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Elshamy YS, Strein TG, Holland LA, Li C, DeBastiani A, Valentine SJ, Li P, Lucas JA, Shaffer TA. Nanoflow Sheath Voltage-Free Interfacing of Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11329-11336. [PMID: 35913997 PMCID: PMC9387528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful strategy to leverage a high separation efficiency with structural identification. Traditional CE-MS interfacing relies upon voltage to drive this process. Additionally, sheathless interfacing requires that the electrophoresis generates a sufficient volumetric flow to sustain the ionization process. Vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (VSSI) is a new method to interface capillary electrophoresis to mass analyzers. In contrast to traditional interfacing, VSSI is voltage-free, making it straightforward for CE and MS. New nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is introduced in this work to reduce the reliance on the separation flow rate to facilitate the transfer of analyte to the MS. The nanoflow sheath VSSI spray ionization functions from 400 to 900 nL/min. Using the new nanoflow sheath reported here, volumetric flow rate through the separation capillary is less critical, allowing the use of a small (i.e., 20 to 25 μm) inner diameter separation capillary and enabling the use of higher separation voltages and faster analysis. Moreover, the use of a nanoflow sheath enables greater flexibility in the separation conditions. The nanoflow sheath is operated using aqueous solutions in the background electrolyte and in the sheath, demonstrating the separation can be performed under normal and reversed polarity in the presence or absence of electroosmotic flow. This includes the use of a wider pH range as well. The versatility of nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is demonstrated by separating cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic molecules under a variety of separation conditions. The detection sensitivity observed with nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is comparable to that obtained with sheathless CE-VSSI-MS as well as CE-MS separations with electrospray ionization interfacing. A bare fused silica capillary is used to separate cationic β-blockers with a near-neutral background electrolyte at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 1.0 μM. Under acidic conditions, 13 amino acids are separated with normal polarity at a concentration ranging from 0.25 to 5 μM. Finally, separations of anionic compounds are demonstrated using reversed polarity under conditions of suppressed electroosmotic flow through the use of a semipermanent surface coating. With a near-neutral separation electrolyte, anionic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are detected over a concentration range of 0.1 to 5.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef S Elshamy
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Timothy G Strein
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - John A Lucas
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tyler A Shaffer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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2
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Fanali C, D’Orazio G, Gentili A, Fanali S. Analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs by using Microfluidic Techniques: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200401124059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review paper, miniaturized techniques, including both electromigration and liquid
chromatographic techniques, have been discussed considering their main features in the analytical field
for the separation and analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). In Capillary Electrophoresis
(CE) and nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC), separation is performed in capillaries
with Internal Diameter (I.D.) lower than 100 μm and therefore flow rates in the range 100-1000 nL/min
are applied. Therefore, due to the low flow rate, high mass sensitivity can be obtained. Usually, conventional
UV detectors are used on-line; however, these techniques can be coupled with Mass Spectrometry
(MS). CE and nano-LC have also been applied to the separation of NSAIDs using silica stationary
phases (SP) modified with C<sub>18</sub> promoting interaction with analytes mainly based on hydrophobic
interaction. Besides, the use of chiral SP was found to be effective for the chiral resolution of these
compounds. In addition to silica phases, monolithic (both organic and inorganic) material has also been
used. Although most of the presented studies aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the considered
microfluidic techniques, some applications to real samples have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Faculty of Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome,Italy
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29,300 - 00015 Monterotondo,Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza“, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma,Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona,Italy
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Pratiwi R, Noviana E, Fauziati R, Carrão DB, Gandhi FA, Majid MA, Saputri FA. A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:800. [PMID: 33557168 PMCID: PMC7913935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimadani Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Rizky Fauziati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - Firas Adinda Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Mutiara Aini Majid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Febrina Amelia Saputri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
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Abstract
The role of the analytical methods and their validations has been important in quantification of drugs from their
dosage forms or biological samples in recent years. Development of analytical methodscoupled with each other, is useful
for the investigation of behavior of drugs or metabolites or impurities, and is also a useful tool for sensitive detections.
The recent roles of spectroscopy, chromatography, titrimetry, electrochemistry and capillary electrophoresis have been
explained here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul K. Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Science, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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van Mever M, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R. CE-MS for anionic metabolic profiling: An overview of methodological developments. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2349-2359. [PMID: 31106868 PMCID: PMC6771621 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficient profiling of highly polar and charged metabolites in biological samples remains a huge analytical challenge in metabolomics. Over the last decade, new analytical techniques have been developed for the selective and sensitive analysis of polar ionogenic compounds in various matrices. Still, the analysis of such compounds, notably for acidic ionogenic metabolites, remains a challenging endeavor, even more when the available sample size becomes an issue for the total analytical workflow. In this paper, we give an overview of the possibilities of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for anionic metabolic profiling by focusing on main methodological developments. Attention is paid to the development of improved separation conditions and new interfacing designs in CE-MS for anionic metabolic profiling. A complete overview of all CE-MS-based methods developed for this purpose is provided in table format (Table 1) which includes information on sample type, separation conditions, mass analyzer and limits of detection (LODs). Selected applications are discussed to show the utility of CE-MS for anionic metabolic profiling, especially for small-volume biological samples. On the basis of the examination of the reported literature in this specific field, we conclude that there is still room for the design of a highly sensitive and reliable CE-MS method for anionic metabolic profiling. A rigorous validation and the availability of standard operating procedures would be highly favorable in order to make CE-MS an alternative, viable analytical technique for metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlien van Mever
- Biomedical Microscale AnalyticsLeiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical BioSciences & MetabolomicsLeiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Biomedical Microscale AnalyticsLeiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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6
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Guo J, Li G, Zhang H, Jia X, Meng Q, Liu W. Coupling of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1639-1647. [PMID: 30892711 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) function as a detector and another dimension of separation was coupled with CE to achieve two-dimensional separation. To improve the performance of hyphenated CE-IMS instrument, electrospray ionization correlation ion mobility spectrometry is evaluated and compared with traditional signal averaging data acquisition method using tetraalkylammonium bromide compounds. The effect of various parameters on the separation including sample introduction, sheath fluid of CE and drift gas, data acquisition method of IMS were investigated. The experimental result shows that the optimal conditions are as follows: hydrodynamic sample injection method, the electrophoresis voltage is 10 kilo volts, 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 80% acetonitrile as both the background electrolyte and the electrospray ionization sheath fluid, the ESI liquid flow rate is 4.5 μL/min, the drift voltage is 10.5 kilo volts, the drift gas temperature is 383 K and the drift gas flow rate is 300 mL/min. Under the above conditions, the mixture standards of seven tetraalkylammoniums can be completely separated within 10 min both by CE and IMS. The linear range was 5-250 μg/mL, with LOD of 0.152, 0.204, 0.277, 0.382, 0.466, 0.623 and 0.892 μg/mL, respectively. Compared with traditional capillary electrophoresis detection methods, the developed CE-ESI-IMS method not only provide two sets of qualitative parameters including electrophoresis migration time and ion drift time, ion mobility spectrometer can also provide an additional dimension of separation and could apply to the detection ultra-violet transparent compounds or none fluorescent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Southwest MinZu University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guozhu Li
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xu Jia
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Meng
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China.,Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
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7
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Azab S, Ly R, Britz-McKibbin P. Robust Method for High-Throughput Screening of Fatty Acids by Multisegment Injection-Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry with Stringent Quality Control. Anal Chem 2018; 91:2329-2336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Azab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ritchie Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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8
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Synergistic coupling of in-line single-drop microextraction and on-line large-volume sample stacking for capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:1067-1073. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Tejada-Casado C, Moreno-González D, del Olmo-Iruela M, García-Campaña AM, Lara FJ. Coupling sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the therapeutic monitoring of benzimidazoles in animal urine by dilute and shoot. Talanta 2017; 175:542-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Moreno-González D, Haselberg R, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Fully compatible and ultra-sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using sheathless porous-tip interfacing. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:283-289. [PMID: 28992989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The on-line coupling of micellar electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS) is often hampered by incompatibility problems leading to reduced separation performance and unfavorable limits of detection (LODs). Here we propose a new selective and highly sensitive MEKC-MS/MS method employing a sheathless porous-tip interface in combination with a micellar phase comprised of semi-volatile surfactant molecules. Carbamate pesticides (CRBs) were selected as representative model compounds being neutral toxic pollutants potentially present at trace levels in environmental water samples. A background electrolyte of 75mM perfluorooctanoic acid adjusted to pH 9.0 with ammonium hydroxide allowed efficient separation of 15 CRBs and appeared fully compatible with electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. Interfacing parameters, such as the distance between the capillary tip and mass-spectrometer inlet, ESI voltage, and dry gas temperature and flow were optimized in order to attain good spray stability and high analyte signal-to-noise ratios. For CRBs the LODs ranged from 0.2 to 3.9ngL-1 (13nL injected, i.e., 2% of capillary volume), representing an improvement for certain CRBs of more than 300-fold when compared with conventional sheath-liquid interfacing. Good linearity (R2>0.99) and satisfactory reproducibility were obtained for all CRBs with interday RSD values for peak area and migration time of 4.0-11.3% and below 1.5%, respectively. Analysis of spiked mineral water showed that the new MEKC-MS/MS method allows selective and quantitative determination of CRB concentrations below the maximum residue limit of 100ngL-1 without the need for sample preconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Gerhardus J de Jong
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Jiang Y, He MY, Zhang WJ, Luo P, Guo D, Fang X, Xu W. Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodology. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Sarver SA, Schiavone NM, Arceo J, Peuchen EH, Zhang Z, Sun L, Dovichi NJ. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to negative mode electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using an electrokinetically-pumped nanospray interface with primary amines grafted to the interior of a glass emitter. Talanta 2017; 165:522-525. [PMID: 28153293 PMCID: PMC5651131 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an electrokinetically pumped sheath flow nanospray interface for capillary electrophoresis coupled to negative mode electrospray mass spectrometry. In this interface, application of an electric field generates electro-osmotic flow at the interior of a glass emitter that is pulled to a 10-20µm inner diameter orifice. Electro-osmotic flow pumps liquid around the distal tip of the separation capillary, ensheathing analyte into the electrospray electrolyte. In negative ion mode, negative potential applied to an untreated glass emitter drives sheath flow away from the emitter orifice, decreasing the stability and efficiency of the spray. In this manuscript, we treat a portion of the interior of the electrospray emitter with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, which grafts primary amines to the interior. The amines take on a positive charge, which reverses electro-osmosis and generates stable sheath flow to the emitter orifice under negative potential. Negative mode operation is demonstrated by analyzing a metabolite extract from stage 1 Xenopus laevis embryos. Production of the treated emitters was quite reproducible. We evaluated the performance of three emitters using a set of amino acids; the relative standard deviation in peak intensity was 7% for the most intense component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sarver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Nicole M Schiavone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer Arceo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Peuchen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Norman J Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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13
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Zhang W, Gulersonmez MC, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R. Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768073 PMCID: PMC5092098 DOI: 10.3791/54535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In metabolomics, a wide range of analytical techniques is used for the global profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in complex samples. In this paper, a protocol is presented for the analysis of anionic and cationic metabolites in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE-MS). CE is well-suited for the analysis of highly polar and charged metabolites as compounds are separated on the basis of their charge-to-size ratio. A recently developed sheathless interfacing design, i.e., a porous tip interface, is used for coupling CE to electrospray ionization (ESI) MS. This interfacing approach allows the effective use of the intrinsically low-flow property of CE in combination with MS, resulting in nanomolar detection limits for a broad range of polar metabolite classes. The protocol presented here is based on employing a bare fused-silica capillary with a porous tip emitter at low-pH separation conditions for the analysis of a broad array of metabolite classes in biological samples. It is demonstrated that the same sheathless CE-MS method can be used for the profiling of cationic metabolites, including amino acids, nucleosides and small peptides, or anionic metabolites, including sugar phosphates, nucleotides and organic acids, by only switching the MS detection and separation voltage polarity. Highly information-rich metabolic profiles in various biological samples, such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid and extracts of the glioblastoma cell line, can be obtained by this protocol in less than 1 hr of CE-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University
| | - M Can Gulersonmez
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University;
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14
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Barnes S, Benton HP, Casazza K, Cooper SJ, Cui X, Du X, Engler J, Kabarowski JH, Li S, Pathmasiri W, Prasain JK, Renfrow MB, Tiwari HK. Training in metabolomics research. I. Designing the experiment, collecting and extracting samples and generating metabolomics data. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:461-75. [PMID: 27434804 PMCID: PMC4964969 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of metabolism has had a long history. Metabolomics, a systems biology discipline representing analysis of known and unknown pathways of metabolism, has grown tremendously over the past 20 years. Because of its comprehensive nature, metabolomics requires careful consideration of the question(s) being asked, the scale needed to answer the question(s), collection and storage of the sample specimens, methods for extraction of the metabolites from biological matrices, the analytical method(s) to be employed and the quality control of the analyses, how collected data are correlated, the statistical methods to determine metabolites undergoing significant change, putative identification of metabolites and the use of stable isotopes to aid in verifying metabolite identity and establishing pathway connections and fluxes. The National Institutes of Health Common Fund Metabolomics Program was established in 2012 to stimulate interest in the approaches and technologies of metabolomics. To deliver one of the program's goals, the University of Alabama at Birmingham has hosted an annual 4-day short course in metabolomics for faculty, postdoctoral fellows and graduate students from national and international institutions. This paper is the first part of a summary of the training materials presented in the course to be used as a resource for all those embarking on metabolomics research. The complete set of training materials including slide sets and videos can be viewed at http://www.uab.edu/proteomics/metabolomics/workshop/workshop_june_2015.php. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Krista Casazza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Xiangqin Cui
- Section on Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xiuxia Du
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Jeffrey Engler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Janusz H. Kabarowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jeevan K. Prasain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Matthew B. Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Hemant K. Tiwari
- Section on Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Gulersonmez MC, Lock S, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R. Sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for anionic metabolic profiling. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1007-14. [PMID: 26593113 PMCID: PMC5064653 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance of CE coupled on-line to MS via a sheathless porous tip sprayer was evaluated for anionic metabolic profiling. A representative metabolite mixture and biological samples were used for the evaluation of various analytical parameters, such as peak efficiency (plate numbers), migration time and peak area repeatability, and LODs. The BGE, i.e. 10% acetic acid (pH 2.2), previously used for cationic metabolic profiling was now assessed for anionic metabolic profiling by using MS detection in negative ion mode. For test compounds, RSDs for migration times and peak areas were below 2 and 11%, respectively, and plate numbers ranged from 60 000 to 40 0000 demonstrating a high separation efficiency. Critical metabolites with low or no retention on reversed-phase LC could be efficiently separated and selectively analyzed by the sheathless CE-MS method. An injection volume of only circa 20 nL resulted in LODs between 10 and 200 nM (corresponding to an amount of 0.4-4 fmol), which was an at least tenfold improvement as compared to LODs obtained by conventional CE-MS approaches for these analytes. The methodology was applied to anionic metabolic profiling of glioblastoma cell line extracts. Overall, a sheathless CE-MS method has been developed for highly efficient and sensitive anionic metabolic profiling studies, which can also be used for cationic metabolic profiling studies by only switching the MS detection and separation voltage polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Gulersonmez
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Lock
- Sciex, Phoenix House, Center Park, Warrington, UK
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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González-Ruiz V, Codesido S, Far J, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Evaluation of a new low sheath-flow interface for CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:936-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | | | - Johann Far
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Chemistry Institute; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Analis; Suarlee Belgium
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva 4 Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
The term nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) commonly refers to capillary electrophoresis with purely nonaqueous background electrolytes (BGE). Main advantages of NACE are the possibility to analyze substances with very low solubility in aqueous media as well as separation selectivity that can be quite different in organic solvents (compared to water)-a property that can be employed for manipulation of separation selectivities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become more and more popular as a detector in CE a fact that applies also for NACE. In the present chapter, the development of NACE-MS since 2004 is reviewed. Relevant parameters like composition of BGE and its influence on separation and detection in NACE as well as sheath liquid for NACE-MS are discussed. Finally, an overview of the papers published in the field of NACE-MS between 2004 and 2014 is given. Applications are grouped according to the field (analysis of natural products, biomedical analysis, food analysis, analysis of industrial products, and fundamental investigations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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18
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Chang CW, Chen YC, Liu CY. Separation and on-line preconcentration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2745-2753. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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19
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Jia W, Chu X, Zhang F. Multiresidue pesticide analysis in nutraceuticals from green tea extracts by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1395:160-6. [PMID: 25865796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of 423 pesticides, isomers, and pesticide metabolites in nutraceutical products obtained from green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize a generic extraction method. The automated extraction procedure was achieved in a simple disposable pipet extraction. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the separation and detection of all the analytes. The method was validated by taking into consideration the guidelines specified in European SANCO/12571/2013 Guideline 2013 and Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The extraction recoveries were in a range of 81.6-113.0%, with coefficient of variation <6.4%. The limits of decision for the analytes are in the range 0.04-4.15μgkg(-1). The detection capabilities for the analytes are in the range 0.07-6.92μgkg(-1). The 423 compounds behave dynamic in the range 0.1-200μgkg(-1) concentration, with correlation coefficient >0.99. This validated method has been successfully applied on screening of pesticide residues in one hundred and twenty-four different commercial nutraceutical products from green tea extract, and methamidophos, resmethrin, propoxur, tridemorph, ethiofencarb, flamprop isopropyl, furalaxyl, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were detected in a few samples tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Xiaogang Chu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
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20
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Klepárník K. Recent advances in combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry: Methodology and theory. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:159-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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21
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Kok MG, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. The role of capillary electrophoresis in metabolic profiling studies employing multiple analytical techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Mavroudi MC, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Evaluation of amino acid ester-based ionic liquids as buffer additives in CE for the separation of 2-arylpropionic acids nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2573-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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