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Narayanan B, Sinha P, Henry R, Reeves RA, Paolocci N, Kohr MJ, Zachara NE. Cardioprotective O-GlcNAc signaling is elevated in murine female hearts via enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105447. [PMID: 37949223 PMCID: PMC10711226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-translational modification of intracellular proteins by O-linked β-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) has emerged as a critical regulator of cardiac function. Enhanced O-GlcNAcylation activates cytoprotective pathways in cardiac models of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the mechanisms underpinning O-GlcNAc cycling in response to I/R injury have not been comprehensively assessed. The cycling of O-GlcNAc is regulated by the collective efforts of two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which catalyze the addition and hydrolysis of O-GlcNAc, respectively. It has previously been shown that baseline heart physiology and pathophysiology are impacted by sex. Here, we hypothesized that sex differences in molecular signaling may target protein O-GlcNAcylation both basally and in ischemic hearts. To address this question, we subjected male and female WT murine hearts to ex vivo ischemia or I/R injury. We assessed hearts for protein O-GlcNAcylation, abundance of OGT, OGA, and glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT2), activity of OGT and OGA, and UDP-GlcNAc levels. Our data demonstrate elevated O-GlcNAcylation in female hearts both basally and during ischemia. We show that OGT activity was enhanced in female hearts in all treatments, suggesting a mechanism for these observations. Furthermore, we found that ischemia led to reduced O-GlcNAcylation and OGT-specific activity. Our findings provide a foundation for understanding molecular mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAcylation in the heart and highlight the importance of sex as a significant factor when assessing key regulatory events that control O-GlcNAc cycling. These data suggest the intriguing possibility that elevated O-GlcNAcylation in females contributes to reduced ischemic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Narayanan
- The Department of Biological Chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Prithvi Sinha
- The Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Henry
- The Department of Biological Chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell A Reeves
- The Department of Biological Chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mark J Kohr
- The Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha E Zachara
- The Department of Biological Chemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; The Department of Oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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2
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Caron P, Van Long FN, Rouleau M, Bujold E, Fortin P, Mohammadi S, Lévesque É, Breton S, Guillemette C. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of nucleotide sugars in human plasma and urine specimens and its clinical application. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Zimmer BM, Barycki JJ, Simpson MA. Mechanisms of coordinating hyaluronan and glycosaminoglycan production by nucleotide sugars. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1201-C1213. [PMID: 35442826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00130.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a versatile macromolecule capable of an exceptional range of functions from cushioning and hydration to dynamic signaling in development and disease. Because of its critical roles, hyaluronan production is regulated at multiple levels including epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational control of the three hyaluronan synthase (HAS) enzymes. Precursor availability can dictate the rate and amount of hyaluronan synthesized and shed by the cells producing it. However, the nucleotide-activated sugar substrates for hyaluronan synthesis by HAS also participate in exquisitely fine tuned cross talking pathways that intersect with central carbohydrate metabolism. Multiple UDP-sugars have alternative metabolic fates and exhibit coordinated and reciprocal allosteric control of enzymes within their biosynthetic pathways to preserve appropriate precursor ratios for accurate partitioning among downstream products, while also sensing and maintaining energy homeostasis. Since the dysregulation of nucleotide sugar and hyaluronan synthesis is associated with multiple pathologies, these pathways offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Recent structures of several key rate-limiting enzymes in the UDP-sugar synthesis pathways have offered new insights to the overall regulation of hyaluronan production by precursor fate decisions. The details of UDP-sugar control and the structural basis for underlying mechanisms are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Joseph J Barycki
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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4
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Ren J, Sherry AD. 31 P-MRS of healthy human brain: Measurement of guanosine diphosphate mannose at 7 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4576. [PMID: 34155714 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDP-Man) is the donor substrate required for mannosylation in the synthesis of glycoproteins, glycolipids and the newly discovered glycoRNA. Normal GDP-Man biosynthesis plays a crucial role in support of a variety of cellular functions, including cell recognition, cell communication and immune responses against viruses. Here, we report the detection of GDP-Man in human brain for the first time, using 31 P MRS at 7 T. The presence of GDP-Man is evidenced by the detection of a weak 31 P doublet at -10.7 ppm that can be assigned to the phosphomannosyl group (Pβ) of the GDP-Man molecule. This weak but well-resolved signal lies 0.9 ppm upfield of UDP(G) Pβ-multiplet from a mixture of UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GalNAc. In reference to ATP (2.8 mM), the concentration of GDP-Man in human brain was estimated to be 0.02 ± 0.01 mM, about 15-fold lower than the total concentration of UDP(G) (0.30 ± 0.04, N = 17) and consistent with previous reports of UDP-Man in cells and brain tissue extracts measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The reproducibility of the measured GDP-Man between test and 2-week retest was 21% ± 15% compared with 5% ± 4% for UDP(G) (N = 7). The measured concentrations of GDP-Man and UDP(G) are linearly correlated ([UDP(G)] = 4.3 [GDP-Man] + 0.02, with R = 0.66 and p = 0.0043), likely reflecting the effect of shared sugar precursors, which may vary among individuals in response to variation in nutritional intake and consumption. Given that GDP-Man has another set of doublet (Pα) at -8.3 ppm that overlaps with NAD(H) and UDP(G)-Pα signals, the amount of GDP-Man could potentially interfere with the deconvolution of these mixed signals in composition analysis. Importantly, this new finding may be useful in advancing our understanding of glycosylation and its role in the development of cancer, as well as infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Ren
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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5
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Ren J, Malloy CR, Sherry AD. 31 P-MRS of the healthy human brain at 7 T detects multiple hexose derivatives of uridine diphosphate glucose. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4511. [PMID: 33772915 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are required for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids, which play crucial roles in many cellular functions such as cell communication and immune responses. Uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc) was previously believed to be the only nucleotide sugar detectable in brain by 31 P-MRS. Using spectra of high SNR and high resolution acquired at 7 T, we showed that multiple nucleotide sugars are coexistent in brain and can be measured simultaneously. In addition to UDP-Glc, these also include UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), -N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and -N-acetyl-galactosamine (UDP-GalNAc), collectively denoted as UDP(G). Coexistence of these UDP(G) species is evident from a quartet-like multiplet at -9.8 ppm (M-9.8 ), which is a common feature seen across a wide age range (24-64 years). Lineshape fitting of M-9.8 allows an evaluation of all four UDP(G) components, which further aids in analysis of a mixed signal at -8.2 ppm (M-8.2 ) for deconvolution of NAD+ and NADH. For a group of seven young healthy volunteers, the concentrations of UDP(G) species were 0.04 ± 0.01 mM for UDP-Gal, 0.07 ± 0.03 mM for UDP-Glc, 0.06 ± 0.02 mM for UDP-GalNAc and 0.08 ± 0.03 mM for UDP-GlcNA, in reference to ATP (2.8 mM). The combined concentration of all UDP(G) species (average 0.26 ± 0.06 mM) was similar to the pooled concentration of NAD+ and NADH (average 0.27 ± 0.06 mM, with a NAD+ /NADH ratio of 6.7 ± 2.1), but slightly lower than previously found in an older cohort (0.31 mM). The in vivo NMR analysis of UDP-sugar composition is consistent with those from tissue extracts by other modalities in the literature. Given that glycosylation is dependent on the availability of nucleotide sugars, assaying multiple nucleotide sugars may provide valuable insights into potential aberrant glycosylation, which has been implicated in certain diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Ren
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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6
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Akazawa Y, Yoshida H, Endo Y, Sugita J, Yakumaru M, Sayo T. 1-Ethyl-β-N-acetylglucosaminide increases hyaluronan production in human keratinocytes by being converted to N-acetylglucosamine via β-N-acetylglucosaminidase-dependent manner. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1433-1440. [PMID: 33836055 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of hyaluronan (HA) is important for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. Here, we examined the mechanism by which 1-ethyl-β-N-acetylglucosaminide (β-NAG2), a newly developed N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) derivative, increases HA production in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. When keratinocytes were treated with β-NAG2, mRNA expression of HA synthase 3, which is responsible for HA production in human keratinocytes, was not influenced, but the intracellular level of UDP-NAG, a substrate used for HA synthesis, was increased. By using a synthetic substrate for β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-NAGase), keratinocytes were found to possess β-NAGase activity, and treatment of o-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene) amino N-phenyl carbamate (PUGNAc), an inhibitor of β-NAGase, abolished the release of NAG from β-NAG2 in keratinocytes. Furthermore, PUGNAc attenuated the β-NAG2-induced intracellular UDP-NAG and HA production in keratinocytes. These results suggest that β-NAG2 is converted to NAG by endogenous β-NAGase in keratinocytes, and the resulting NAG is further metabolized to UDP-NAG and utilized for HA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Akazawa
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Sugita
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yakumaru
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sayo
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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7
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Mathur B, Shajahan A, Arif W, Chen Q, Hand NJ, Abramowitz LK, Schoonjans K, Rader DJ, Kalsotra A, Hanover JA, Azadi P, Anakk S. Nuclear receptors FXR and SHP regulate protein N-glycan modifications in the liver. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabf4865. [PMID: 33883138 PMCID: PMC8059921 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) are key regulators of metabolism. Here, we report a previously unknown function for the hepatic FXR-SHP axis in controlling protein N-linked glycosylation. Transcriptome analysis in liver-specific Fxr-Shp double knockout (LDKO) livers revealed induction of genes encoding enzymes in the N-glycosylation pathway, including Mgat5, Fut8, St3gal6, and St6gal1 FXR activation suppressed Mgat5, while Shp deletion induced St3gal6 and St6gal1 Increased percentages of core-fucosylated and triantennary glycan moieties were seen in LDKO livers, and proteins with the "hyperglycoforms" preferentially localized to exosomes and lysosomes. This up-regulation of N-glycosylation machinery was specific to the Golgi apparatus and not the endoplasmic reticulum. The increased glycan complexity in the LDKO correlated well with dilated unstacked Golgi ribbons and alterations in the secretion of albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Our findings demonstrate a role for the FXR-SHP axis in maintaining glycoprotein diversity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Asif Shajahan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Waqar Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lara K Abramowitz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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8
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Ma J, Wu C, Hart GW. Analytical and Biochemical Perspectives of Protein O-GlcNAcylation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1513-1581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Gerald W. Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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9
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Ren J, Malloy CR, Sherry AD. Quantitative measurement of redox state in human brain by 31 P MRS at 7T with spectral simplification and inclusion of multiple nucleotide sugar components in data analysis. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2338-2351. [PMID: 32385936 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a simplified method for quantitative measurement of NAD+ /NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides) levels in human brain by 31 P MRS without interference from the α-ATP signal and with inclusion of multiple UDP-sugar components. METHODS Simple pulse-acquire 31 P MR spectra were collected at 7T with and without a frequency-selective inversion pulse to remove the dominant α-ATP signal from the underlying NAD(H) signal. Careful inspection of the 31 P signal at -9.8 ppm previously assigned to UDP-glucose revealed multiple UDP-sugar components that must also be considered when deconvoluting the NAD(H) signal to quantify NAD+ and NADH. Finally, the overlapping NAD(H) and UDP(G) resonances were deconvoluted into individual components using Voigt lineshape analysis and UDP(G) modeling. RESULTS The inversion-based spectral editing method enabled clean separation of the NAD(H) signal from the otherwise dominant α-ATP signal. In addition, the upfield signal near -9.8 ppm appears more "quartet-like" than a simple doublet consistent with contributions from other nucleotide sugars such as UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine, and UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine in addition to UDP-glucose. Deconvolution of the combined NAD(H) and UDP(G) signals showed that the measured NAD+ /NAD ratio was heavily influenced by UDP(G) modeling (7.5 ± 1.8 when the UDP(G) signal was fitted as multiple doublets versus 5.3 ± 0.6 when a simplified pseudo doublet model was used). In a test/re-test experiments separated by 2 weeks, consistent NAD+ /NADH ratios were measured in the brain of seven human subjects. CONCLUSIONS The NAD+ /NADH ratio in human brain can be measured using 31 P MR spectra simplified by spectral editing and with inclusion of multiple UDP-sugar components in the data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Ren
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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10
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Sainio A, Takabe P, Oikari S, Salomäki-Myftari H, Koulu M, Söderström M, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Järveläinen H. Metformin decreases hyaluronan synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells. J Investig Med 2019; 68:383-391. [PMID: 31672719 PMCID: PMC7063400 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes worldwide based on its effectiveness and cardiovascular safety. Currently metformin is increasingly used during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, even if the long-term effects of metformin on offspring are not exactly known. We have previously shown that high glucose concentration increases hyaluronan (HA) production of cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) via stimulating the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). This offers a potential mechanism whereby hyperglycemia leads to vascular macroangiopathy. In this study, we examined whether gestational metformin use affects HA content in the aortic wall of mouse offspring in vivo. We also examined the effect of metformin on HA synthesis by cultured human VSMCs in vitro. We found that gestational metformin use significantly decreased HA content in the intima-media of mouse offspring aortas. In accordance with this, the synthesis of HA by VSMCs was also significantly decreased in response to treatment with metformin. This decrease in HA synthesis was shown to be due to the reduction of both the expression of HAS2 and the amount of HAS substrates, particularly UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. As shown here, gestational metformin use is capable to program reduced HA content in the vascular wall of the offspring strongly supporting the idea, that metformin possesses long-term vasculoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annele Sainio
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Piia Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland-Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland-Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland-Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Markku Koulu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland
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11
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Abstract
UDP-sugars are important substrates for the synthesis of various cellular glycans and glycoconjugates, many of which play essential roles in the pathobiology of diseases associated with deranged glucose metabolism, such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. Hence, their analysis from cultured cells and especially from tissue samples can give valuable information. This chapter describes a method for UDP-sugar isolation from various sources utilizing ion-pair solid-phase extraction with graphitized carbon cartridges, and their analysis using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku I Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Qin X, Wang X. Quantification of nucleotides and their sugar conjugates in biological samples: Purposes, instruments and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:280-287. [PMID: 29902692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides and their sugar conjugates are fundamental molecules in life, participating in processes of DNA/RNA composition, cell wall build-up, glycosylation reactions, and signal conduction. Therefore, the quantification of these compounds in biological samples significantly benefits the understanding of their functions. However, nucleotides and nucleotide sugars are extremely hydrophilic, causing bad retention and peak symmetry on regular C18 chromatographic columns. To solve this problem, ion-pair (IP) chromatography, ion-exchange (IE) chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) were applied, of which differentiated mechanisms were utilized to increase the retention of the analytes on the stationary phases. IP-HPLC and HILIC were convenient for coupling with many kinds of detectors (ultraviolet, UV or mass spectrometry, MS). Combining these two kinds of techniques, the advantages of better separation and retention were increased, while disadvantages like irreversible adsorption by stationary phases were greatly decreased. Due to the high concentrations of nonvolatile buffer salts used, IE-HPLC was not suitable for MS detectors. Protein precipitation and solid phase extraction were the common methods for sample treatment in the analysis of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. By carefully optimizing the LCUV or LCMS conditions, high sensitivities could be achieved, and the methods could be applied to the analysis of many kinds of biological samples (cells, tissues, plants, bacteria, etc.). Developing new analyzing techniques may help the utilization of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Extracellular ATP activates hyaluronan synthase 2 ( HAS2) in epidermal keratinocytes via P2Y 2, Ca 2+ signaling, and MAPK pathways. Biochem J 2018; 475:1755-1772. [PMID: 29626161 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are used as signaling molecules by several cell types. In epidermis, their release is triggered by insults such as ultraviolet radiation, barrier disruption, and tissue wounding, and by specific nerve terminals firing. Increased synthesis of hyaluronan, a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, also occurs in response to stress, leading to the attractive hypothesis that nucleotide signaling and hyaluronan synthesis could also be linked. In HaCaT keratinocytes, ATP caused a rapid and strong but transient activation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression via protein kinase C-, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and calcium response element-binding protein-dependent pathways by activating the purinergic P2Y2 receptor. Smaller but more persistent up-regulation of HAS3 and CD44, and delayed up-regulation of HAS1 were also observed. Accumulation of peri- and extracellular hyaluronan followed 4-6 h after stimulation, an effect further enhanced by the hyaluronan precursor glucosamine. AMP and adenosine, the degradation products of ATP, markedly inhibited HAS2 expression and, despite concomitant up-regulation of HAS1 and HAS3, inhibited hyaluronan synthesis. Functionally, ATP moderately increased cell migration, whereas AMP and adenosine had no effect. Our data highlight the strong influence of adenosinergic signaling on hyaluronan metabolism in human keratinocytes. Epidermal insults are associated with extracellular ATP release, as well as rapid up-regulation of HAS2/3, CD44, and hyaluronan synthesis, and we show here that the two phenomena are linked. Furthermore, as ATP is rapidly degraded, the opposite effects of its less phosphorylated derivatives facilitate a rapid shut-off of the hyaluronan response, providing a feedback mechanism to prevent excessive reactions when more persistent signals are absent.
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14
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Hämäläinen L, Kärkkäinen E, Takabe P, Rauhala L, Bart G, Kärnä R, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Oikari S, Tammi MI, Tammi RH. Hyaluronan metabolism enhanced during epidermal differentiation is suppressed by vitamin C. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:651-661. [PMID: 29405260 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronan is a large, linear glycosaminoglycan present throughout the narrow extracellular space of the vital epidermis. Increased hyaluronan metabolism takes place in epidermal hypertrophy, wound healing and cancer. Hyaluronan is produced by hyaluronan synthases and catabolized by hyaluronidases, reactive oxygen species and KIAA1199. OBJECTIVES To investigate the changes in hyaluronan metabolism during epidermal stratification and maturation, and the impact of vitamin C on these events. METHODS Hyaluronan synthesis and expression of the hyaluronan-related genes were analysed during epidermal maturation from a simple epithelium to a fully differentiated epidermis in organotypic cultures of rat epidermal keratinocytes using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining and Western blotting, in the presence and absence of vitamin C. RESULTS With epidermal stratification, both the production and the degradation of hyaluronan were enhanced, resulting in an increase of hyaluronan fragments of various sizes. While the mRNA levels of Has3 and KIAA1199 remained stable during the maturation, Has1, Has2 and Hyal2 showed a transient upregulation during stratification, Hyal1 transcription remained permanently increased and transcription of the hyaluronan receptor, Cd44, decreased. At maturation, vitamin C downregulated Has2, Hyal2 and Cd44, whereas it increased high-molecular-mass hyaluronan in the epidermis, and reduced small fragments in the medium, suggesting stabilization of epidermal hyaluronan. CONCLUSIONS Epidermal stratification and maturation is associated with enhanced hyaluronan turnover, and release of large amounts of hyaluronan fragments. The high turnover is suppressed by vitamin C, which is suggested to enhance normal epidermal differentiation in part through its effect on hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hämäläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Rauhala
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - G Bart
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R Kärnä
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M I Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R H Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Oikari S, Kettunen T, Tiainen S, Häyrinen J, Masarwah A, Sudah M, Sutela A, Vanninen R, Tammi M, Auvinen P. UDP-sugar accumulation drives hyaluronan synthesis in breast cancer. Matrix Biol 2018; 67:63-74. [PMID: 29331336 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased uptake of glucose, a general hallmark of malignant tumors, leads to an accumulation of intermediate metabolites of glycolysis. We investigated whether the high supply of these intermediates promotes their flow into UDP-sugars, and consequently into hyaluronan, a tumor-promoting matrix molecule. We quantified UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) in human breast cancer biopsies, the levels of enzymes contributing to their synthesis, and their association with the hyaluronan accumulation in the tumor. The content of UDP-GlcUA was 4 times, and that of UDP-GlcNAc 12 times higher in the tumors as compared to normal glandular tissue obtained from breast reductions. The surge of UDP-GlcNAc correlated with an elevated mRNA expression of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 2 (GFAT2), one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, and the expression of GFAT1 was also elevated. The contents of both UDP-sugars strongly correlated with tumor hyaluronan levels. Interestingly, hyaluronan content did not correlate with the mRNA levels of the hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3), thus emphasizing the role of the UDP-sugar substrates of these enzymes. The UDP-sugars showed a trend to higher levels in ductal vs. lobular cancer subtypes. The results reveal for the first time a dramatic increase of UDP-sugars in breast cancer, and suggest that their high supply drives the accumulation of hyaluronan, a known promoter of breast cancer and other malignancies. In general, the study shows how the disturbed glucose metabolism typical for malignant tumors can influence cancer microenvironment through UDP-sugars and hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiia Kettunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Satu Tiainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Häyrinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amro Masarwah
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mazen Sudah
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Sutela
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Auvinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Identification and characterization of UDP-mannose in human cell lines and mouse organs: Differential distribution across brain regions and organs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:401-407. [PMID: 29101027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum is a key process for synthesizing various glycans. Guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDP-Man) and dolichol phosphate-mannose serve as donor substrates for mannosylation in mammals and are used in N-glycosylation, O-mannosylation, C-mannosylation, and the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor (GPI-anchor). Here, we report for the first time that low-abundant uridine diphosphate-mannose (UDP-Man), which can serve as potential donor substrate, exists in mammals. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that mouse brain, especially hypothalamus and neocortex, contains higher concentrations of UDP-Man compared to other organs. In cultured human cell lines, addition of mannose in media increased UDP-Man concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that in mammals the minor nucleotide sugar UDP-Man regulates glycosylation, especially mannosylation in specific organs or conditions.
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17
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Jokela T, Kärnä R, Rauhala L, Bart G, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Oikari S, Tammi MI, Tammi RH. Human Keratinocytes Respond to Extracellular UTP by Induction of Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Expression and Increased Hyaluronan Synthesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4861-4872. [PMID: 28188289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of nucleotides into extracellular space is triggered by insults like wounding and ultraviolet radiation, resulting in stimulatory or inhibitory signals via plasma membrane nucleotide receptors. As similar insults are known to activate hyaluronan synthesis we explored the possibility that extracellular UTP or its breakdown products UDP and UMP act as mediators for hyaluronan synthase (HAS) activation in human epidermal keratinocytes. UTP increased hyaluronan both in the pericellular matrix and in the culture medium of HaCaT cells. 10-100 μm UTP strongly up-regulated HAS2 expression, although the other hyaluronan synthases (HAS1, HAS3) and hyaluronidases (HYAL1, HYAL2) were not affected. The HAS2 response was rapid and transient, with the maximum stimulation at 1.5 h. UDP exerted a similar effect, but higher concentrations were required for the response, and UMP showed no stimulation at all. Specific siRNAs against the UTP receptor P2Y2, and inhibitors of UDP receptors P2Y6 and P2Y14, indicated that the response to UTP was mediated mainly through P2Y2 and to a lesser extent via UDP receptors. UTP increased the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, CREB, and Ser-727 of STAT3 and induced nuclear translocation of pCaMKII. Inhibitors of PKC, p38, ERK, CaMKII, STAT3, and CREB partially blocked the activation of HAS2 expression, confirming the involvement of these pathways in the UTP-induced HAS2 response. The present data reveal a selective up-regulation of HAS2 expression by extracellular UTP, which is likely to contribute to the previously reported rapid activation of hyaluronan metabolism in response to tissue trauma or ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Jokela
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Kärnä
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leena Rauhala
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Genevieve Bart
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sanna Oikari
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku I Tammi
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija H Tammi
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Deen AJ, Arasu UT, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Hassinen A, Takabe P, Wojciechowski S, Kärnä R, Rilla K, Kellokumpu S, Tammi R, Tammi M, Oikari S. UDP-sugar substrates of HAS3 regulate its O-GlcNAcylation, intracellular traffic, extracellular shedding and correlate with melanoma progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3183-204. [PMID: 26883802 PMCID: PMC11108457 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan content is a powerful prognostic factor in many cancer types, but the molecular basis of its synthesis in cancer still remains unclear. Hyaluronan synthesis requires the transport of hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3) from Golgi to plasma membrane (PM), where the enzymes are activated. For the very first time, the present study demonstrated a rapid recycling of HAS3 between PM and endosomes, controlled by the cytosolic levels of the HAS substrates UDP-GlcUA and UDP-GlcNAc. Depletion of UDP-GlcNAc or UDP-GlcUA shifted the balance towards HAS3 endocytosis, and inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis. In contrast, UDP-GlcNAc surplus suppressed endocytosis and lysosomal decay of HAS3, favoring its retention in PM, stimulating hyaluronan synthesis, and HAS3 shedding in extracellular vesicles. The concentration of UDP-GlcNAc also controlled the level of O-GlcNAc modification of HAS3. Increasing O-GlcNAcylation reproduced the effects of UDP-GlcNAc surplus on HAS3 trafficking, while its suppression showed the opposite effects, indicating that O-GlcNAc signaling is associated to UDP-GlcNAc supply. Importantly, a similar correlation existed between the expression of GFAT1 (the rate limiting enzyme in UDP-GlcNAc synthesis) and hyaluronan content in early and deep human melanomas, suggesting the association of UDP-sugar metabolism in initiation of melanomagenesis. In general, changes in glucose metabolism, realized through UDP-sugar contents and O-GlcNAc signaling, are important in HAS3 trafficking, hyaluronan synthesis, and correlates with melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashik Jawahar Deen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Piia Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Kärnä
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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19
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Isolation and analysis of sugar nucleotides using solid phase extraction and fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. MethodsX 2016; 3:251-60. [PMID: 27222820 PMCID: PMC4821447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The building blocks of simple and complex oligosaccharides, termed sugar nucleotides, are often overlooked for their role in metabolic diseases and may hold the key to the underlying disease pathogenesis. Multiple reasons may account for the lack of analysis and quantitation of these sugar nucleotides, including the difficulty in isolation and purification as well as the required expensive instrumentation such as a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometer, or capillary electrophoresis. We have established a simple yet effective way to purify and quantitate sugar nucleotides using solid phase extraction (SPE) chromatography combined with fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). The simplicity of use, combined with the ability to run multiple samples at one time, give this technique a distinct advantage over the established methods for isolation and analysis of sugar nucleotides from cell culture models. Sugar nucleotides can be easily purified with solid phase extraction chromatography. FACE can be used to analyze multiple nucleotide sugar extracts with a single run. The proposed method is simple, affordable, and uses common everyday research labware.
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Key Words
- AMAC, 2-aminoacridone
- APS, ammonium persulfate
- CMP, cytosine monophosphate
- Carbohydrate
- Electrophoresis
- FACE, fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis
- Face
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Gal, galactose
- GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- GlcUA, glucuronic acid
- HPLC
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- Man, Mannose
- NeuAc, sialic acid
- SPE, solid phase extraction
- Sugar nucleotide analysis by SPE and FACE
- Sugar nucleotides
- TEAA, triethylamine acetate
- TEMED, N′,N′,N′N′-tetramethylenediamine
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
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20
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Oikari S, Makkonen K, Deen AJ, Tyni I, Kärnä R, Tammi RH, Tammi MI. Hexosamine biosynthesis in keratinocytes: roles of GFAT and GNPDA enzymes in the maintenance of UDP-GlcNAc content and hyaluronan synthesis. Glycobiology 2016; 26:710-22. [PMID: 26887390 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is a glucose metabolite with pivotal functions as a key substrate for the synthesis of glycoconjugates like hyaluronan, and as a metabolic sensor that controls cell functions through O-GlcNAc modification of intracellular proteins. However, little is known about the regulation of hexosamine biosynthesis that controls UDP-GlcNAc content. Four enzymes can catalyze the crucial starting point of the pathway, conversion of fructose-6-phosphate (Fru6P) to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P): glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferases (GFAT1 and 2) and glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminases (GNPDA1 and 2). Using siRNA silencing, we studied the contributions of these enzymes to UDP-GlcNAc content and hyaluronan synthesis in human keratinocytes. Depletion of GFAT1 reduced the cellular pool of UDP-GlcNAc and hyaluronan synthesis, while simultaneous blocking of both GNPDA1 and GDPDA2 exerted opposite effects, indicating that in standard culture conditions keratinocyte GNPDAs mainly catalyzed the reaction from GlcN6P back to Fru6P. However, when hexosamine biosynthesis was blocked by GFAT1 siRNA, the effect by GNPDAs was reversed, now catalyzing Fru6P towards GlcN6P, likely in an attempt to maintain UDP-GlcNAc content. Silencing of these enzymes also changed the gene expression of related enzymes: GNPDA1 siRNA induced GFAT2 which was hardly measurable in these cells under standard culture conditions, GNPDA2 siRNA increased GFAT1, and GFAT1 siRNA increased the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). Silencing of GFAT1 stimulated GNPDA1 and GDPDA2, and inhibited cell migration. The multiple delicate adjustments of these reactions demonstrate the importance of hexosamine biosynthesis in cellular homeostasis, known to be deranged in diseases like diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Oikari
- Institutes of Biomedicine Department of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Katri Makkonen
- Institutes of Biomedicine Department of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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21
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Simultaneous determination of intracellular UDP-sugars in hyaluronic acid-producing Streptococcus zooepidemicus. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 997:194-9. [PMID: 26114654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two chromatographic methods for the quantitative analysis of uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars involved in hyaluronan pathway of Streptococcus zooepidemicus (SEZ) were developed and compared. The sample preparation protocol using centrifugation and extraction in hot ethanol was employed prior to the analyses. Separation was achieved using an anion exchange Spherisorb SAX column or a Shodex QA-825 column connected with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. To increase the throughput of the chromatography method employing the Spherisorb SAX column, the solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was introduced. Method validation results displayed that limits of detection (LODs) of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) calculated according to QC Expert software were in the low micromolar range and the coefficient of correlation (R(2)) was above 0.997. However, the analytical technique using the Spherisorb SAX column resulted in 80-90% recoveries and low LODs (≤6.19μM), the Shodex QA-825 column showed better long-term stability and reproducible chromatographic properties (RSD≤5.60%). The Shodex QA-825 column was successfully used to monitor UDP-sugar levels during the growth rate of SEZ cells.
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22
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Kubo T, Kanemori K, Kusumoto R, Kawai T, Sueyoshi K, Naito T, Otsuka K. Simple and effective label-free capillary electrophoretic analysis of sugars by complexation using quinoline boronic acids. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5068-73. [PMID: 25907638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An effective separation and detection procedure for sugars by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using a complexation between quinolineboronic acid (QBA) and multiple hydroxyl structure of sugar alcohol is reported. We investigated the variation of fluorescence spectra of a variety of QBAs with sorbitol at a wide range of pH conditions and then found that 5-isoQBA strongly enhanced the fluorescence intensity by the complexation at basic pH conditions. The other sugar alcohols having multiple hydroxyls also revealed the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity with 5-isoQBA, whereas the alternation of the intensity was not found in the sugars such as glucose. After optimization of the 5-isoQBA concentration and pH of the buffered solution in CE analysis, 6 sugar alcohols were successfully separated in the order based on the formation constants with 5-isoQBA, which were calculated from the variation of the fluorescence intensity with each sugar alcohol and 5-isoQBA. Furthermore, the limits of detection for sorbitol and xylitol by the CE method were estimated at 15 and 27 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kubo
- †Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Kanemori
- †Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Risa Kusumoto
- †Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- ‡Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice Unit, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- §Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Naito
- †Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- †Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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23
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Determination of N-acetylglucosamine in cosmetic formulations and skin test samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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