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Du Z, Wei X, Hu X, Zhao Y, Chen G, Du X, Li J, Zhan M, Zheng W. Organophosphate esters in human serum: a relatively simple and efficient liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4291-4300. [PMID: 38887095 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers, which are of growing concern due to their endocrine-disrupting effects, developmental toxicity, and potential carcinogenicity. However, data on human exposure to OPEs is still scarce. In this study, a relatively simple and efficient method with less serum consumption for the detection of OPEs in human serum was developed and validated. Nine OPEs in 200 μL of human serum were extracted by an acetonitrile-formic acid system and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry. Several experiments were conducted to optimize the chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions as well as sample preparation to obtain a more sensitive and efficient analytical protocol. The proposed method was examined in terms of its linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, and matrix effect. The matrix-spiked recoveries of the target OPEs ranged from 83.3% to 111.1%, with relative standard deviations between 2.7% and 16.6%. The detection limits were within (0.002 to 0.029) ng mL-1, while the quantification limits were within (0.007 to 0.098) ng mL-1. The internal standard-corrected matrix effects varied from 82.7% to 113.9%. Finally, the method was applied to detect OPEs in actual human serum samples. All nine OPEs were detected in 269 serum samples to varying degrees, with the average concentrations ranging from (0.08 to 1.77) ng mL-1. After validation, the method was found to be simple in pretreatment, high in sensitivity, good in practicality, and suitable for exposure evaluation of OPEs in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Du
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Department of Food Science, College of Hospitality of Management, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Digital Innovation Laboratory, Information Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China.
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Xiushuai Du
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Jialing Li
- Health Supervision Institute of Health Commission, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Ming Zhan
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
- Center for Water and Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Hu J, Lyu Y, Li M, Wang L, Jiang Y, Sun W. Discovering Novel Organophosphorus Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents through Suspect Screening and Nontarget Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6402-6414. [PMID: 38546437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Limited knowledge on the structure of emerging organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) hampers our comprehensive understanding of their environmental occurrence and potential risks. Through suspect and nontarget screening, combining data-dependent acquisition, data-independent acquisition, and parallel reaction monitoring modes, we identified 60 OPCs (17 traditional and 43 emerging compounds) in effluents of 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing and Qinghai, China. These OPCs comprise 26 organophosphate triesters, 17 organophosphate diesters, 6 organophosphonates, 7 organothiophosphate esters, and 4 other OPCs. Notably, 14 suspect OPCs were newly identified in WWTP effluents, and 16 nontarget OPCs were newly discovered in environmental matrices. Specifically, the cyclic phosphonate, (5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl dimethyl phosphonate P-oxide (PMMMPn), consistently appeared in all WWTP effluents, with semiquantitative concentrations ranging from 44.4 to 282 ng/L. Its analogue, di-PMMMPn, presented in 93% of wastewater samples. Compositional differences between the WWTP effluents of two cities were mainly attributed to emerging OPCs. Hazard and ecological risk assessment underscored the substantial contribution of chlorinated organophosphate esters and organothiophosphate esters to overall risks of OPCs in WWTP effluents. This study provides the most comprehensive OPC profiles in WWTP effluents to date, highlighting the need for further research on their occurrence, fate, and risks, particularly for chlorinated OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingzhen Li
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
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Paun I, Pirvu F, Iancu VI, Niculescu M, Pascu LF, Chiriac FL. An Initial Survey on Occurrence, Fate, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Romanian Waterways. J Xenobiot 2023; 14:31-50. [PMID: 38249100 PMCID: PMC10801549 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in the environment and present an important preoccupation due to their potential toxicity to humans and biota. They can be found in various sources, including consumer products, building materials, transportation industry, electronic devices, textiles and clothing, and recycling and waste management. This paper presents the first survey of its kind in Romania, investigating the composition, distribution, possible sources, and environmental risks of OPFRs in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the rivers receiving their effluents. Samples from WWTPs and surface waters were collected and subjected to extraction processes to determine the OPFRs using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. All the target OPFRs were found in all the matrices, with the average concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 1422 ng/L in wastewater, 0.88 to 1851 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) in sewage sludge, and 0.73 to 1036 ng/L in surface waters. The dominant compound in all the cases was tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). This study observed that the wastewater treatment process was inefficient, with removal efficiencies below 50% for all five WWTPs. The environmental risk assessment indicated that almost all the targeted OPFRs pose a low risk, while TDCPP, TCPP, and TMPP could pose a moderate risk to certain aquatic species. These findings provide valuable information for international pollution research and enable the development of pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luoana Florentina Pascu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
| | - Florentina Laura Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
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De Silva AO, Young CJ, Spencer C, Muir DCG, Sharp M, Lehnherr I, Criscitiello A. Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2001-2014. [PMID: 37856255 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and anti-foaming agents over the past several decades. Of particular interest is the long range transport potential of OPEs given their ubiquitous detection in Arctic marine air. Here we report 19 OPE congeners in ice cores drilled on remote icefields and ice caps in the Canadian high Arctic. A multi-decadal temporal profile was constructed in the sectioned ice cores representing a time scale spanning the 1970s to 2014-16. In the Devon Ice Cap record, the annual total OPE (∑OPEs) depositional flux for all of 2014 was 81 μg m-2, with the profile dominated by triphenylphosphate (TPP, 9.4 μg m-2) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, 42 μg m-2). Here, many OPEs displayed an exponentially increasing depositional flux including TCPP which had a doubling time of 4.1 ± 0.44 years. At the more northern site on Mt. Oxford icefield, the OPE fluxes were lower. Here, the annual ∑OPEs flux in 2016 was 5.3 μg m-2, dominated by TCPP (1.5 μg m-2) but also tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (1.5 μg m-2 TBOEP). The temporal trend for halogenated OPEs in the Mt. Oxford icefield is bell-shaped, peaking in the mid-2000s. The observation of OPEs in remote Arctic ice cores demonstrates the cryosphere as a repository for these substances, and supports the potential for long-range transport of OPEs, likely associated with aerosol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Martin Sharp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Alison Criscitiello
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Wu Y, Zheng W, Chen C, Yang L, Tong P, Zhong Y, Lin Z, Cai Z. Facile synthesis of spherical covalent organic frameworks for enrichment and quantification of aryl organophosphate esters in mouse serum and tissues. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300482. [PMID: 37727055 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, an imine-linked-based spherical covalent organic framework (COF) was prepared at room temperature. The as-synthesized spherical COF served as an adsorbent in dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), by its virtue of great surface area (1542.68 m2 /g), regular distribution of pore size (2.95 nm), and excellent stability. Therefore, a simple and high-efficiency dispersive solid phase extraction method based on a spherical COF coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established to determine aryl organophosphate esters in biological samples. This approach displayed favorable linearity in the range of 10.0-1000.0 ng/L (r > 0.9989), a high signal enhancement factor (58.8-181.8 folds) with low limits of detection (0.3-3.3 ng/L). Moreover, it could effectively eliminate complex matrix interference to accurately extract seven aryl organophosphate esters from mouse serum and tissue samples with spiked recoveries of 82.0%-117.4%. The as-synthesized spherical COF has been successfully applied in sample preparation. The dSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method based on a spherical COF has potential application to study the pollutants' metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Canrong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Linyan Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Zhao B, Chen Q, Zhu F, Wang J, Fu X, Zhou T. Fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the "Cambi® TH + AAD" of sludge in a WWTP in Beijing, China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:363-373. [PMID: 37523947 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging environmental pollutants that cause endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Sewage sludge is an important source of tri-OPFRs that are released into the environment. The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of OPFRs in the full-scale "Cambi® thermal hydrolysis (TH) + advanced anaerobic digestion (AAD) + plate-frame pressure filtration" sludge treatment process is closely related to the application of sewage sludge. We tested sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Nine tri-OPFRs were detected in the sludge samples collected at different treatment units during four seasons. The ΣOPFRs decreased from 1,742.65-2,579.68 ng/g to 971.48-1,702.22 ng/g. The mass flow of tri-OPFRs in treated sludge decreased by 61.4%, 48.9%, 42.4%, and 63.9% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, effectively reducing the corresponding ecological risk. The ecological risk of tri-OPFRs in sludge in forestland utilization mainly lies in chlorinated tri-OPFRs, especially TCPP and TCEP. No >42.20 t/hm2 of sludge could be used continuously for one year to prevent tri-OPFRs from exceeding the low ecological risk level, indicating that the current commonly applied proportion of sludge (1.6-30 t/hm2) will likely not raise the ecological risk of tri-OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Fenfen Zhu
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Municipal Sewage Reclamation, R&D Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xingmin Fu
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Municipal Sewage Reclamation, R&D Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
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Zhong Z, Liu X, Ruan Y, Li Z, Li J, Sun L, Hou S. Enhanced toxicity of 2,2-bis(chloromethyl) trimethylene bis[bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate] (V6) by nanopolystyrene particles towards HeLa cells. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:203-217. [PMID: 37115599 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2203238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
2,2-bis(chloromethyl) trimethylene bis[bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate] (V6) has been widely used as an additive in a variety of plastics due to its extremely low toxicity. However, we showed in the study that once mixed with nanopolystyrene particles (NPs), the nontoxic V6 could exhibit significant toxicity to HeLa cells. The enhanced toxicity was much higher than the toxicity of NPs alone and was related to the size of NPs. The mixture of V6 and small polystyrene NPs (10 nm and 15 nm in radius) showed obvious toxicity to HeLa cells. The toxicity increased with the concentrations of both V6 and NPs. On the contrary, the mixture of V6 and larger NPs (25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, and 500 nm in radius) showed almost no toxicity even at extremely high concentrations (NPs: 100 mg/L; V6: 50 mg/L). The small NPs could enter the cells and accumulated in cytoplasm. However, the larger NPs did not distribute inside the cells. NPs efficiently adsorbed V6 on the surface. The mechanism of the enhanced toxicity was attributed to the increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the regulation of gene expression concerning apoptosis and ROS scavenging. Our study not only showed that a safe chemical V6 could be turned to be toxic by NPs, but also pointed out a potential risk caused by the joint toxicity of 'safe' chemicals and plastic particles with small size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Ruan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Guangzhou Inspection Testing and Certification Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Shandong Huapu Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Yantai, China
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Truong DA, Trinh HT, Le GT, Phan TQ, Duong HT, Tran TTL, Nguyen TQ, Hoang MTT, Nguyen TV. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from rivers and lakes in urban Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138805. [PMID: 37121286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an investigation on the pollution status, distribution, and ecological risk to the aquatic organisms of six organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) and two organophosphate tri-esters (di-OPEs) in surface water in urban Hanoi, Vietnam were conducted. In 37 surveyed water samples (6 rivers and 17 lakes), all eight targeted OPEs were discovered with a detection frequency (DF) of 41-100% and the concentration varied largely from below the method detection limit (<MDL) to 6138 ng L-1. The total concentrations of six tri-OPEs (Ʃ6tri-OPEs) were 46-3644 ng L-1 (average 1409 ng L-1) and the total concentrations of two di-OPEs (Ʃ2di-OPEs) ranged from 2.6 to 6138 ng L-1 (average 351 ng L-1). In general, the Ʃ6tri-OPEs in water samples collected in rivers (average 2262 ng L-1) were higher than those in lakes (average 1000 ng L-1). The most dominant chemical was tris(2-chloro-1-methyl ethyl) phosphate (TCPP) with a DF of 100% and took up 75% (on average) of Ʃ6tri-OPEs. Principal component analysis showed that most of the tri- and di-OPEs in lakes may come from similar emission sources. While, there were at least four different origins of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in rivers in urban Hanoi. The risk quotient (RQ) was estimated for the detected concentration of tri- and di-OPEs in water samples and the toxicological relevant concentration for three trophic groups of algae, crustaceans, and fish. The RQs and the total of RQs for each group were lower than 1, indicating that the effects of each OPE and their OPEs' combined effects on the aquatic environment in Hanoi were at low to medium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Anh Truong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thien Thanh Lam Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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9
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Castro G, Sørmo E, Yu G, Sait STL, González SV, Arp HPH, Asimakopoulos AG. Analysis, occurrence and removal efficiencies of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sludge undergoing anaerobic digestion followed by diverse thermal treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161856. [PMID: 36708840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a complex group of contaminants to deal with in sewage sludge, as currently there is a lack of robust analytical methods to measure them and management strategies to remove them. To facilitate quantifications of the occurrence of OPFRs in sludge and to establish their removal efficiencies (REs%) during thermal treatments, a simple, reliable, and rapid sample preparation methodology was developed for the determination of 21 OPFRs in diverse sludge, ash and biochar matrices. Matrix-solid phase dispersion (MSPD) tailored to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied. Under optimal conditions, 0.5 g of freeze-dried sample were dispersed in 2 g of Bondesil C18, and 1.5 g of deactivated florisil were used as clean-up sorbent. The target analytes were extracted with 5 mL of acetone. The obtained extract was ready for analysis within 20 min without the need of any further treatment. The proposed methodology was assessed, providing absolute recoveries (Abs%) ranging from 50.4 to 112 % with good method repeatability (RSDs <17.9 %). Method limits of quantification ranged from 0.10 to 14.0 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.). The optimized methodology was applied to raw-, digested-, combusted and pyrolyzed sludge samples collected from different waste treatment plants located in Norway, where 16 out of 21 OPFRs were detected in digested sludge samples up to 2186 ng g-1 (d.w.; sum concentration of OPFRs). Diverse thermal treatments of combustion and dry pyrolysis were assessed for the removal of OPFRs from sludge. Combustion at 300 °C reduced the concentrations of OPFRs by 98 % (in the ashes formed), whereas pyrolysis at temperatures >500 °C effectively removed the OPFRs in the produced biochar. Thermal treatments, in particularly dry pyrolysis, showed potential for achieving zero pollution management and recycling of OPFR contaminated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erlend Sørmo
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Guanhua Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shannen T L Sait
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana V González
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Dang Y, Tang K, Wang Z, Cui H, Lei J, Wang D, Liu N, Zhang X. Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) Flame Retardants in Water: A Review of Photocatalysis, Adsorption, and Biological Degradation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072983. [PMID: 37049746 PMCID: PMC10096410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a substitute for banned brominated flame retardants (BFRs), the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) increased year by year with the increase in industrial production and living demand. It was inevitable that OPEs would be discharged into wastewater in excess, which posed a great threat to the health of human beings and aquatic organisms. In the past few decades, people used various methods to remove refractory OPEs. This paper reviewed the photocatalysis method, the adsorption method with wide applicability, and the biological method mainly relying on enzymolysis and hydrolysis to degrade OPEs in water. All three of these methods had the advantages of high removal efficiency and environmental protection for various organic pollutants. The degradation efficiency of OPEs, degradation mechanisms, and conversion products of OPEs by three methods were discussed and summarized. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of OPEs’ degradation technology were discussed.
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11
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Lin J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhang H, Guo C, Feng S, Xu J. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organophosphate esters in the urbanized Jiaozhou Bay, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70167-70178. [PMID: 35583752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, have been found in a variety of marine environmental matrices, whereas little is known about the feature and sources of seawater OPEs from the environments simultaneously affected by multiple anthropogenic activities. Jiaozhou Bay is one typical bay heavily disturbed by human activities, which was semi-enclosed and surrounded by large amounts of discharged rivers and catchments, various types of ports, and aquaculture farms. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 23.90 to 366.40 ng/L (median: 37.76 ng/L) in the seawater and from 90.15 to 1183.14 ng/L (median: 940.61 ng/L) in the inflowing river water. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant congener, with the percentage of 43.76%, 22.80%, and 14.01%, respectively, in the bay water and 52.47%, 11.31%, and 23.66% in the river water. The overall spatial distribution was characterized by a higher concentration of Σ13OPEs and halogenated-OPEs in the nearshore sites and in the inflowing rivers, which were surrounded by urbanized areas with dense anthropogenic activities, especially along the eastern coast. Effluent discharge and vehicular and marine traffic emissions were distinguished as two main plausible sources of OPEs to Jiaozhou Bay, based on the principal component analysis and Spearman correlations. Ecological risk analysis indicated that Σ13OPEs posed a low risk to aquatic organisms in the bay and low-to-medium risks in the inflowing rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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12
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Yang L, Yin Z, Tian Y, Liu Y, Feng L, Ge H, Du Z, Zhang L. A new and systematic review on the efficiency and mechanism of different techniques for OPFRs removal from aqueous environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128517. [PMID: 35217347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), as a new type of emerging contaminant, have drawn great attention over the last few years, due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxicities to humans and living beings. Various treatment methods have been reported to remove OPFRs from water or wastewater. In this review, the performances and mechanisms for OPFRs removal with different methods including adsorption, oxidation, reduction and biological techniques are overviewed and discussed. Each technique possesses its advantage and limitation, which is compared in the paper. The degradation pathways of typical OPFRs pollutants, such as Cl-OPFRs, alkyl OPFRs and aryl OPFRs, are also reviewed and compared. The degradation of those OPFRs depends heavily upon their structures and properties. Furthermore, the implications and future perspectives in such area are discussed. The review may help identify the research priorities for OPFRs remediation and understand the fate of OPFRs during the treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224001, China
| | - Ze Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization & Development of Water Recourse, Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Department of Water Resource and Environment, Hebei GEO University, No. 136 Huai'an Road, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei, China
| | - Yajun Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiru Ge
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziwen Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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13
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Fattahi N, Shamsipur M, Nematifar Z, Babajani N, Moradi M, Soltani S, Akbari S. Novel deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction for the extraction of estrogenic compounds from environmental samples. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14467-14476. [PMID: 35702212 PMCID: PMC9105635 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01754g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17β-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3) are a group of lipophilic active substances, synthesized biologically from cholesterol or chemically. A pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (DES-LPME) technique was established and combined with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for the determination of estrogenic compounds in environmental water and wastewater samples. A DES was synthesized using l-menthol as HBA and (1S)-(+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA) as HBD, and used as a green extraction solvent. By adjusting the pH of the solution, the unique behavior of the DES in the phase transition and extraction of the desired analytes was investigated. The homogenization process of the mixture is done only by manual shaking in less than 30 seconds and the phase separation is done only by changing the pH and without centrifugation. Some effective parameters on the extraction and derivatization, such as molar ratio of DES components, DES volume, KOH concentration, HCl volume, salt addition, extraction and derivatization time and derivatization prior or after extraction were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day of the method based on 7 replicate measurements of 20 ng L−1 of estrogenic compounds and 10 ng L−1 for internal standard in different samples were in the range of 2.2–4.6% and 3.9–5.7%, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.5–100 ng L−1 and the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.2–1.0 ng L−1. The relative recoveries of environmental water and wastewater samples which have been spiked with different levels of target compounds were 91.0–108.8%. A pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (DES-LPME) technique was established and combined with gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy for the determination of estrogenic compounds in environmental samples.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ziba Nematifar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasrin Babajani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahin Soltani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Akbari
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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14
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Human internal exposure to organophosphate esters: A short review of urinary monitoring on the basis of biological metabolism research. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126279. [PMID: 34329041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As alternatives to traditional brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), especially for organophosphate esters (OPEs) -- the most widely used and investigated OPFRs, have raised people's concern on their environmental and health-related risks over the years. Considering their extensive environmental occurrence and potential adverse effects, precise estimation on the human body burden of OPEs will be conducive to the restrictions on the usage of these compounds scientifically. Biomonitoring research can provide precise information on human exposure to OPEs as it reveals the degree of external exposure from all exposure routes. Knowledge on biotransformation and metabolism of OPEs in the biosystems is of great significance for our understanding of the internal exposure to these compounds. In this study, the biological metabolic processes of nine OPEs prevalent in the environment, involving tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tripropyl phosphate (TPrP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), are comprehensively reviewed. Specifically, the metabolic pathway, kinetics and mechanism of OPEs are depicted in detail. Under this context, the advances and limitations on biomonitoring of OPE metabolites in human urine are summarized. The requirements of specificity, quantitative stability, high detection frequency/concentration are needed for OPE metabolites to be considered and validated as biomarkers. Thus far, deeper elucidations on the metabolic processes and identification of biomarkers of OPEs are urgently required, given that some OPEs have no suitable biomarkers in human biomonitoring. For better assessment of the body burden of OPEs in humans, reliable and effective methodologies for urine sampling and estimation on internal exposure to OPEs need to be further developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Zhang L, Lu L, Zhu W, Yang B, Lu D, Dan SF, Zhang S. Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in the seawater and sediments of the Qinzhou Bay, Northern Beibu Gulf: Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112368. [PMID: 33901908 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, distributions, and ecological risks of 11 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in the seawater and sediment samples from the Qinzhou Bay. The Σ11OPFRs in the surface seawater and sediments ranged from 150 to 885 ng/L and from <the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 32.2 ng/g dw, respectively, with high levels of OPFRs in the industrialized and port areas. Tris (2-chloro-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) were the dominant OPFRs in the surface seawater and sediments. The Σ11OPFRs concentrations in the sediment core ranged 1.2-18.6 ng/g dw and the vertical trends showed a recent increase of OPFRs emissions, especially for TNBP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Risk assessment revealed that individual OPFR could pose low to medium ecological risks, but the risk from the mixture of OPFRs on aquatic organisms requires more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536007, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Qinzhou Marine Environmental Monitoring and Forecasting Center, Qinzhou 53500, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Qinzhou Marine Environmental Monitoring and Forecasting Center, Qinzhou 53500, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China.
| | - Dongliang Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Solomon Felix Dan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536007, China
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16
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Hou R, Wang Y, Zhou S, Zhou L, Yuan Y, Xu Y. Aerobic degradation of nonhalogenated organophosphate flame esters (OPEs) by enriched cultures from sludge: Kinetics, pathways, bacterial community evolution, and toxicity evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143385. [PMID: 33243516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The degradation by bacteria has been considered the main process for eliminating nonhalogenated organophosphate esters (OPEs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but limited research has reported the biodegradation processes and clarified the microbial-mediated mechanisms for nonhalogenated OPE degradation in WWTPs. The aim of this study was to monitor the biodegradation of the most common nonhalogenated OPEs, namely, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris (n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and trisphenyl phosphate (TPHP), under aerobic conditions by sludge cultures from a conventional sewage plant. The microbial cultures were enriched separately with each OPE from activated sludge cultures, and the presence of glucose significantly enhanced degradation of the OPEs during the enrichment. The removal ratios for the three OPEs reached 29.3-89.9% after 5 cycles (25 days) of cultivation, and the first-order degradation kinetics followed the order of TPHP > TBOEP > TNBP, with their half-lives ranging between 12.8 and 99.0 h. Pathways of hydrolysis, hydroxylation, methoxylation, and substitution were confirmed for the aerobic biodegradation of these nonhalogenated OPEs, but only di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) largely accumulated in culture medium as the most predominant transformation products. Phylotypes in Klebsiella were significantly more abundant during OPE biodegradation than in the initial sludge, which indicated that these microorganisms are associated with the biodegradation of nonhalogenated OPEs in sludge culture. Biodegradation of all investigated nonhalogenated OPEs was associated with a significant reduction in the residual toxicity to Vibrio fischeri, indicating a rather positive ecotoxicological outcome of the aerobic biotransformation processes achieved by the enriched sludge culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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17
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Qin P, Lu S, Liu X, Wang G, Zhang Y, Li D, Wan Z. Removal of tri-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) by three types of constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141668. [PMID: 32836133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three types of constructed wetlands (CWs) (biofilm-attachment-surface-CWs, packed bed-CWs and traditional-CWs) were assembled to comparatively evaluate their ability and mechanism to remove tri-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) under continuous flow operation. The removal rate (26%-28%) of TCPP in two types of CWs containing plants was twice as much as that in plant-free CWs in 6-month experiments, and TCPP showed a terminal accumulation phenomenon in Cyperus alternifolius with the order of accumulation of leaf>stem>root. The mass balance indicated that the contributions of filler and hydrophyte absorption to TCPP removal were less than 1%, but the transpiration of hydrophytes may make an important contribution (approximately 10%) to TCPP removal. Species in the genera Massilia, Denitratisoma and SM1A02 may be responsible for TCPP biodegradation. In addition, the effect of TCPP on the metabolic pathways and energy generation in the roots of C. alternifolius suggested that TCPP may be transported and utilized through cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Deliang Li
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhengfen Wan
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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18
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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19
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Yuan S, Zhu K, Ma M, Zhu X, Rao K, Wang Z. In vitro oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and G1 phase cell cycle arrest induced by alkyl-phosphorus-containing flame retardants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126026. [PMID: 32006839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) have been frequently detected in various environmental samples at relatively high concentrations and are considered emerging environmental pollutants. However, their biological effects and the underlying mechanism remain unclear, especially alkyl-PFRs. In this study, a battery of in vitro bioassays was conducted to analyze the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage and the involved molecular mechanisms of several selected alkyl-PFRs. Results showed that alkyl-PFRs induced structural related toxicity, where alkyl-PFRs with higher logKow values induced higher cytotoxicity. Long-chain alkyl-PFRs caused mitochondrial and DNA damage, resulting from intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide overproduction; while short-chain alkyl-PFRs displayed adverse outcomes by significantly impairing mitochondria without obvious ROS generation. In addition, alkyl-PFRs caused DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest, as determined by flow cytometry, and transcriptionally upregulated key transcription factors in p53/p21-mediated cell cycle pathways. Moreover, compared to the control condition, triisobutyl phosphate and trimethyl phosphate exposure increased the sub-G1 apoptotic peak and upregulated the p53/bax apoptosis pathway, indicating potential cell apoptosis at the cellular and molecular levels. These results provide insight into PFR toxicity and the involved mode of action and indicate the mitochondria is an important target for some alkyl-PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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20
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Liu T, Lu S, Wang R, Xu S, Qin P, Gao Y. Behavior of selected organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and their influence on rhizospheric microorganisms after short-term exposure in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136403. [PMID: 31927294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering its ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse effects of organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR), it is urgent to explore the efficient treatment for OPFRs wastewater. Thus, integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs) were set up to comparatively evaluate their nitrogen removal capacity under tidal flow operations and to investigate environmental behavior and rhizosphere microbial responses after short-term exposure to three OPFRs. The results show that IVCWs have an excellent TN removal rate (628.13 ± 110.63 mg m-2 d-1) and moderate mitigation efficiencies (48.37 ± 9.52 to 82.28 ± 7.48%) for target OPFRs when treating low-C/N ratio wastewater. Moreover, the sorption of selected OPFRs to soil (28.85-308.41 ng g-1, dry weight (dw)), igneous rock (659.85-970.80 ng g-1 dw) and zeolite (1045.60-1351.70 ng g-1 dw) and accumulation in tissues of C. alternifolius (0-289.68 ng g-1 dw) and P. australis (0.56-108.22 ng g-1 dw) showed a hydrophobicity-specific feature. Namely, the highly hydrophobic compound tricresyl phosphate (TCrP) partitioned preferentially to sediment, and the chlorinated analytes were more easily taken up and then translocated into the plant body. Simultaneously, further mass balance analysis revealed the fate of OPFRs in IVCW components. A total of 53.25% of the highly hydrophobic TCrP inflow mass settled in sediment, while tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) were more liable to discharge (35.33-50.89%) and other pathways (38.77-39.87%). Furthermore, the abundance of aerobic denitrifying bacteria (AD) in rhizosphere soil (2.25-5.12%), jointly with the prevalence of nitrobacteria (NOBs, 1.84-13.60%) and denitrifying bacteria (DNBs, 5.84-7.89%) in sublayer matrices, was responsible for superior TN removal. Additionally, the rhizosphere microbial richness, diversity and nitrogen-related microorganisms were clearly influenced by the presence of OPFRs. Notably, the genera Pseudomonas and Sphingobium might be the functional microorganisms for mixture OPFRs biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China; College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510507, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruowei Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Qin
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushan Gao
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sun Y, De Silva AO, St Pierre KA, Muir DCG, Spencer C, Lehnherr I, MacInnis JJ. Glacial Melt Inputs of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants to the Largest High Arctic Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2734-2743. [PMID: 32013404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been detected in the Arctic environment, but the influence of glacial melt on the environmental behavior of OPEs in recipient Arctic aquatic ecosystems is still unknown. In this study, water samples were collected from Lake Hazen (LH) and its tributaries to investigate the distribution of 14 OPEs in LH and to explore the input of OPEs from glacial rivers to LH and the output of OPEs from LH in 2015 and 2018. Σ14OPE concentrations in water of LH were lower than glacial rivers and its outflow, the Ruggles River. In 2015, a high melt year, we estimated that glacial rivers contributed 7.0 ± 3.2 kg OPEs to LH, compared to a 16.5 ± 0.3 kg OPEs output by the Ruggles River, suggesting that residence time and/or additional inputs via direct wet and dry deposition and permafrost melt likely result in OPE retention in the LH watershed. In 2018, a lower melt year, Σ14OPE concentrations in glacial rivers were much lower, indicating that the rate of glacier melt may govern, in part, the concentrations of OPEs in the tributaries of LH. This study highlights long-range transport of OPEs, their deposition in Arctic glaciers, landscapes, and lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, P. R. China
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kyra A St Pierre
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - John J MacInnis
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
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22
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Choi Y, Kim K, Kim D, Moon HB, Jeon J. Ny-Ålesund-oriented organic pollutants in sewage effluent and receiving seawater in the Arctic region of Kongsfjorden. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113792. [PMID: 31877466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ny-Ålesund, one of four permanent settlements on Spitsbergen in Svalbard, is a research town that includes scientific institutes from many countries. Because of daily-used chemicals (e.g., pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)) used by residents in the area, generated sewage is considered as a point source in the Kongsfjorden. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify organic pollutants in the effluent and along the shoreline and offshore via target, suspect, and non-target screening using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. We tentatively identified 30 compounds using the suspect and non-target screening methods in effluent samples from our first visit to the settlement in 2016. Among these, 3 were false positive, 24 were confirmed, and the 3 remaining compounds were not confirmed because of a lack of reference standards. Of the confirmed, 21 were quantifiable and considered target compounds for the 2nd year study. The quantified compounds in the effluent samples in 2017 totaled 17, including PPCPs, pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, and their metabolites. Some of the compounds, such as caffeine, paraxanthine/theophylline, acetaminophen, cetirizine, diethyl toluamide (DEET), and icaridin, were also detected in the receiving seawater. The concentration range was from 4 to 280,000 ng/L in the effluent and 2-98 ng/L in the seawater. Other 24 compounds were tentatively identified in the second-year effluent samples. Five were further confirmed using reference standards. Prioritization was performed on the 47 substances screened in Ny-Ålesund using the exposure and toxicity index. As the result, the top seven substances of concern present were perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), irbesartan, DEET, acetaminophen, caffeine, and paraxanthine/theophylline. As the effluent was identified as a source of the concerned organic pollutants, an emission reduction strategy should take place for protection of Arctic Fjorden environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghun Choi
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokwon Kim
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea.
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23
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Ekpe OD, Choo G, Barceló D, Oh JE. Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Liu Z, Deng M, Wu Q, Kuo DTF, Zeng L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu S, Liang J, Hu X, Mai B. Occurrence, seasonal variation and environmental impact of phosphorus flame retardants in a large scale wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36333-36342. [PMID: 31713826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, seasonal variation and emission of nine widely used phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were investigated in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Guangzhou, China, over 1 year. Results showed that PFRs were widely detected in wastewater and sewage sludge. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most dominant PFRs in influent, effluent, and sludge. Significant seasonal variation of total PFRs in the influent was observed (p < 0.05). However, no significant seasonal variation found in chlorinated and alkyl PFRs. The emission of PFRs was comparable with the previously reported values of decabromodiphenyl ether in WWTPs. Risk quotient for PFRs showed low eco-toxicity risk in effluent for aquatic organisms. Since the removal efficiency of total PFRs was less than 30% and the use of PFRs had been increasing, continuous monitoring of the environmental impact on the receiving water is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingjun Deng
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Dave T F Kuo
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Monitoring and Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Environment Administration of Pearl River Valley and South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Monitoring Centre of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Shengyu Liu
- Monitoring Centre of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Junyan Liang
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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25
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Han L, Sapozhnikova Y, Nuñez A. Analysis and Occurrence of Organophosphate Esters in Meats and Fish Consumed in the United States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12652-12662. [PMID: 31246019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are chemicals extensively used as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and consumer products. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the analysis of 13 common OPEs in meat (chicken, pork, and beef) and fish (catfish and salmon) to study their occurrence in those foods in the United States. The method was based on QuEChERS extraction with acetonitrile and automated robotic cleanup of the extracts, followed by low pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis for 8 of the OPEs and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis for 13 OPEs, including 8 overlapping OPEs. The developed method was validated in the muscle tissues at four spiking levels (5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/g). The background levels in the laboratory environment and materials presented a challenge for accurate quantification at low ng/g levels. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS analysis was utilized to pinpoint the source of their contamination. OPEs were found in the water used in the liquid chromatography (LC) mobile phase, and flow injection analysis with organic mobile phase was suggested as an alternative to avoid OPEs contamination in LC-MS/MS analysis. The validated method was applied to the analysis of 68 real-world meat and fish samples from the U.S. markets by three instrumental methods. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were found in meat, and TCPP and TPP were measured in fish samples. The sum of median OPE concentrations (averaged for the three instrumental methods) measured in the meat and fish samples were 6.2 and 8.7 ng/g wet weight, respectively. No regulations on the maximum residue levels of OPEs permitted in food were found for the U.S. or other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Han
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
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26
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Montemurro M, Brasca R, Culzoni MJ, Goicoechea HC. High-performance organized media-enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of pirimiphos-methyl in maize. Food Chem 2019; 278:711-719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:247-263. [PMID: 30173033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. They are also utilized as plasticizers, antifoaming or anti-wear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids and floor polishing agents. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge regardimg the analytical methodology applied for their determination in wastewater and aquatic environment as well as their occurrence in water, wastewater, sediments and sludge. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives have been identified, which include the elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of OPFRs in aquatic environment and possible risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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28
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Martín-Pozo L, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Rodríguez-Gómez R, García-Córcoles MT, Çipa M, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge samples. A review. Talanta 2019; 192:508-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Morales Suárez-Varela M, Picó Y. Occurrence, distribution and behavior of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a Mediterranean wetland protected area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1009-1020. [PMID: 30235586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in the different environmental compartments of a characteristic coastal wetland, the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain), is required for understanding the transport, accumulation and fate of these pollutants in an area under high anthropogenic pressure. Samples included 13 wastewater treatment plant influents, 13 effluents, 12 surface water, 19 sediment samples and 10 fish individuals from the Albufera Natural Park and the surrounding area. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were at the highest concentrations in water, 330.2 ng L-1 and 47.8 ng L-1, respectively. In fish and sediment PFOS was also the most detected while perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was in all types of water. Higher levels of target compounds (mainly PFASs) in wastewater effluents compared to influent suggested both, formation from precursors during treatment and poor removal efficiency. Mean levels of PFOS in water and fish were higher than the environmental quality standards (EQS) established by the European Union Directive 2013/39/EU. The influence of the metropolitan area of Valencia and its surrounding industrial belt could explain the significantly higher levels reported in the northern part (influenced by the Turia River).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lorenzo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Julián Campo
- Environmental Forensic and Landscape Chemistry Research Group, Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera km 4.5 (Campus IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Morales Suárez-Varela
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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30
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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31
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Allan IJ, Garmo ØA, Rundberget JT, Terentjev P, Christensen G, Kashulin NA. Detection of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and other organophosphorous compounds in Arctic rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28730-28737. [PMID: 30121771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The flame-retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBrPP) was in the 1970s banned for uses in textiles that may be in contact with the skin, owing to strong suspicions that the substance was a human carcinogen. The substance is looked for but rarely detected in samples from the built and natural environments, but there are indications that TDBrPP is still in use. Here, we report the measurement of a polymer-water partition coefficient (Kpw) for two types of silicone rubber (SR), allowing quantitative estimation of freely dissolved concentrations of TDBrPP by passive sampling in water. We found levels of 100 to 200 pg/L in two Arctic rivers that were sampled during a 2014-2015 survey of contamination using passive samplers in Norwegian and Russian rivers draining into the Barents Sea. We also report the widespread presence of other organophosphorus flame retardants in this survey of eight rivers that drain into the Barents Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øyvind A Garmo
- Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Thomas Rundberget
- Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Terentjev
- Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems (INEP), 4а Acadеmic Campus, Аpаtitу, Murmansk province, Russian Federation, 184200
| | - Guttorm Christensen
- Akvaplan-NIVA, The Fram centre, Hjalmar Johansensgata 14, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikolay A Kashulin
- Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems (INEP), 4а Acadеmic Campus, Аpаtitу, Murmansk province, Russian Federation, 184200
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32
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, Libousi K, Thomaidis NS, Benaglia L, Esseiva P, Delémont O, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Mining the Chemical Information on Urban Wastewater: Monitoring Human Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6996-7005. [PMID: 29798668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At the individual level, exposure to contaminants is generally assessed through the analysis of specific biomarkers in biological matrices. However, these studies are costly and logistically demanding, limiting their applicability to monitor population-wide exposure over time and space. By focusing on a selection of exposure biomarkers to phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs), this study aims to explore the possibility of using wastewater as a complementary source of information about exposure. Wastewater samples were collected from five cities in Europe and analyzed using a previously established method. Substantial differences in biomarker levels were observed between the investigated catchments, suggesting differences in exposure. Time trends in biomarkers observed between 2013 and 2016 were found to agree with results from human biomonitoring studies and reports about production volumes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, average urinary concentrations were estimated. These were generally higher compared to results from human biomonitoring studies. Various explanations for these differences were formulated (i.e., other excretion routes, external sources and different sampling approaches). Obtained results show that wastewater analysis provides unique information about geographical and temporal differences in exposure, which would be difficult to gather using other monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Katerina Libousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
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33
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Picó Y. Determination of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and fish using ultrasound-assisted extraction, solid-phase clean-up, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2595-2603. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Lorenzo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
| | - Julián Campo
- Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV); Carretera Moncada-Náquera; Moncada Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
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Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Wang Q, Nakayama H, Amagai T, Ogo S, Kume K, Kobayashi T, Takasu S, Ogawa K. Methods for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants-Comparison of GC-EI-MS, GC-NCI-MS, LC-ESI-MS/MS, and LC-APCI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:475-481. [PMID: 29303426 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1410419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). In this study, we analyzed 14 PFRs by means of four mass-spectrometry-based methods: gas chromatography combined with electron-impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) or negative-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS). The limits of quantification (LOQs) for LC-ESI-MS/MS and LC-APCI-MS/MS (0.81-970 pg) were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the LOQs for GC-EI-MS and GC-NCI-MS (2.3-3900 pg). LC-APCI-MS/MS showed the lowest LOQs (mean = 41 pg; median = 3.4 pg) for all but two of the PFRs targeted in this study. For LC-APCI-MS/MS, the lowest LOQ was observed for tributyl phosphate (TBP) (0.81 pg), and the highest was observed for tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) (36 pg). The results of this study indicate that LC-APCI-MS/MS is the optimum analytical method for the target PFRs, at least in terms of LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Hayato Nakayama
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- b Department of Environmental Sciences , Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene , Aoi-ku, Sizuoka , Japan
| | - Kazunari Kume
- c Faculty of Environmental Studies , Tokyo City University , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- d Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences , Yokohama National University , Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama , Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
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Liang K, Shi F, Liu J. Occurrence and distribution of oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in different treatment stages of a sewage treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:229-235. [PMID: 28941720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric organophosphate esters (OOPEs) like 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-propane-1,3-diyltetrakis (2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate (V6), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BDP), are widely used as alternatives of Deca-BDE in plastic and electronic consumer products. However, studies on the environmental occurrence and fate of OOPEs are very scarce. This work studied the occurrence, distribution and fate of V6, BDP and RDP during the different treatment stages of a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Beijing, China. To accomplish this, a method to analyze trace V6, BDP and RDP in suspended solids samples and aqueous samples of sewage and sludge was developed by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using this method, BDP and RDP were detected for the first time in suspended solids of sewage and sludge with a concentration of 2.06-5.82 ng/g dry weight and 0.44-3.45 ng/g dry weight, respectively, whereas their concentration level in the aqueous phase of these samples were below the detection limits of the method. However, V6 was detected in all treatment stages of the STP, with concentrations in the range of 10.2-27.1 ng/L in aqueous phase and 0.40-1.73 ng/g dw in solid phase. Mass balance results indicated that 75.6% of the original V6 mass flow was discharged along with effluent, while 83.3% and 72.2% of the initial RDP and BDP mass flow were lost due to biodegradation, respectively. Nevertheless, compared to the 14 widely used monomeric organophosphate esters (MOPEs), the concentration levels of OOPEs in this studied STP were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fu L, Du B, Wang F, Lam JCW, Zeng L, Zeng EY. Organophosphate Triesters and Diester Degradation Products in Municipal Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in China: Spatial Patterns and Ecological Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13614-13623. [PMID: 29083881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the occurrences, distributions, sources, and potential risks of organophosphate (OP) triesters and diester degradation products in municipal sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we conducted the first nationwide survey to simultaneously determine a suite of 11 OP triesters and six diester degradation products in sludge from WWTPs across China. All OP triesters were detected and three diesters were identified for the first time in sludge samples. Total concentrations of OP triesters and diester degradation products were in the ranges of 43.9-2160 and 17.0-1300 ng (g of dry weight)-1, respectively, indicating relatively low pollution levels in China compared with those of several developed countries. A distinct geographical variation of higher concentrations of OP triesters and diesters in East China than in Central and West China was observed, suggesting that regional levels of organophosphate esters are associated with the magnitudes of regional economic development. Source analysis revealed nonchlorinated OP diesters are mainly derived from degradation in WWTPs, while chlorinated OP diesters were largely sourced from outside WWTPs. The estimated total emission fluxes of OP triesters and diesters via land-application sludge in China were approximately 330 and 134 kg/year, respectively. Further risk assessment based on risk quotient values in sludge-applied soils indicated low to medium risks for most OP triesters and diesters except tris(methylphenyl) phosphate. The significant accumulation of OP triesters and widespread occurrence of diester degradation products in sludge raise environmental concerns about these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Fu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bibai Du
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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37
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Gros M, Blum KM, Jernstedt H, Renman G, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Haglund P, Andersson PL, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Screening and prioritization of micropollutants in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 328:37-45. [PMID: 28076771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive screening of micropollutants was performed in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) and urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. A suspect screening approach, using high resolution mass spectrometry, was developed and used in combination with target analysis. With this strategy, a total number of 79 micropollutants were successfully identified, which belong to the groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides, phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results from this screening indicate that concentrations of micropollutants are similar in influents and effluents of OSSFs and WWTPs, respectively. Removal efficiencies of micropollutants were assessed in the OSSFs and compared with those observed in WWTPs. In general, removal of PFASs and PFRs was higher in package treatment OSSFs, which are based on biological treatments, while removal of PPCPs was more efficient in soil bed OSSFs. A novel comprehensive prioritization strategy was then developed to identify OSSF specific chemicals of environmental relevance. The strategy was based on the compound concentrations in the wastewater, removal efficiency, frequency of detection in OSSFs and on in silico based data for toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Gros
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Henrik Jernstedt
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunno Renman
- Dept. of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Accelerated solvent extraction combined with solid phase extraction for the determination of organophosphate esters from sewage sludge compost by UHPLC–MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1435-1440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Fedorova G, Ben Ari J, Tadmor G, Paltiel O, Chefetz B. Environmental exposure to pharmaceuticals: A new technique for trace analysis of carbamazepine and its metabolites in human urine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:308-313. [PMID: 26925753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds are taken up and accumulate in crops irrigated with treated wastewater. This raises the concern of chronic human exposure to pharmaceuticals via food consumption. Thus, there is a need to develop a reliable technique to detect and quantify pharmaceuticals at environmentally relevant concentrations in human biological matrices, particularly urine. In this study, we focus on carbamazepine, an antiepileptic drug and recalcitrant compound that is taken up by crops-making it an excellent model compound for this study. This paper presents a new analytical technique enabling quantification of trace concentrations of carbamazepine and its metabolites in the urine of individuals who have been environmentally exposed. Sample preparation included extraction with acetonitrile followed by clean-up through mixed-mode ion-exchange cartridges and analysis using LC/MS/MS. This technique, which was validated for a wide range of concentrations (5-2000 ng L(-1)), exhibits low limits of quantification (3.0-7.2 ng L(-1)), acceptable recovery levels (70-120%), and low relative standard deviation (<20%). Unlike currently available methods for the analysis of water or treated wastewater that require large volumes (up to 1 L), the new method uses only 10 mL of urine. Moreover, relative to available methods for carbamazepine detection in the urine of individuals who are chronically treated with this drug, the limit of quantification values with our method are six orders of magnitude lower. The newly developed method has been successfully applied for the quantification of carbamazepine and its metabolites in the urine of healthy people exposed to this pharmaceutical through their diet. Our analytical protocol can provide the scientific community and stakeholders with real data for risk assessments and the design of policies ensuring safe use of wastewater for crop irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Fedorova
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Ben Ari
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Galit Tadmor
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ora Paltiel
- The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah/Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; The Hebrew University Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 9 organophosphate flame retardants in water samples. MethodsX 2016; 3:343-9. [PMID: 27222824 PMCID: PMC4865636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Few methods are available for comprehensive organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) detection in water and wastewater. Gas chromatography has been employed previously, but this approach is less selective, not amenable for use with deuterated standards and can suffer unfavorable fragmentation. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) has become the most promising platform, already applied successfully for analysis of selected PFRs in some environmental matrices like water and wastewater. However, the presence of some interferences from the dissolvent, the equipment and the used materials should be taken into account. The procedure involves: The first determination of PFRs by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS using a trap column to distinguish the interferences coming from the instrument and mobile phases. The optimization of the LC separation to distinguish all target compounds and their interferences. This method coupled to a solid-phase extraction (SPE) improve the detection and quantification of PFRs.
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