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Yang J, Sun W, Sun M, Cui Y, Wang L. Current Research Status of Azaspiracids. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38393050 PMCID: PMC10890026 DOI: 10.3390/md22020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. This paper aims to provide a systematic introduction to the discovery, distribution, pathogenic mechanism, in vivo biosynthesis, and in vitro artificial synthesis of AZA toxins. Additionally, it will summarize various detection methods employed over the past 20 years, along with their advantages and disadvantages. This effort will contribute to the future development of rapid detection technologies and the invention of detection devices for AZAs in marine environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lianghua Wang
- Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.Y.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Y.C.)
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2
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Barreiro-Crespo L, Fernández-Tejedor M, Diogène J, Rambla-Alegre M. The Temporal Distribution of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish in the Bays of Fangar and Alfacs, Northwestern Mediterranean Region. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:10. [PMID: 38251227 PMCID: PMC10819045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), and pinnatoxins (PnTXs) have been detected in shellfish from the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Spain. Several samples of bivalves were collected from Fangar Bay and Alfacs Bay in Catalonia over a period of over 7 years (from 2015 to 2021). Shellfish samples were analyzed for cyclic imines (CIs) on an LC1200 Agilent and 3200 QTrap triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. In shellfish, SPX-1 was detected in two cases (of 26.5 µg/kg and 34 µg/kg), and GYM-A was only detected in trace levels in thirteen samples. Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) was detected in 44.6% of the samples, with its concentrations ranging from 2 µg/kg to 38.4 µg/kg. Statistical analyses revealed that seawater temperature influenced the presence or absence of these toxins. PnTX-G showed an extremely significant presence/temperature relationship in both bays in comparison to SPX-1 and GYM-A. The prevalence of these toxins in different bivalve mollusks was evaluated. A seasonal pattern was observed, in which the maximum concentrations were found in the winter months for SPX-1 and GYM-A but in the summer months for PnTX-G. The obtained results indicate that it is unlikely that CIs in the studied area pose a potential health risk through the consumption of a seafood diet. However, further toxicological information about CIs is necessary in order to perform a conclusive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Barreiro-Crespo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43002 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
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3
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Panda D, Dash BP, Manickam S, Boczkaj G. Recent advancements in LC-MS based analysis of biotoxins: Present and future challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:766-803. [PMID: 33624883 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish-toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes "QuEChERS" extraction or solid-phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC-MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Panda
- Center of Excellence (CoE), Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India
| | - Bisnu P Dash
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Yarita T, Inagaki S. Characterization of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins in the Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Scallop) Midgut Gland by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2092633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yarita
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagaki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kweon SY, Park JP, Park CY, Park TJ. Graphene Oxide-Mediated Fluorometric Aptasensor for Okadaic Acid Detection. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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D’Amore T, Lo Magro S, Vita V, Di Taranto A. Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:173. [PMID: 35323472 PMCID: PMC8953077 DOI: 10.3390/md20030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the name of lipophilic marine toxins, there are included more than 1000 toxic secondary metabolites, produced by phytoplankton, with the common chemical property of lipophilicity. Due to toxicological effects and geographical distribution, in European legislation relevant compounds are regulated, and their determination is accomplished with the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In this study a modified ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EU-regulated lipophilic toxins. The method optimization included a refinement of SPE-C18 clean-up, in order to reduce matrix interferences. Improved LC conditions and upgraded chromatographic ammonia-based gradient ensured the best separation of all analytes and, in particular, of the two structural isomers (OA and DTX2). Also, different MS parameters were tested, and confirmation criteria finally established. The validation studies confirmed that all parameters were satisfactory. The requirements for precision (RSD% < 11.8% for each compound), trueness (recoveries from 73 to 101%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range 3−8 µg kg−1) were fulfilled. The matrix effect, ranging from −9 to 19%, allowed the use of a calibration curve in solvent (3−320 µg kg−1 in matrix) for quantification of real samples. Method relative uncertainty ranged from 12 to 20.3%. Additionally, a total of 1000 shellfish samples was analysed, providing a first preliminary surveillance study that may contribute to the knowledge of lipophilic marine toxins contamination. Increase in algae proliferation events and intoxication cases, EFSA suggestions for modification of maximum permitted levels and toxicity equivalency factors, and new studies of important toxic effects underline that implementation of reference methods still represents an important task for health and food safety laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa D’Amore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (S.L.M.); (V.V.); (A.D.T.)
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7
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Determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in five shellfish species from Washington State, USA. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461902. [PMID: 33486447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low extraction efficiency (60-81%) of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX1) was obtained for 4 out of 5 shellfish species from Washington State (WA), USA, during application of a standard extraction method for determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins by LC-MS/MS as recommended by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins (EURLMB). OA and total OA including esters, DTX1, DTX2, and total DTX including esters, azaspiracid 1, 2, and 3 (AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), and yessotoxin (YTX) were the toxins examined. Matrix-matched standards prepared from the same control samples used for spike-and-recovery tests were employed to evaluate toxin extraction efficiency and sample clean-up procedures. We adjusted the EURLMB extraction method by either using an acidified methanol extraction or pre-cooking shellfish homogenates at 70 °C for 20 min before EURLMB extraction. Extraction efficiency was improved markedly for OA and DTX1 with both modified methods and for YTX with the pre-cooking step included. However, recoveries were lower for YTX using the acidified methanol extraction and for PTX2 in non-mussel samples with the pre-cooking step. A hexane wash was applied to clean water-diluted non-hydrolyzed samples and a hexane wash was combined with solid-phase extraction for cleaning hydrolyzed samples. Improved sample clean-up, combined with LC-MS/MS adjustments, enabled quantification of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-regulated toxins in five shellfish species from WA with acceptable accuracy using non-matrix matched calibration standards.
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Li X, Yan M, Gu J, Lam VTT, Wai TC, Baker DM, Thompson PD, Yiu SKF, Lam PKS, Leung PTY. The effect of temperature on physiology, toxicity and toxin content of the benthic dinoflagellate Coolia malayensis from a seasonal tropical region. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116264. [PMID: 32791455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coolia malayensis is one of the commonly found benthic dinoflagellates in Hong Kong which can produce biotoxins and threaten the early life stages of marine invertebrates. Seawater temperature has been recognized as one of the primary environmental factors that affect the formation of harmful algal blooms. The present study evaluated the responses of C. malayensis, including growth, toxicity and toxin content (putative analogues of okadaic acid and azaspiracids), after exposure to a range of seven different temperatures (i.e., 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 24°C, 26°C, and 28°C). The highest algal density and specific growth rate were recorded at 24°C. Significantly higher Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of PSII) and total phaeo-pigment values were observed in the exponential growth phase at 28°C. The toxicity of the algal extract, which was assessed by the lethality rate of Artemia larvae, increased with temperature. The highest toxin content was detected at the second highest temperature treatment, i.e., 26°C. Overall, temperature had significant effects on the physiological activities and toxicity of C. malayensis. This study has raised attention to the potentially increasing risks posed by toxic benthic dinoflagellates during heat waves in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Jiarui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Veronica T T Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak-Cheung Wai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - David M Baker
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip D Thompson
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sam K F Yiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Priscilla T Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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9
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Qiu J, Chen H, Ji Y, Li T, Li A. Evaluation of different strategies to minimize the matrix effects on LC-MS/MS analysis of multiple lipophilic shellfish toxins in both acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions. Toxicon 2020; 188:16-26. [PMID: 33039366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) accumulated by shellfish pose a potential threat to consumer health. A mandatory routine monitoring of LSTs has been adopted for seafood products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in many countries. In this study, two methods developed on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions were assessed for the determination of multiple LSTs. Different strategies including matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid phase extraction (SPE) and sample dilution were applied and evaluated the matrix effects of mussel, scallop, clam, and oyster samples on the signal response of mass spectrometry. Results showed that the alkaline method achieved a lower limit of detection (LOD) and more robust compared to the acidic method. The obvious signal suppression of OA and DTX1 (55%-76%) and signal enhancement of PTX2 (27%-34%) occurred in the crude extracts of shellfish under acidic chromatography. In the alkaline method, no remarkable matrix effects of crude extracts were found except for the scallop matrix on the signal intensity of DTX1, AZA3 and GYM-A (121%-130%). Clean-up methods MSPD, SPE and sample dilution obviously reduced the inhibition of shellfish matrices on the signal response of OA and DTX1, however, which were still subject to signal inhibition under acidic condition. Sample dilution was more effective than SPE and MSPD in minimizing the matrix interference in both acidic and alkaline methods. Furthermore, sample dilution in combination with the alkaline chromatography was the most effective method. Bivalve mollusks harvested from Beibu Bay, South China Sea, were generally contaminated by GYM-A and SPX1 at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huidan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianshen Li
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Alves RN, Rambla-Alegre M, Braga AC, Maulvault AL, Barbosa V, Campàs M, Reverté L, Flores C, Caixach J, Kilcoyne J, Costa PR, Diogène J, Marques A. Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: An in vitro digestion approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molognoni L, Dos Santos JN, Kleemann CR, Costa ACO, Hoff RB, Daguer H. Cost-Effective and High-Reliability Analytical Approach for Multitoxin Screening in Bivalve Mollusks by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2691-2699. [PMID: 30753780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast, less expensive, analytical approach with high metrologic reliability was developed to assist an official program for 21 marine biotoxins, monitoring in bivalve mollusks. The simultaneous analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins was achieved using a sample preparation protocol based on solid-liquid extraction and low-temperature cleanup, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acidified methanol/water (90:10), followed by low-temperature cleanup. Chromatographic separation was obtained using a cyano-bonded silica phase. The mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile, with both 0.1% formic acid and 2.5 mmol L-1 ammonium formate. Electrospray ionization was used in both negative and positive modes. The single-laboratory validation approach enabled method performance assessment, and the necessary data to design a model for result expression were yielded. With this purpose, a systematic study of errors and uncertainties was performed. This new analytical approach aimed to minimize the use of highly expensive analytical standards, promoting economic viability to be applied by high-throughput routine laboratories. After its implementation on the Brazilian official monitoring program, positive results near the regulatory limits were obtained, demonstrating the fit for purpose of the method as a surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Jacson Nascimento Dos Santos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
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Murk AJ, Nicolas J, Smulders FJ, Bürk C, Gerssen A. Marine biotoxins: types of poisoning, underlying mechanisms of action and risk management programmes. CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-877-3_09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albertinka J. Murk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Marine Animal Ecology group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Nicolas
- 68300 Saint-Louis, France, formerly affiliated with Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Frans J.M. Smulders
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bürk
- Milchwirstschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Versuchsanstalt (MUVA) Kempten, GmbH, Ignaz-Kiechle-Straße 20-22, 87437 Kempten (Allgäu), Germany
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Determination of lipophilic marine toxins in fresh and processed shellfish using modified QuEChERS and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 272:427-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Dallarés S, Carrasco N, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Rambla-Alegre M, Solé M. Multibiomarker biomonitoring approach using three bivalve species in the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36745-36758. [PMID: 30382515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves have proved to be useful bioindicators for environmental pollution. In the present study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), cockles (Cerastoderma edule), and razor shells (Solen marginatus) were collected in the Ebro Delta, an extensive area devoted to rice farming and affected by pesticide pollution, from April to July, the heaviest rice field treatment period. Possible effects of pollution were assessed through biochemical markers (carboxylesterase (CE), antioxidant and neurotoxicity-related enzymes, and lipid peroxidation levels). Data on environmental variables, bivalve reproductive condition, and presence of organic pollutants, marine phycotoxins, pathogens, or histopathological conditions in bivalve's tissues were also evaluated. Although the bioaccumulated pesticides did not explain the patterns observed for biochemical responses, the obtained results point to an effect of environmental pesticide pollution on enzymatic markers, with a prominent contribution of CE to such changes. Mussels and razor shells provided a more sensitive biochemical response to pollution than cockles. Environmental variables, bivalve reproductive condition, and marine phycotoxins did not seem to have a relevant effect on the biomarkers assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallarés
- Institut of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Carrasco
- Institute of Research and Technology Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Research and Technology Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institut of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lee ME, Ko KH, Park NH, Lee W, Yoo HH, Lee J, Choi YS, Hong J. Reliable quantification of trace diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in high-lipid bivalves by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS in time segment polarity switching mode: Comparison of three extraction methods. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Daguer H, Hoff RB, Molognoni L, Kleemann CR, Felizardo LV. Outbreaks, toxicology, and analytical methods of marine toxins in seafood. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Krock B, Tillmann U, Wen Y, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO, Andersen AJ. Development of a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of goniodomins A and B and its application to Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax strains and plankton field samples of Danish coastal waters. Toxicon 2018; 155:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Leonardo S, Toldrà A, Rambla-Alegre M, Fernández-Tejedor M, Andree KB, Ferreres L, Campbell K, Elliott CT, O'Sullivan CK, Pazos Y, Diogène J, Campàs M. Self-assembled monolayer-based immunoassays for okadaic acid detection in seawater as monitoring tools. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 133:6-14. [PMID: 29174400 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and cost-effective methods to monitor the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in seawater samples in an easy and reliable manner are required to protect human health and avoid economic losses to shellfish industry. Immunoassays for the detection of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 and dinophysistoxin-2 are developed by immobilising OA on self-assembled monothiols or dithiols in an ordered and oriented way, providing an effective limit of detection of ∼1 ng OA equiv./mL seawater. The immunoassays are applied to the analysis of the particulate fraction of seawater samples from two Catalan harbours (NW Mediterranean) and samples collected periodically from the Galician Rias (E Atlantic), as well as a reference mussel sample. Results are in agreement with LC-MS/MS and the certified values. OA concentration in seawater correlates with Dinophysis cell abundance, with a 1-2 weeks lag. The immunoassays provide powerful high-throughput analytical methods potentially applicable as alternative monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | | | | | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Laura Ferreres
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- INTECMAR, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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Rambla-Alegre M, Miles CO, de la Iglesia P, Fernandez-Tejedor M, Jacobs S, Sioen I, Verbeke W, Samdal IA, Sandvik M, Barbosa V, Tediosi A, Madorran E, Granby K, Kotterman M, Calis T, Diogene J. Occurrence of cyclic imines in European commercial seafood and consumers risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:392-398. [PMID: 29197280 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic imines constitute a quite recently discovered group of marine biotoxins that act on neural receptors and that bioaccumulate in seafood. They are grouped together due to the imino group functioning as their common pharmacore, responsible for acute neurotoxicity in mice. Cyclic imines (CIs) have not been linked yet to human poisoning and are not regulated in the European Union (EU), although the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requires more data to perform conclusive risk assessment for consumers. Several commercial samples of bivalves including raw and processed samples from eight countries (Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Ireland, Norway, The Netherlands and Denmark) were obtained over 2 years. Emerging cyclic imine concentrations in all the samples were analysed on a LC-3200QTRAP and LC-HRMS QExactive mass spectrometer. In shellfish, two CIs, pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) and 13-desmethylspirolide C (SPX-1) were found at low concentrations (0.1-12µg/kg PnTX-G and 26-66µg/kg SPX-1), while gymnodimines and pteriatoxins were not detected in commercial (raw and processed) samples. In summary, SPX-1 (n: 47) and PnTX-G (n: 96) were detected in 9.4% and 4.2% of the samples, respectively, at concentrations higher than the limit of quantification (LOQ), and in 7.3% and 31.2% of the samples at concentrations lower than the LOQ (25µg/kg for SPX-1 and 3µg/kg for PnTX-G), respectively. For the detected cyclic imines, the average exposure and the 95th percentile were calculated. The results obtained indicate that it is unlikely that a potential health risk exists through the seafood diet for CIs in the EU. However, further information about CIs is necessary in order to perform a conclusive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1
| | | | | | - Silke Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Block A, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Block B, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Block A, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera Barbosa
- Portuguese Institute for the sea and atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Eneko Madorran
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - Michiel Kotterman
- IMARES Wageningen-UR, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Calis
- AQUATT, Olympic House, Pleasants Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jorge Diogene
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Nicolas J, Hoogenboom RL, Hendriksen PJ, Bodero M, Bovee TF, Rietjens IM, Gerssen A. Marine biotoxins and associated outbreaks following seafood consumption: Prevention and surveillance in the 21st century. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Leonardo S, Rambla-Alegre M, Samdal IA, Miles CO, Kilcoyne J, Diogène J, O'Sullivan CK, Campàs M. Immunorecognition magnetic supports for the development of an electrochemical immunoassay for azaspiracid detection in mussels. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:200-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Marine Toxins Analysis for Consumer Protection. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Identification of gymnodimine D and presence of gymnodimine variants in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea. Toxicon 2016; 112:68-76. [PMID: 26829651 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gymnodimines are lipophilic toxins produced by the marine dinoflagellates Karenia selliformis and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Currently four gymnodimine analogues are known and characterized. Here we describe a novel gymnodimine and a range of gymnodimine related compounds found in an A. ostenfeldii isolate from the northern Baltic Sea. Gymnodimine D (1) was extracted and purified from clonal cultures, and characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) experiments. The structure of 1 is related to known gymnodimines (2-5) with a six-membered cyclic imine ring and several other fragments typical of gymnodimines. However, the carbon chain in the gymnodimine macrocyclic ring differs from the known gymnodimines in having two tetrahydrofuran rings in the macrocyclic ring.
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Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxin-2 in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Stivala CE, Benoit E, Aráoz R, Servent D, Novikov A, Molgó J, Zakarian A. Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:411-35. [PMID: 25338021 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From a small group of exotic compounds isolated only two decades ago, Cyclic Imine (CI) toxins have become a major class of marine toxins with global distribution. Their distinct chemical structure, biological mechanism of action, and intricate chemistry ensures that CI toxins will continue to be the subject of fascinating fundamental studies in the broad fields of chemistry, chemical biology, and toxicology. The worldwide occurrence of potent CI toxins in marine environments, their accumulation in shellfish, and chemical stability are important considerations in assessing risk factors for human health. This review article aims to provide an account of chemistry, biology, and toxicology of CI toxins from their discovery to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Stivala
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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26
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Rúbies A, Muñoz E, Gibert D, Cortés-Francisco N, Granados M, Caixach J, Centrich F. New method for the analysis of lipophilic marine biotoxins in fresh and canned bivalves by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry: A quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, safe approach. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1386:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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de la Iglesia P, Fonollosa E, Diogène J. Assessment of acylation routes and structural characterisation by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of semi-synthetic acyl ester analogues of lipophilic marine toxins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2605-2616. [PMID: 25366407 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Esterification is one of the most important metabolic routes of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish. In this work we assessed several chemical acylation reactions aimed at obtaining acyl ester analogues via partial synthesis from the free toxins. The procedures developed including sensitive and selective methods based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) can be applied to obtain reference materials that may be used as analytical standards (internal/external) for method development and calibration, as well as to perform toxicological in vitro and in vivo studies. METHODS Acylation systems involved both anhydrous and non-anhydrous fatty acid or acid halides as a source of the acyl radical, and several catalysers of the reaction. A series of mass spectrometric experiments involving product ion scans and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were used to confirm the identity and to elucidate the fragmentation pathways of the synthesised products. RESULTS Reaction yields regarding reaction time and temperature were examined at sub-nmol scale for the acylation system consisting of palmitic anhydride and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) in anhydrous pyridine, showing the best conditions at 75 °C for 60 min, 75 °C for 120 min and 100 °C for 270 min for cyclic imines, azaspiracid-1 and pectenotoxin-2, respectively. The esterification approach was verified at a larger scale for the esterification of gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), which kept a good yield >90% for the synthesis of 10-O-palmitoyl-GYM-A. CONCLUSIONS Acyl ester analogues of lipophilic marine toxins have been synthesised and their structure elucidated by LC/MS/MS. For acyl ester analogues identical to natural metabolites, the procedures developed have potential to be applied for the semi-synthesis of metabolites in a sustainable, scalable and controlled way, avoiding extensive and tedious isolation and purification procedures from naturally contaminated shellfish. For the semi-synthetic esters structurally different than those found in shellfish, they may have applicability as internal standards for accurate quantifications of natural metabolites present in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de la Iglesia
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5. 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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Wu H, Guo M, Tan Z, Cheng H, Li Z, Zhai Y. Liquid chromatography quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry for multiclass screening and identification of lipophilic marine biotoxins in bivalve mollusks. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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García-Altares M, Casanova A, Bane V, Diogène J, Furey A, de la Iglesia P. Confirmation of pinnatoxins and spirolides in shellfish and passive samplers from Catalonia (Spain) by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole and high-resolution hybrid tandem mass spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3706-32. [PMID: 24960460 PMCID: PMC4071598 DOI: 10.3390/md12063706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic imines are lipophilic marine toxins that bioaccumulate in seafood. Their structure comprises a cyclic-imino moiety, responsible for acute neurotoxicity in mice. Cyclic imines have not been linked yet to human poisonings and are not regulated in Europe, although the European Food Safety Authority requires more data to perform a conclusive risk assessment for consumers. This work presents the first detection of pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) in Spain and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) in shellfish from Catalonia (Spain, NW Mediterranean Sea). Cyclic imines were found at low concentrations (2 to 60 µg/kg) in 13 samples of mussels and oysters (22 samples analyzed). Pinnatoxin G has been also detected in 17 seawater samples (out of 34) using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking devices (0.3 to 0.9 µg/kg-resin). Pinnatoxin G and SPX-1 were confirmed with both low and high resolution (<2 ppm) mass spectrometry by comparison of the response with that from reference standards. For other analogs without reference standards, we applied a strategy combining low resolution MS with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer for a fast and reliable screening, and high resolution MS LTQ Orbitrap® for unambiguous confirmation. The advantages and limitations of using high resolution MS without reference standards were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Altares
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
| | - Alexis Casanova
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
| | - Vaishali Bane
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and PROTEOBIO Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Pablo de la Iglesia
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Poble Nou Road, km. 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain.
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Orellana G, Vanden Bussche J, Van Meulebroek L, Vandegehuchte M, Janssen C, Vanhaecke L. Validation of a confirmatory method for lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish using UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5303-12. [PMID: 24939136 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins are produced by harmful microalgae and can accumulate in edible filter feeders such as shellfish, leading to an introduction of toxins into the human food chain, causing different poisoning effects. During the last years, analytical methods, based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been consolidated by interlaboratory validations. However, the main drawback of LC-MS/MS methods remains the limited number of compounds that can be analyzed in a single run. Due to the targeted nature of these methods, only known toxins, previously considered during method optimization, will be detected. Therefore in this study, a method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS) was developed. Its quantitative performance was evaluated for confirmatory analysis of regulated lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish flesh according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), yessotoxin (YTX), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) were quantified using matrix-matched calibration curves (MMS). For all compounds, the reproducibility ranged from 2.9 to 4.9 %, repeatability from 2.9 to 4.9 %, and recoveries from 82.9 to 113 % at the three different spiked levels. In addition, confirmatory identification of the compounds was effectively performed by the presence of a second diagnostic ion ((13)C). In conclusion, UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS permitted more accurate and faster detection of the target toxins than previously described LC-MS/MS methods. Furthermore, HRMS allows to retrospectively screen for many analogues and metabolites using its full-scan capabilities but also untargeted screening through the use of metabolomics software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Orellana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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