation of several harmful chemical compounds in red meat such as heterocyclic aromatic amines, N-Nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and acrylamide. Meat has high nutritional value, providing essential amino acids, bioactive compounds and several important micronutrients which can also be affected by heating processes. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the effects of different heating processes on both the safety and nutritional parameters of cooked red meat. The most-used heating processes practices were taken into consideration in order to develop a risk-benefit scenario for each type of heating process and red meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iammarino
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (V.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Rosaria Marino
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Valeria Nardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (V.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Mariateresa Ingegno
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (V.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
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Li X, Gao Y, Deng P, Ren X, Teng S. Determination of Four PAHs and Formaldehyde in Traditionally Smoked Chicken Products. Molecules 2023; 28:5143. [PMID: 37446804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to analyze the level of four priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chrysene (Chr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), in traditionally smoked chicken products marketed in China. The results show that the amount of ƩPAH4 (the sum of four different PAHs: BaP, Chr, BaA, and BbF) was 30.43-225.17 and 18.75-129.54 µg/kg in the skin and meat of smoked chicken products, respectively. The content of ƩPAH4 in the smoked skin was significantly higher as compared to the smoked meat (p < 0.05). The calculation of MOE (margin of exposure) results suggested the possibilities of ingestion risk associated with the consumption of smoked chicken skin. Furthermore, the formaldehyde content in the skin of smoked chicken was 2.17-6.84 mg/kg and 0.86-2.95 mg/kg in the smoked meat. These results indicate that optimization or alternative methods for food processing should be developed to reduce the high level of harmful substances formed during processing to ensure the safety of smoked chicken products. Moreover, along with harmful substances, the moisture content and color of traditionally smoked chicken were analyzed to provide a practical reference for healthy, safe and green processing technology for smoked chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Pinghua Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaopu Ren
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Shuang Teng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Karami P, Khani R. Potential of cobalt ferrite-graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite in trace determination of pyrene as one of the priority pollutants in water and food samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122969. [PMID: 37311363 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, cobalt ferrite-graphitic carbon nitride (CoFe2O4/GC3N4) nanocomposite with high extraction ability, high sensitivity, and strong magnetic properties was successfully synthesized and evaluated as a sorbent for ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (UA-DM-μ-SPE) of pyrene (Py) in food and water samples. A successful synthesis of CoFe2O4/GC3N4 was inspected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. The experimental parameters affecting the UA-DM-μ-SPE efficiency, such as the amount of sorbent, pH, adsorption time, desorption time, and temperature, were effectively investigated according to a multivariate optimization approach. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit, quantification limit, and relative standard deviation (RSD) for the target analyte were achieved at 2.33 ng mL-1, 7.70 ng mL-1, and 3.12%, respectively. The CoFe2O4/GC3N4 based UA-DM-μ-SPE followed by spectrofluorometry confirmed favorable results for the convenient and efficient determination of Py in the samples of vegetable, fruit, tea, and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand 97179-414, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Khani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand 97179-414, Iran.
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7
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Zhao X, Feng X, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhai L, Lv S, Ye Y, Chen Y, Zhong T, Yu X, Xiao Y. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea Leaves Using Magnetic Approach. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112270. [PMID: 37297514 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method using an alkyl-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles-based extraction technique combined with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography was developed for the detection of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea leaves. As a popular coating for chromatographic column packing materials, C18-alkyl has been demonstrated to be effective in separating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, the magnetism of the nanomaterials accelerates the extraction process while their high surface ratio enables desirable dispersity in the sample matrix. Meanwhile, the adsorbents can be washed and reused 30 times without compromising recovery, which greatly reduces the budget. The effects of various parameters were investigated and optimized, and the recoveries for five analytes were in the range of 84.8-105.4%. The RSD of intra-day and inter-day were below 11.9% and 6.8%, respectively. The limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 1.69-9.97 ng g-1 and 5.12-30.21 ng g-1, indicating satisfactory sensitivity. Thus, the proposed methodology is rapid, highly efficient, and economical, and it expands the application of magnetic cleanup approaches in complex food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Lingzi Zhai
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Sizhe Lv
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Blk 11, International Health Port, No. 628, Airport West Road, Jinwan District, Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Yongqi Chen
- Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Blk 11, International Health Port, No. 628, Airport West Road, Jinwan District, Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
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Orfanakis E, Koumentaki A, Zoumi A, Philippidis A, Samartzis PC, Velegrakis M. Rapid Detection of Benzo[a]pyrene in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114386. [PMID: 37298860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) should be naturally free of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. PAHs are carcinogenic and toxic, and may cause human health and safety problems. This work aims to detect benzo[a]pyrene residues in EVOO using an easily adaptive optical methodology. This approach, which is based on fluorescence spectroscopy, does not require any sample pretreatment or prior extraction of PAH content from the sample, and is reported for the first time herein. The detection of benzo[a]pyrene even at low concentrations in extra virgin olive oil samples demonstrates fluorescence spectroscopy's capability to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Orfanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Koumentaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Zoumi
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aggelos Philippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Peter C Samartzis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michalis Velegrakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Adeniji AO, Okaiyeto K, George MJ, Tanor EB, Semerjian L, Okoh AI. A systematic assessment of research trends on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different environmental compartments using bibliometric parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1289-1309. [PMID: 35933629 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of diverse hazardous organic compounds that are relatively stable and widely distributed throughout the world's ecosystems due to various anthropogenic activities. They are generally less soluble in water and have a low vapour pressure, but dissolve easily in adipose tissues; and they bioaccumulate into high concentrations in aquatic animals, thereby exerting a variety of hazardous and lethal effects. Despite the plethora of research studies on these pollutants, only few bibliometric reviews on the subject have been documented in the literature. As a result, the present study aimed to assess the research growth on PAHs-related studies across different ecosystems. Science Citation Index-Expanded of Web of Science was explored to obtain the research studies that were conducted between 1991 and 2020, and RStudio was utilized for the data analysis. Annual productivity increased arithmetically over the years, with a 9.2% annual growth rate and a collaboration index of 2.52. Foremost among the trend topics in this field of study include soil, sediments, biodegradation, bioremediation, bioavailability, and source apportionment. China, USA, Spain, France and Germany were the five top-ranked countries in terms of publications and citations over the three decades investigated; however, Korea, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, and Canada were ranked as the five leading countries in terms of collaboration per published article (MCP ratio). Therefore, efforts to strengthen international collaboration in this field of study especially among the less participating countries and continents are thus encouraged. The findings of this study are expected to provide future direction for the upcoming researchers in identifying the hot spots in this field of study as well as research leaders whom to seek collaboration in their future research plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun O Adeniji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, P. O. Roma 180, Roma, Lesotho.
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Kunle Okaiyeto
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Mosotho J George
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, P. O. Roma 180, Roma, Lesotho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel B Tanor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, P. O. Roma 180, Roma, Lesotho
| | - Lucy Semerjian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Randazzo A, Zorzi F, Venturi S, Bicocchi G, Viti G, Tatàno F, Tassi F. Degradation of biogas in a simulated landfill cover soil at laboratory scale: Compositional changes of main components and volatile organic compounds. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:229-241. [PMID: 36577274 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory experiment lasting 28 days was run to simulate a typical landfill system and to investigate the compositional changes affecting the main components (CH4, CO2, and H2) and nonmethane volatile organic compounds from biogas generated by anaerobic digestion of food waste and passing through a soil column. Gas samples were periodically collected from both the digester headspace and the soil column at increasing distances from the biogas source. CH4 and H2 were efficiently degraded along the soil column. The isotopic values of δ13C measured in CH4 and CO2 from the soil column were relatively enriched in 13C compared to the biogas. Aromatics and alkanes were the most abundant groups in the biogas samples. Among these compounds, alkylated benzenes and long-chain C3+ alkanes were significantly degraded within the soil column, whereas benzene and short-chain alkanes were recalcitrant. Terpene and O-substituted compounds were relatively stable under oxidising conditions. Cyclic, alkene, S-substituted, and halogenated compounds, which exhibited minor amounts in the digester headspace, were virtually absent in the soil column. These results pointed out how many recalcitrant potentially toxic and polluting compounds tend to be relatively enriched along the soil column, claiming action to minimise diffuse landfill gas (LFG) emissions. The proposed experimental approach represents a reliable tool for investigating the attenuation capacities of landfill cover soils for LFG components and developing optimised covers by adopting proper soil treatments and operating conditions to improve their degradation efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; IGG - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Francesca Zorzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; IGG - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bicocchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gregorio Viti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabio Tatàno
- DiSPeA - Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Section ChEM - Chemistry, Environment, and Materials, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Campus Scientifico "E. Mattei", 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Franco Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; IGG - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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12
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Prossner KM, Vadas GG, Harvey E, Unger MA. A novel antibody-based biosensor method for the rapid measurement of PAH contamination in oysters. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION 2022; 28:102567. [PMID: 36204483 PMCID: PMC9531917 DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional PAH analytical methods are time-consuming and expensive, limiting their utility in time sensitive events (i.e. oil spills and floods) or for widespread environmental monitoring. Unreliable and inefficient screening methods intended to prioritize samples for more extensive analyses exacerbate the issue. Antibody-based biosensor technology was implemented as a quantitative screening method to measure total PAH concentration in adult oysters (Crassostrea virginica) - a well-known bioindicator species with ecological and commercial significance. Individual oysters were analyzed throughout the historically polluted Elizabeth River watershed (Virginia, USA). Significant positive association was observed between biosensor and GC-MS measurements that persisted when the method was calibrated for different regulatory subsets of PAHs. Mapping of PAH concentrations in oysters throughout the watershed demonstrates the utility of this technology for environmental monitoring. Through a novel extension of equilibrium partitioning, biosensor technology shows promise as a cost-effective analysis to rapidly predict whole animal exposure to better assess human health risk as well as improve monitoring efforts.
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13
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Amin R, Alam F, Dey BK, Mandhadi JR, Bin Emran T, Khandaker MU, Safi SZ. Multidimensional Chromatography and Its Applications in Food Products, Biological Samples and Toxin Products: A Comprehensive Review. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:326. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food, drugs, dyes, extracts, and minerals are all made up of complex elements, and utilizing unidimensional chromatography to separate them is inefficient and insensitive. This has sparked the invention of several linked chromatography methods, each of them with distinct separation principles and affinity for the analyte of interest. Multidimensional chromatography consists of the combination of multiple chromatography techniques, with great benefits at the level of efficiency, peak capacity, precision, and accuracy of the analysis, while reducing the time required for the analysis. Various coupled chromatography techniques have recently emerged, including liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (LC–GC), gas chromatography–gas chromatography (GC–GC), liquid chromatography–liquid chromatography (LC–LC), GCMS–MS, LCMS–MS, supercritical fluid techniques with chromatography techniques, and electro-driven multidimensional separation techniques. In this paper, the different coupled chromatography techniques will be discussed, along with their wide spectrum of applications for food, flavor, and environmental analysis, as well as their usefulness for the pharmaceutical, color, and dyes industries.
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14
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Barp L, Moret S, Purcaro G. Monitoring and Occurrence of Heavy PAHs in Pomace Oil Supply Chain Using a Double-Step Solid-Phase Purification and HPLC-FLD Determination. Foods 2022; 11:2737. [PMID: 36140863 PMCID: PMC9498164 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants generated by both spontaneous and anthropogenic incomplete combustion processes of organic matter. Contamination of PAHs in vegetable oils can result from several factors and processes, including environmental contamination, oil processing, and migration from food contact materials. The determination of PAHs in edible oil presents a challenge because of the complexity of the matrix. Since PAHs are present at lower levels than triglycerides, it is necessary to isolate the compounds of interest from the rest of the matrix. To this purpose, a new purification approach based on a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) step followed by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorometric detector (HPLC-FLD) analysis was developed. The method involves a first purification step by using a 5 g silica SPE cartridge, previously washed with dichloromethane (20 mL), dried completely, and then conditioned with n-hexane (20 mL). The triglycerides are retained by the silica, while the PAH-containing fraction is eluted with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane (70/30, v/v). After evaporation, the residue is loaded on a 5 g amino SPE cartridge and eluted with n-hexane/toluene (70/30, v/v) before HPLC-FLD analysis. The focus was the evaluation of the contribution of the various phases of the pomace oil supply chain in terms of the heavy PAHs (PAH8) concentration. Data collected showed that pomace contamination increased (by 15 times) as storage time increased. In addition, the process of pomace drying, which is necessary to reduce its moisture content before solvent extraction of the residual oil, appeared to significantly contribute to the total heavy PAHs content, with increases in value by up to 75 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barp
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Chimie des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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15
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Dai Q, Wang Y, Chen L, Li P, Xia S, Huang Q. Contamination of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban source water at the tidal reach of the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61222-61235. [PMID: 35438400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the occurrence, source, and risk of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban source water at the tidal reach of the Yangtze River, eighty-nine surface water samples were collected in 8 field campaigns from July 2018 to November 2019. Fifteen of 16 PAHs except for dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA) were found in the water. Detection frequencies were observed between 53 and 72% for PAHs with 4 rings, while most of other PAHs were less detected, e.g., benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in 31% of samples. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs reached up to 2.8 µg·L-1 and increased during the tidal transitions from flood to ebb. The average concentrations of PAHs in ebb tides were higher than those in flood tides. PAH concentrations and compositions showed great variation with different sampling campaigns, and higher levels and more components were observed in the rainy months and cold months. Those priority PAHs in the tidal water source are mainly from combustion activities (especially fossil fuel combustion), but the contribution from oil spills/leakage is also important in rainy months. High-molecular-weight PAHs in this tidal water source may pose risks to aquatic life, while they pose no carcinogenic risk to human health via ingestion of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Pan Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shengji Xia
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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16
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Zhai C, Wang M, Lu Y, Yan H. Green synthesis of phloroglucinol-urotropine porous polymer: Ingenious miniaturized solid phase extraction for efficient purification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lotus roots. Food Chem 2022; 396:133690. [PMID: 35868285 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) posed a serious threat to food safety and human health due to long-term emission. In this work, a new method was established using phloroglucinol-urotropine porous polymer (PU-PP) in a pipette tip for solid phase extraction (PT-SPE) for the first time and used prior to determination of four PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) in lotus roots. Synthesis of the PU-PP adsorbent was green compared with alternatives; urotropine was used as a cross-linker and ethanol-water as the solvent. PU-PP-based PT-SPE had the advantages of low solvent consumption, good purification, practicability, stability, and low-cost. The proposed pre-purification method offered low limits of detection (0.09-0.28 ng/g) and good recoveries (84.6-114.3 %, RSDs ≤ 5.6 %) for determination of the four PAHs, which were detected at trace concentrations in samples. This new method provides an alternative for monitoring trace pollutants in aquatic plant ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, College of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yanke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, College of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, College of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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17
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Farajzadeh MA, Pasandi S, Mohebbi A, Mogaddam MRA. Magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples using iron (III) oxinate nanocomposite as an efficient sorbent. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2642-2651. [PMID: 35510591 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, iron (III) oxinate magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized and employed as an efficient sorbent for the magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples. In the following, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was used to further preconcentration of the analytes. The prepared sorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, vibrating sample magnetometer, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, and scanning electron microscope. The results verified the successful formation of the magnetic sorbent. In the extraction process, the sorbent was added into an aqueous solution and the mixture was vortexed. After completing the adsorption process, the supernatant phase was separated in the presence of a magnet and the analytes adsorbed onto sorbent were eluted by acetonitrile. Then, μL-level of 1,1,1-trichloroethane was mixed with the obtained acetonitrile and injected into NaCl solution. Finally, one microliter of the sedimented phase was injected into gas chromatography-flame ionization detector after centrifugation. Under the optimum conditions, a great repeatability (relative standard deviation equal or less than 5 and 6% for intra- and inter day precisions, respectively), acceptable extraction recoveries (59-84%), high enrichment factors (118-168), and low limits of detection and quantification (0.16-0.36 and 0.56-1.22 ng g-1 , respectively) were acquired. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Somayeh Pasandi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Dimbarre Lao Guimarães I, Casanova Monteiro F, Vianna da Anunciação de Pinho J, de Almeida Rodrigues P, Gomes Ferrari R, Adam Conte-Junior C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic animals: a systematic review on analytical advances and challenges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:198-217. [PMID: 35262454 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2048614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the main component of petroleum, are a concern due to their environmental persistence, long-range transport, and potential toxic effects on animal, human health, and the environment. PAHs are considered persistent compounds and can be bioaccumulated in sediments and aquatic biota. Determining PAHs in animals and environmental samples consists of three steps: extraction, clean-up or purification, and analytical determination. The matrix complexity and the diversity of environmental contaminants, such as PAHs resulted in the development of numerous analytical techniques and protocols for the extraction of these components and analysis in several samples. This systematic review article seeks to relate the extraction and preparation methods of complex samples from aquatic animals and the two main detection techniques of PAHs. For the elaboration of the research, 67 articles published between 2011 and 2021 were sought, which specifically contemplated the isolation of aquatic extracts and detection and quantification techniques of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues
- Department of Food Technology, Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Zootechnics, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Liu G, Shen M, Sun X, Xu X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Liu X, Xu X. A new perspective on the benzo(a)pyrene generated in tea seeds during roasting. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:440-450. [PMID: 35104194 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2022770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a strong carcinogen, in edible oil has been widely reported. This work studied the concentration of BaP in different parts of tea seeds generated during roasting from a new perspective. A novel method was established and used to calculate the actual generated concentration of BaP, which is different from the previous direct determination of BaP concentration and also takes into account the concentration of the lost BaP. The results showed that the loss rate of BaP in husks was the highest (92.7%), while that in the peeled tea seeds was the lowest (66.9%). Conversely, the generated concentration of BaP in peeled seeds was the highest (6.7 μg·kg-1), while that in husks was the lowest (2.8 μg·kg-1). The change in concentration of BaP during roasting was mainly related to the components of different parts of tea seeds. Finally, the lost BaP-d12 in tea seeds was detected in other parts of the semi-closed simplified model, which confirmed that BaP will migrate during roasting. This work emphasised that it was necessary to modify the calculation method for the generated concentration of BaP in food during thermal processing, which will be helpful to explore the generation mechanism of BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
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21
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Hasan GMMA, Shaikh MAA, Satter MA, Hossain MS. Detection of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (I-PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow milk from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh and potential human health risks assessment. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1514-1522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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22
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Influence of Plant Extract Addition to Marinades on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in Grilled Pork Meat. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010175. [PMID: 35011404 PMCID: PMC8746845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Marinating is one of the most common methods of pre-processing meat. Appropriate selection of marinade ingredients can influence the physicochemical properties of the meat and can reduce the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the final product. The effects of the inclusion of natural plant extracts such as bay leaf (BL), black pepper (BP), turmeric (TU), jalapeno pepper (JP) and tamarind paste (TA) in marinades on the physicochemical properties of grilled pork neck were studied. The addition of spice extracts to marinades increased the proportion of colour components L* and b*. The use of TU, TA, JP, MX and C marinades lowered the hardness and pH of the meat. The highest phenolic compound levels were observed in the case of the mixture of all extracts (MX) and JP marinades, and the highest total antioxidant capacity was exhibited by the BL and MX marinades. The highest PAH content was recorded in the CON marinade (Σ12PAH 98.48 ± 0.81 µg/kg) and the lowest in the JP marinade (4.76 ± 0.08 µg/kg), which had the strongest, statistically significant reducing effect (95% reduction) on PAH levels. Analysis of correlation coefficients showed a relationship between the total antioxidant capacity of the marinades and the PAH content in grilled pork.
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23
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Neves DA, Oliveira WDS, Petrarca MH, Rodrigues MI, Godoy HT. A multivariate approach to overcome chlorophyll interferences in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in jambu (Acmella olerarea (L.) R.K. Jansen). J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Świsłowski P, Hrabák P, Wacławek S, Liskova K, Antos V, Rajfur M, Ząbkowska-Wacławek M. The Application of Active Biomonitoring with the Use of Mosses to Identify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Atmospheric Aerosol. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237258. [PMID: 34885844 PMCID: PMC8659324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biological indicators of environmental quality is an alternative method of monitoring ecosystem pollution. Various groups of contaminants, including organic ones, can be measured in environmental samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have not yet been determined by the moss bag technique. This technique uses several moss species simultaneously in urban areas to select the best biomonitoring of these compounds, which are dangerous to humans and the environment. In this research, a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the determination of selected PAHs in three species of mosses: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum (active biomonitoring) and for comparison using an air filter reference method for atmospheric aerosol monitoring. The chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII) was also measured to assess changes in moss viability during the study. As a result of the study, the selective accumulation of selected PAHs by mosses was found, with Pleurozium schreberi being the best bioindicator—9 out of 13 PAHs compounds were determined in this species. The photosynthetic yield of photosystem (II) decreased by 81% during the exposure time. The relationship between PAHs concentrations in mosses and the total suspended particles (TSP) on the filter indicated the possibility of using this bioindicator to trace PAHs in urban areas and to apply the moss bag technique as a method supporting classical instrumental air monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świsłowski
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22 St., 45-022 Opole, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Pavel Hrabák
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská St. 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (S.W.); (K.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská St. 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (S.W.); (K.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Klára Liskova
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská St. 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (S.W.); (K.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Vojtěch Antos
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská St. 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (S.W.); (K.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, Kominka 6a St., 45-032 Opole, Poland;
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Liu T, AgyeKum E, Ma S, Ye H, Li J, Gao M, Ni M, Zhang X, Wang X. Novel nanohybrids for effervescence enhanced magnetic solid-phase microextraction of wide-polarity organic pollutants in roasted meat samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4313-4326. [PMID: 34661968 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To simultaneously and efficiently extract pollutants with differential polarities, we herein fabricated and characterized a multifunctional nanocomposite. The novel nanohybrids used NiFe2 O4 as magnetic cores, and NH2 -MIL-101(Al), β-cyclodextrin and graphene oxide as functional components combined with magnetic cores. With the aid of graphene oxide's large π-conjugated system, NH2 -MIL-101(Al)'s strong adsorption to moderately/strongly polar chemicals, and β-cyclodextrin's specific recognition effect, the nanohybrids realized synergistically efficient extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and bisphenols with a logKow range of 3-6. Combined with acidic and alkaline sources, the nanohybrids-based effervescent tablets were prepared. Based on effervescent reaction-enhanced nanohybrids-based efficient adsorption/extraction and high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection, we successfully developed an excellent microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of both polyaromatic hydrocarbons and bisphenols in roasted meat samples. Several important variables were optimized as follows: Na2 CO3 and tartaric acid as acidic and alkaline sources, 900 μLof the mixed solvent (acetone and hexane at 2:1 by v/v) as the eluent, 5 min of elution time. Under optimized conditions, the novel method gave low limits of detection (0.07-0.30 μg kg-1 ), satisfactory recoveries (86.9-103.9%), and high precision (relative standard deviations of 1.9-6.7%) in roasted lamb, beef, pork, chicken, and sausage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Evans AgyeKum
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sai Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhang Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiani Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, P.R. China
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26
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Yan XT, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Source, Sample Preparation, Analytical and Inhibition Methods of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food (Update since 2015). SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2021.1977321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ting Yan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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27
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Analysis of factors that influence the PAH profile and amount in meat products subjected to thermal processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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1H-NMR profile of mezcal and its distillation fractions using two sample preparation methods: direct analysis and solid-phase extraction. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chang G, Li J, Yang X, Zhang S, Zang X, Wang C, Wang Z. Triazine-based covalent organic polymer: A promising coating for solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3608-3617. [PMID: 34329505 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advancement of novel coating materials for solid-phase microextraction is highly needed for sample pretreatment. Herein, a triazine-based covalent organic polymer was constructed from the monomers of cyanuric chloride and trans-stilbene via the Friedel-Crafts reaction and thereafter used as a solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives. The newly-developed solid-phase microextraction method coupled with gas chromatography/flame ionization detection gives enhancement factors of 548-1236 and limits of detection of 0.40-2.81 ng/L for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. The one fiber precision for five replicate determinations of the analytes and the fiber-to-fiber precision with three parallel prepared fibers, expressed as relative standard deviations, was in the range of 4.6-9.4% and 6.2-10.9%, respectively. The relative recoveries of the analytes for environmental water samples were in the range of 88.6-106.4% with the relative standard deviations ranging from 4.0 to 11.7% (n = 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Xiumin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Zang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
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30
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Influence of traditional Cambodian smoking practices on the concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fish processed in the Tonle Sap area, Cambodia. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Zhang L, Wu P, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Determination of 15 + 1 European Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Meat Products by Saponification/Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:298-307. [PMID: 34169320 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 15 + 1 European priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EUPAHs) in smoked meat samples by saponification/solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed. Both saponification and solid-phase extraction conditions were optimized, which lead to shorter sample preparation time and excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The optimal saponification condition for the lipid extract of 5.00 g smoked food sample was 5 mL KOH (1.5 mol/L)-ethanol at 70°C for 5 min, and the shorter alkaline treatment time avoided the loss of volatile EUPAHs such as Benzo[c]fluorene. All the EUPAHs showed good linearity in the range between 5.0 and 50.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients between 0.997 and 1.00. The estimated LODs for the EUPAHs were 0.15-0.30 μg/kg, while the LOQs were 0.50-1.0 μg/kg. The three spiking levels of EUPAHs were 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg, and the average recovery was between 75.2 and 99.6%, while the RSD were 2.3-12.4%. This sensitive and rapid method was successfully applied to smoked meat samples from Zhejiang Province of China, and the results revealed the presence of 13 EUPAHs. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was found in 19 out of 20 samples, with concentration ranging from 0.51 to 4.57 μg/kg. The sum of concentrations of PAH4 (summation of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene) were 2.40-53.56 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
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Sampaio GR, Guizellini GM, da Silva SA, de Almeida AP, Pinaffi-Langley ACC, Rogero MM, de Camargo AC, Torres EAFS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6010. [PMID: 34199457 PMCID: PMC8199595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Glória Maria Guizellini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Simone Alves da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 355 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Palma de Almeida
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 355 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Ana Clara C. Pinaffi-Langley
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Elizabeth A. F. S. Torres
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
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33
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Baek SY, Lim DK, Han J, Lee S, Kim B. Method development for accurate determination of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extruded high-impact polystyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129909. [PMID: 35534972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the accurate determination of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in extruded high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) as a higher-order reference method. Uncleaned HIPS matrix rendered the accurate quantitation impossible and hampered the repeatability of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) measurement. This led to a bias in the results and increased the measurement uncertainty. Extracts were sufficiently purified through a two-step process: (i) dissolution and precipitation and (ii) molecularly imprinted polymers-solid phase extraction for clean-up. Co-elution of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBahA), and their 13C6-labeled isotopes resulted in a bias in the area ratios of IP/13C6-IP and DBahA/13C6-DBahA, thus increasing the measurement uncertainty. An optimized GC condition using an Rxi-PAH column improved the peak separation of IP and DBahA and their isotopes, thus improving the quality of the measurement. The optimized method was validated using PAH (0.36-0.45 mg/kg)-containing HIPS pellets. The optimized method had excellent repeatability (<2%) and reproducibility (<3%) for concentrations less than 0.5 mg/kg of the eight PAHs in HIPS. Using the optimized method, the relative expanded uncertainties for all the target PAHs were below 5% (with a 95% level of confidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yee Baek
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Kyu Lim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeesoo Han
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Zhang L, Sun J, He H, Huang Y, Shi H, Chen W. Microdroplet extraction assisted ultrasensitive Raman detection in complex oil. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2217-2222. [PMID: 33890606 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00169h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Raman detection of trace substances in complex oil is still a great challenge at present because of the strong disturbance of background activity and the suppression of intensity in spectra caused by complicated components. In this work, a simple and robust approach based on microdroplet liquid-liquid extraction for the real-time Raman spectroscopy monitoring of trace substances in complex oil is reported. Based on unbalanced chemical potentials between water and oil on a microfluidic chip, a target trace molecule is extracted from complex mineral oil to a water microdroplet. Benefiting from the real-time fluorescence intensities of fluorescein in a water microdroplet, the extraction performance is investigated and optimized. The optimal water microdroplet is implemented for the Raman detection of furfural in a complex mineral oil, a typical trace performance marker in electric power equipment, and this exhibits excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 26 ppb. Compared to traditional detection technology for trace substances in complex oil (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC), this method greatly simplified the process of measurement, reduced the volume of sample required, had a fast measurement time, and exhibited the prospect of real-time monitoring applications with high sensitivity, which not only promotes the development of oil quality but also enlarges existing knowledge related to using Raman spectroscopy in chem-/bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yingzhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Haiyang Shi
- School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China.
| | - Weigen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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35
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Zhou P, Zhang W, Wang X. Development of a syringe membrane-based microextraction method based on metal-organic framework mixed-matrix membranes for preconcentration/extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion. Food Chem 2021; 361:130105. [PMID: 34023686 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inevitably, the residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea leaves will be transferred to hot tea infusion, constituting a certain drinking risk; consequently, it is imperative to develop rapid, sensitive, and robust approaches for their trace-level detection. Herein, we developed a syringe membrane-based microextraction (SMME) method for preconcentration/extraction of PAHs in tea infusions. This method utilized metal-organic framework-mixed matrix membranes (MOF-MMMs) as adsorbents, which anchored the nanoparticles of MOFs onto the surface of PVDF membrane. The UiO-66 (Zr)-based MMM possessed high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (320.5 m2 g-1) and pore volume (0.18 cm3 g-1), thus enhancing extraction/adsorption efficiency. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection for PAHs reached as low as 0.02-0.08 μg L-1 with extraction recoveries of 85.5-102.1%, and the inter-day and intra-day precision was lower than 8.4% in tea infusions. Consequently, the SMME/HPLC-DAD method shows a great potential in conventional monitoring of PAHs in tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, College of Public Health and Management, Center for Health Assessment, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, College of Public Health and Management, Center for Health Assessment, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, College of Public Health and Management, Center for Health Assessment, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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36
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Chiang SM, Ueng KC, Chen HS, Wu CJ, Yang YS, Yang DJ. Effects of manufacturing procedures and preparation conditions on European Union priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Oolong tea samples. Food Chem 2021; 358:129885. [PMID: 33933958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Oolong tea samples at each heat treatment stage of the manufacturing process, different post-treatment methods and different brewing conditions. The content of PAHs in the tea leaves was significantly increased during stir fixation (280 °C for 8 min) stage of the manufacturing process. In the subsequent heat treatment process, the PAHs content did not change much until the Oolong tea product (primary) was further roasted. The level of PAHs increased with the roasting time. Charcoal roasting resulted in higher PAHs content in the product compared with electric roasting. Higher brewing temperature caused higher level of PAHs released into the tea infusion. The level of released PAHs decreased with the increase of the number of tea brewing (the total released PAHs was about 4%). The risk assessment results for PAHs in the tea infusions showed a low level of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Min Chiang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Shun Chen
- Department of Health Food, Chung-Chou University of Science and Technology, 6, Lane 2, Sec. 3, Shanjiao Rd., Yuanlin City, Changhua County 510, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jung Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sun Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nutrition and Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC.
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Development of a new generic extraction method for the analysis of pesticides, mycotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in representative animal feed and food samples. Food Chem 2021; 356:129653. [PMID: 33812188 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various generic extraction methods have been used to determine pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and animal feed to ensure consumer safety. However, these methods cannot extract all relevant compounds at an acceptable rate of recovery. This study presents a new extraction method. This new method facilitated the identification of 231 compounds, including 196 pesticides, 11 mycotoxins, and 24 PAHs over a broad range of polarities. These compounds were identified in various sample matrices, including those that are lipid-rich. The processed sample is first extracted with water, acetonitrile, formic acid, and heptane. The addition of ammonium formate results in separation into three phases and enables analysis of the aqueous phase. Solid-phase extraction clean-up procedures were performed as necessary followed by analysis by liquid or gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Analyte recoveries were typically in the range of 70 - 120% with relative standard deviations below 20%.
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination of Flamed and Braised Chickens and Health Risk Assessment in Burkina Faso. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9030065. [PMID: 33803506 PMCID: PMC8002855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Charcoal- or wood-cooked chicken is a street-vended food in Burkina Faso. In this study, 15 samples of flamed chicken and 13 samples of braised chicken were analyzed for 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector. A face-to-face survey was conducted to assess the consumption profiles of 300 men and 300 women. The health risk was assessed based on the margin of exposure (MOE) principle. BaP (14.95–1.75 μg/kg) and 4PAHs (BaP + Chr + BaA + BbF) (78.46–15.14 μg/kg) were eight and five times more abundant at the median level in flamed chickens than in braised ones, respectively. The contents of BaP and 4PAHs in all flamed chicken samples were above the limits set by the European Commission against 23% for both in braised chickens. Women had the highest maximum daily consumption of both braised (39.65 g/day) and flamed chickens (105.06 g/day). At the estimated maximum level of consumption, women were respectively 3.64 (flamed chicken) and 1.62 (braised chicken) times more exposed to BaP and 4PAHs than men. MOE values ranged between 8140 and 9591 for men and between 2232 and 2629 for women at the maximum level of consumption of flamed chickens, indicating a slight potential carcinogenic risk.
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39
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Quantification and risk assessment of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in retail smoked fish and smoked cheeses. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and PCDD/Fs), PAHs, and plasticizers in spices, herbs, and tea - A review of chromatographic methods from the last decade (2010-2020). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5224-5244. [PMID: 33563047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1883546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Edible and highly demanded plant-derived products such as herbs, spices, and tea may be subjected to exogenous contamination of well-known chemical hazards such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and emerging ones such as plasticizers, affecting negatively the safety of these food commodities. This fact has led to the increasing analysis of exogenous compounds including priority POPs such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as well as highly persistent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Currently, plasticizer residues are also considered an emerging issue because of the extensive use in food packaging and potential migration into foodstuffs. In this review, the studies published from 2010 to 2020 were discussed, including the main extraction methods applied for these contaminants from herbs, spices, and tea, and it was revealed the trend toward the use of less solvent-consuming and time-effective methods. Chromatographic methods were also described, which were mainly combined with detection techniques such as classical or mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Finally, a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of these selected exogenous compounds was presented in the studied matrices, showing that their monitoring should be further investigated to ensure food safety of highly consumed condiments and tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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41
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Bertoz V, Purcaro G, Conchione C, Moret S. A Review on the Occurrence and Analytical Determination of PAHs in Olive Oils. Foods 2021; 10:324. [PMID: 33546477 PMCID: PMC7913741 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants, which may contaminate vegetable oils due to atmospheric fall-out or bad production practices. Due to their carcinogenic and toxic effects, surveillance schemes and mitigation strategies are needed to monitor human exposure to PAHs. In particular, due to the lipophilic nature of these substances, edible oils may present unsafe levels of these compounds. Among these, olive oil, and in particular extra virgin olive oil, is a high-value commodity, also known for its health benefits. Therefore, the occurrence of contaminants in this product is not only of health concern but also causes economic and image damage. In this review, an overview of the occurrence of PAHs in all categories of olive oil is provided, as well as a description of the official methods available and the analytical developments in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bertoz
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège Bât, G1 Chimie des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Chiara Conchione
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sabrina Moret
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (V.B.); (C.C.); (S.M.)
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42
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Li H, Hou B, Wang L, Zang X, Wang C, Wang Z. Boron nitride modified reduced graphene oxide as solid-phase microextraction coating material for the extraction of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water and soil samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1521-1528. [PMID: 33511696 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel hexagonal boron nitride modified reduced graphene oxide material was synthesized and used as the adsorbent for the solid-phase microextraction of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water and soil samples prior to their detection by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Under optimal conditions, the linear response range of the analytes for water sample is 0.25-50 ng/mL with the correlation coefficients (r) ranging between 0.9953 and 0.9996. The linear range for soil sample is 1.0-400 ng/g with r ranging from 0.9959 to 0.9999. On the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio of 3, the limits of detections for the analytes ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 ng/mL for water samples, and from 0.3 to 0.5 ng/g for soil samples. The relative recoveries of the seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for water and soil samples were in the range of 79.55-120.0 and 78.76-120.8%, respectively. The relative standard deviations for the determination of the analytes in water and soil samples were lower than 11 and 10%, respectively. The method is simple and suitable for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in water and soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Baoxiu Hou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Zang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
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43
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang Y. Analytical chemistry, formation, mitigation, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to
in vivo
metabolic transformation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1422-1456. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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44
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Duedahl-Olesen L, Ionas AC. Formation and mitigation of PAHs in barbecued meat - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3553-3568. [PMID: 33412921 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals, which can occur in barbecued or grilled foods, and particularly in meats. They originate from incomplete combustion of the heat source, pyrolysis of organic compounds, or fat-induced flame formation. This review therefore summarizes relevant parameters for mitigation of especially carcinogenic PAHs in barbecued meat. Consumption of PAHs increases the risk of cancer, and thus the relevance for the mitigation of PAHs formation is very high for barbecued meat products. Parameters such as heat source, barbecue geometry, and meat type as well as marinating, adding spices, and other antioxidants reduce the final benzo[a]pyrene and PAHs concentrations and minimize the exposure. Overall, mitigation of carcinogenic PAHs from barbecuing includes removal of visual charring, reducing fat pyrolysis by minimizing dripping from the meat onto the heat source, the use of acidic marinades or choosing leaner cuts of meat. Estimation of human exposure to barbecued meat, includes several challenges such as substantial differences in barbecuing frequencies and practices, heat sources and meat types used for grilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Duedahl-Olesen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alin C Ionas
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, Denmark
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45
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Adeyeye SAO, Ashaolu TJ. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Formation and Mitigation in Meat and Meat Products. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1866039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Smart Agriculture Research and Application Team, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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46
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Du J, Pan B, Cao X, Li J, Yang J, Nie J. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA copy number, and neurobehavioral function in coke oven workers. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127628. [PMID: 32731016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the risk factors for workers' neurological performance, which were widely exist in the occupational environment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship between various PAH metabolites and workers' neurobehavioral changes and to explore whether mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) can be used as a potential biomarker to reflect changes in neurobehavioral behavior. METHOD A total of 697 workers were recruited from a coke oven plant. The concentrations of eleven PAHs metabolites were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Peripheral blood mtDNAcn was measured using QPCR. Neurobehavioral function was measured by NCTB questionnaire. The dose-response relationships were evaluated using restricted cubic spline models. Mediation analysis was also carried out. RESULTS We found dose-response relationships between urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OH Nap), sum of PAH metabolites (Ʃ -OH PAHs) and total digit span (DSP), backward digit span (DSPB), forward digit span (DSPF) and mtDNAcn. Each one-unit increase in ln-transformed of 2-OH Nap or Ʃ -OH PAHs was associated with a 2.64 or 3.22 decrease in DSP, a 1.20 or 1.58 decrease in DSPF, a 1.44 or 1.62 decrease in DSPB and a 0.13 or 0.12 decrease in mtDNAcn. However, we did not find a significant mediation effect of mtDNAcn between PAHs metabolites and DSP, DSPF, or DSPB. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that workers urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene and sum of PAH metabolites levels were inversely associated with mtDNAcn and neurobehavior, especially their auditory memory. However, there was no significant mediation effect of mtDNAcn between urinary PAHs metabolites and neurobehavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Du
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Baolong Pan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China; General Hospital of Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., China
| | - Xiaomin Cao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jisheng Nie
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
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47
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Caldeirão L, Fernandes JO, Gonzalez MH, Godoy HT, Cunha SC. A novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using a low density deep eutectic solvent-gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soft drinks. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461736. [PMID: 33254001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ready-to-drink teas can provide, if properly packaged, the taste and wellness character of traditional teas. Nevertheless, in tea processing, there may be several contaminations, among which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), anthropogenic contaminants that can present carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. In this work, a novel low-density deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (LDDES-DLLME) procedure followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was optimized for analysis of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ready-to-drink herbal-based beverages. The new deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized with natural compounds (camphor and hexanoic acid). Several parameters of the extraction procedure such as type and volume of extraction solvent, type, volume of dispersive solvent, and time of extraction were evaluated to achieve the highest yield and to attain the lowest detection limits. The validated method showed very low limits of detection (0.01 μg L-1) and quantification (0.2 μg L-1), good inter- and intra-day precisions (RSD<16.87%), and recoveries higher than 69%. The method was applied to 16 type of samples and it was found total PAHs levels ranging from 0.20 to 1.82 μg L-1. The developed LDDES-DLLME showed a reliable and innovative alternative for the extraction of PAHs from beverages, cost-effective and environmentally friendly, and providing a satisfactory throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Caldeirão
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Henrique Gonzalez
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
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48
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Eyring P, Preiswerk T, Frandsen HL, Duedahl-Olesen L. Automated micro-solid-phase extraction clean-up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food oils for analysis by gas chromatography-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:600-608. [PMID: 33185942 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Food can contain unwanted compounds and need to be analyzed for compounds like carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to ensure consumer safety. The analytes need to be extracted from the sample matrix and cleaned-up to enable detection. However, established methods for clean-up are labor intensive and have a high expenditure on organic solvents. Here, we show a newly developed micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge method to automate the clean-up for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sunflower oil using gas chromatography with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry with a TriPlus autosampler. This automated micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge method needs only 4 μL of vegetable oil sample and requires only 360 μL acetonitrile for elution, and, therefore, it needs only small amounts of organic solvent. Two different micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge methods were developed, one using two commercially available cartridges with florisil and octadecylsilane/Z-Sep/CarbonX, and the other method using one commercially available cartridge with florisil followed by one self-made cartridge with octadecylsilane/Z-Sep. The latter method showed successful lipid removal and was further validated for 22 of 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in sunflower oil at a spiked level of 1090 μg/kg with recoveries ranging from 53 to 118% and relative standard deviation below 22%. This method shows promising short-time clean-up with low expenditure of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Eyring
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Binello A, Cravotto G, Menzio J, Tagliapietra S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coffee samples: Enquiry into processes and analytical methods. Food Chem 2020; 344:128631. [PMID: 33261994 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic in humans. These ubiquitous environmental pollutants may derive from the incomplete combustion and pyrolysis of organic matter. Coffee is an extensively consumed drink, and its PAHs contamination is not only ascribed to environmental pollution, but mainly to the roasting processes. Although no fixed limits have yet been set for residual PAHs in coffee, the present review intends to summarise and discuss the knowledge and recent advances in PAHs formation during roasting. Because coffee origin and brewing operations may affect PAHs content, we thoroughly analysed the literature on extraction and purification procedures, as well as the main analytical chromatographic methods for both coffee powders and brews. With regards to the safety of this appreciated commodity, the control on the entire production chain is desirable, because of coffee beverage could contribute to the daily human intake of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Binello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy.
| | - Janet Menzio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10235 Turin, Italy.
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50
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Sánchez‐Arévalo CM, Olmo‐García L, Fernández‐Sánchez JF, Carrasco‐Pancorbo A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils: An overview on sample preparation, determination strategies, and relative abundance of prevalent compounds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3528-3573. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Olmo‐García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Granada Granada Spain
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