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Bressán I, Martínez OF, Astolfo MA. Bioanalytical validation and clinical application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 3-orthomethyldopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116321. [PMID: 38959757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of monoamine neurotransmitters are a subset of inborn errors of metabolism affecting biochemical pathways of catecholamines, serotonin or their enzymatic cofactors. Usually, their clinical presentation is similar to those of other common neurological syndromes. For this reason, they are frequently under-recognized and misdiagnosed. Because cerebrospinal fluid concentration of catecholamine metabolites (3-orthomethyldopa and homovanillic acid) and serotonin metabolites (5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid) presents a direct correlation with their brain levels, analysis of this group of compounds is critical to reach an accurate diagnosis. Although there are several published liquid chromatography-based bioanalytical methods for the quantification of these compounds, most of them present disadvantages, making their application difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. In this study, a rapid and simple UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of 3-orthomethyldopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid was validated. All the evaluated performance parameters, including linearity, carryover, accuracy and precision (within and between-day), lower limit of quantitation, recovery, matrix effect and stability under different conditions met the acceptance criteria from international guidelines. Additionally, 10 human cerebrospinal fluid samples collected via lumbar puncture from 10 pediatric patients were quantified using the validated method to assess its clinical application and diagnostic utility for inherited monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Bressán
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, Buenos Aires C1181ACH, Argentina; Department of Chemistry, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Potosí 4265, Buenos Aires C1181ACH, Argentina.
| | - Ornella Fracalossi Martínez
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, Buenos Aires C1181ACH, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Astolfo
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, Buenos Aires C1181ACH, Argentina
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Kaleta M, Oklestkova J, Klíčová K, Kvasnica M, Koníčková D, Menšíková K, Strnad M, Novák O. Simultaneous Determination of Selected Steroids with Neuroactive Effects in Human Serum by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1990-2005. [PMID: 38655788 PMCID: PMC11099924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are a group of steroid molecules that are involved in the regulation of functions of the nervous system. The nervous system is not only the site of their action, but their biosynthesis can also occur there. Neuroactive steroid levels depend not only on the physiological state of an individual (person's sex, age, diurnal variation, etc.), but they are also affected by various pathological processes in the nervous system (some neurological and psychiatric diseases or injuries), and new knowledge can be gained by monitoring these processes. The aim of our research was to develop and validate a comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of selected steroids with neuroactive effects in human serum. The developed method enables high throughput and a sensitive quantitative analysis of nine neuroactive steroid substances (pregnenolone, progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, allopregnanolone, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and epiandrosterone) in 150 μL of human serum by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The correlation coefficients above 0.999 indicated that the developed analytical procedure was linear in the range of 0.90 nmol/L to 28.46 μmol/L in human serum. The accuracy and precision of the method for all analytes ranged from 83 to 118% and from 0.9 to 14.1%, respectively. This described method could contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases. Similarly, it can also be helpful in the search for new biomarkers and diagnostic options or therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kaleta
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klíčová
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Koníčková
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Menšíková
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
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Jankech T, Gerhardtova I, Majerova P, Piestansky J, Fialova L, Jampilek J, Kovac A. A Novel RP-UHPLC-MS/MS Approach for the Determination of Tryptophan Metabolites Derivatized with 2-Bromo-4'-Nitroacetophenone. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1003. [PMID: 38790965 PMCID: PMC11117999 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Many biologically active metabolites of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) are associated with different neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders. Precise and reliable methods for their determination are needed. Variability in their physicochemical properties makes the analytical process challenging. In this case, chemical modification of analyte derivatization could come into play. Here, we introduce a novel fast reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the determination of Trp and its ten metabolites in human plasma samples after derivatization with 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone (BNAP). The derivatization procedure was optimized in terms of incubation time, temperature, concentration, and volume of the derivatization reagent. Method development comprises a choice of a suitable stationary phase, mobile phase composition, and gradient elution optimization. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Results of all validation parameters were within the acceptance criteria of the guideline, i.e., intra- and inter-day precision (expressed as relative standard deviation; RSD) were in the range of 0.5-8.2% and 2.3-7.4%, accuracy was in the range of 93.3-109.7% and 94.7-110.1%, limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.15-9.43 ng/mL, coefficients of determination (R2) were higher than 0.9906, and carryovers were, in all cases, less than 8.8%. The practicability of the method was evaluated using the blue applicability grade index (BAGI) with a score of 65. Finally, the developed method was used for the analysis of Alzheimer's disease and healthy control plasma to prove its applicability. Statistical analysis revealed significant changes in picolinic acid (PA), anthranilic acid (AA), 5 hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-OH IAA), and quinolinic acid (QA) concentration levels. This could serve as the basis for future studies that will be conducted with a large cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotej Jankech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Gerhardtova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Fialova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.J.); (I.G.); (P.M.); (J.P.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 68/73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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Kaleta M, Hényková E, Menšíková K, Friedecký D, Kvasnička A, Klíčová K, Koníčková D, Strnad M, Kaňovský P, Novák O. Patients with Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies Exhibit Altered Tryptophan Metabolism in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:582-592. [PMID: 38194490 PMCID: PMC10853934 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Some pathological conditions affecting the human body can also disrupt metabolic pathways and thus alter the overall metabolic profile. Knowledge of metabolic disturbances in specific diseases could thus enable the differential diagnosis of otherwise similar conditions. This work therefore aimed to comprehensively characterize changes in tryptophan metabolism in selected neurodegenerative diseases. Levels of 18 tryptophan-related neuroactive substances were determined by high throughput and sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in time-linked blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 100 age-matched participants belonging to five cohorts: healthy volunteers (n = 21) and patients with Lewy body disease (Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies; n = 31), four-repeat tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome; n = 10), multiple system atrophy (n = 13), and Alzheimer's disease (n = 25). Although these conditions have different pathologies and clinical symptoms, the discovery of new biomarkers is still important. The most statistically significant differences (with p-values of ≤0.05 to ≤0.0001) between the study cohorts were observed for three tryptophan metabolites: l-kynurenine in cerebrospinal fluid and 3-hydroxy-l-kynurenine and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan in blood serum. This led to the discovery of distinctive correlation patterns between the profiled cerebrospinal fluid and serum metabolites that could provide a basis for the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative tauopathies and synucleinopathies. However, further large-scale studies are needed to determine the direct involvement of these metabolites in the studied neuropathologies, their response to medication, and their potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kaleta
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental
Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hényková
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental
Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Menšíková
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Friedecký
- Laboratory
for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Biochemistry,
University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Zdravotníků 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Kvasnička
- Laboratory
for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Biochemistry,
University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Zdravotníků 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klíčová
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Koníčková
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental
Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental
Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Ai T, Liu H, Wan J, Lu B, Yu X, Liu J, Yimamu A, Aishan S, Liu C, Qin R. Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Underlying Factors of Mucilage Disappearance in Brasenia schreberi and Its Influence on Nutrient Accumulation. Foods 2024; 13:518. [PMID: 38397495 PMCID: PMC10888037 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel (BS) is rich in mucilage, which has diverse biological activities, and is utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its nutritional value. Proteomics analysis was employed to investigate the cause of mucilage disappearance in BS and its effect on nutrient accumulation. Among the 2892 proteins identified, 840 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found to be involved in mucilage development. By comparing the expression patterns and functions and pathway enrichment, the DEPs mainly contributed to carbon and energy metabolism, polysaccharide metabolism, and photosynthesis. Our study also revealed positive correlations between mucilage accumulation and tryptophan metabolism, with high levels of indole-3-acetic (IAA) contributing to mucilage accumulation. Furthermore, environmental changes and particularly excessive nutrients were found to be detrimental to mucilage synthesis. Overall, in the absence of various stimuli in the growing environment, BS accumulates more nutrients within the plant itself instead of producing mucilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyang Ai
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Hong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Jiawei Wan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Bojie Lu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Xiujuan Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Jiao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Aidiya Yimamu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Saimire Aishan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Caixiang Liu
- Department of Biological Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; (T.A.); (H.L.); (J.W.); (B.L.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (A.Y.); (S.A.)
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Metri NJ, Butt AS, Murali A, Steiner-Lim GZ, Lim CK. Normative Data on Serum and Plasma Tryptophan and Kynurenine Concentrations from 8089 Individuals Across 120 Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2023; 16:11786469231211184. [PMID: 38034059 PMCID: PMC10687991 DOI: 10.1177/11786469231211184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a normative dataset is generated from the published literature on the kynurenine pathway in control participants extracted from case-control and methodological validation studies. Study characteristics were mapped, and studies were evaluated in terms of analytical rigour and methodological validation. Meta-analyses of variance between types of instruments, sample matrices and metabolites were conducted. Regression analyses were applied to determine the relationship between metabolite, sample matrix, biological sex, participant age and study age. The grand mean concentrations of tryptophan in the serum and plasma were 60.52 ± 15.38 μM and 51.45 ± 10.47 μM, respectively. The grand mean concentrations of kynurenine in the serum and plasma were 1.96 ± 0.51 μM and 1.82 ± 0.54 μM, respectively. Regional differences in metabolite concentrations were observed across America, Asia, Australia, Europe and the Middle East. Of the total variance within the data, mode of detection (MOD) accounted for up to 2.96%, sample matrix up to 3.23%, and their interaction explained up to 1.53%; the latter of which was determined to be negligible. This review was intended to inform future empirical research and method development studies and successfully synthesised pilot data. The pilot data reported in this study will inform future precision medicine initiatives aimed at targeting the kynurenine pathway by improving the availability and quality of normative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa-Joelle Metri
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali S Butt
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ava Murali
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Z Steiner-Lim
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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Vrobel O, Tarkowski P. Can plant hormonomics be built on simple analysis? A review. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:107. [PMID: 37833752 PMCID: PMC10576392 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of plant hormonomics focuses on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hormone complement in plant samples, akin to other omics sciences. Plant hormones, alongside primary and secondary metabolites, govern vital processes throughout a plant's lifecycle. While active hormones have received significant attention, studying all related compounds provides valuable insights into internal processes. Conventional single-class plant hormone analysis employs thorough sample purification, short analysis and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Conversely, comprehensive hormonomics analysis necessitates minimal purification, robust and efficient separation and better-performing mass spectrometry instruments. This review summarizes the current status of plant hormone analysis methods, focusing on sample preparation, advances in chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, including a discussion on internal standard selection and the potential of derivatization. Moreover, current approaches for assessing the spatiotemporal distribution are evaluated. The review touches on the legitimacy of the term plant hormonomics by exploring the current status of methods and outlining possible future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vrobel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Hu G, Liu W, Li L. Identification and quantification of cucurbitacin in watermelon frost using molecular networking integrated with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300019. [PMID: 37269211 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon frost, a traditional Chinese medicine produced using watermelon and Glauber's salt, has been widely used for the therapy of oral and throat disorders. Watermelon contains various phytochemical compounds including cucurbitacins and their glycoside derivatives, which have attracted considerable attention because of their medicinal values. However, whether the composition of cucurbitacins existed in watermelon frost was rarely reported. In this study, three cucurbitacins including cucurbitacin B, isocucurbitacin B, and cucurbitacin E were found from watermelon frost extract assisted by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and molecular networking guided strategy, and the compounds were verified using standard solutions. Furthermore, a quantification method for simultaneously targeted analysis of cucurbitacins was established using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry operating in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Among them, cucurbitacin B and cucurbitacin E in watermelon frost samples were determined, and the concentrations were 3.78 ± 0.18 and 0.86 ± 0.19 ng/ml, respectively. While isocucurbitacin B was not detected due to the lower content possibly. In conclusion, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with molecular networking is a very useful technique for the rapid identification of unknown cucurbitacin components in watermelon frost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhou Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Environmental and Bioengineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School, Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Peng MZ, Wang MY, Cai YN, Liu L. A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination biomarkers of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117453. [PMID: 37433402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine neurotransmitters, their precursors and metabolites are essential biomarkers in the diagnosis and follow-up of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (MNDs). However, their extra low concentrations and potential instability challenge the detection method. Here, we present a method that enables simultaneous quantification of these biomarkers. METHOD With propyl chloroformate /n-propanol, 16 biomarkers in 50 μL of CSF were derivatized in situ within seconds under an ambient temperature. The derivatives were extracted by ethyl acetate and separated by a reverse phase column followed by mass spectrometric detection. The method was fully validated. Optimal conditions for standard solution preparation and storage, as well as CSF sample handling, were investigated. CSF samples from 200 controls and 16 patients were analyzed. RESULTS The derivatization reaction stabilized biomarkers and increased sensitivity. Most biomarkers were quantifiable in concentrations between 0.02 and 0.50 nmol/L that were sufficient to measure their endogenous concentrations. The intra- and inter-day imprecision were < 15% for most analytes, and accuracy ranged from 90.3% to 111.6%. The stability study showed that standard stock solutions were stable at -80 °C for six years when prepared in the protection solutions; Analytes in CSF samples were stable for 24 h on wet ice and at least two years at -80 °C; But repeated freeze-thaw should be avoided. With this method, age-dependent reference intervals for each biomarker in the pediatric population were established. Patients with MNDs were successfully identified. CONCLUSION The developed method is valuable for MNDs diagnosis and research, benefiting from its advantages of sensitivity, comprehensiveness, and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zhi Peng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Mei-Yi Wang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yan-Na Cai
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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10
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Mrštná K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Švec F. Advances in kynurenine analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2023:117441. [PMID: 37321530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine, the first product of tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway, has become one of the most frequently mentioned biomarkers in recent years. Its levels in the body indicate the state of the human physiology. Human serum and plasma are the main matrixes used to evaluate kynurenine levels and liquid chromatography is the dominant technique for its determination. However, their concentrations in blood do not always correspond to the levels in other matrixes obtained from the affected individuals. It is therefore important to decide when it is appropriate to analyse kynurenine in alternative matrices. However, liquid chromatography may not be the best option for the analysis. This review presents alternatives that can be used and summarizes the features that need to be considered prior to kynurenine determination. Possible approaches to kynurenine analysis in a variety of human matrixes, their challenges, and limitations are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mrštná
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - L Kujovská Krčmová
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - F Švec
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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11
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Abusoglu S, Eryavuz Onmaz D, Abusoglu G, Humeyra Yerlikaya F, Unlu A. Measurement of kynurenine pathway metabolites by tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:114-121. [PMID: 37113385 PMCID: PMC10127116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recent studies have shown that derangements in kynurenine pathway metabolite levels are associated with various pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Therefore, reliable, accurate, fast, and multiplex measurement methods for kynurenines have become increasingly important. This study aimed to validate a new mass spectrometric method for analyzing tryptophan metabolites. Methods A tandem mass spectrometric method, including protein precipitation and evaporation steps, was developed to measure serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Samples were separated using a Phenomenex Luna C18 reversed-phase column. The kynurenine pathway metabolites were detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was validated according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and applied to hemodialysis samples. Results The developed method was linear at the concentrations of 48.8 - 25,000, 0.98 - 500, 1.2-5000, 1.2-5000, and 0.98-250 ng/mL for tryptophan, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and 3-hydroxykynurenine, respectively. The imprecisions were less than 12 %. The median serum concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were 10530, 1100, 218, 17.6, and 25.4 ng/mL in pre-dialysis blood samples, respectively. They were 4560, 664, 135, 7.4, and 12.8 ng/mL in post-dialysis blood samples, respectively. Conclusions A fast, simple, cost-effective, accurate, robust, and validated tandem mass spectrometric method was developed, and the method was successfully used for the quantitation of kynurenine pathway metabolite concentrations in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Abusoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Eryavuz Onmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - Gulsum Abusoglu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Selcuk University Vocational School of Health, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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12
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Wang S, Feng R, Chen GJ, Sang YR, Kong L, Yu SX, Tao FB, Liu KY. Simultaneous determination of serum tryptophan metabolites in an older Chinese population. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5512. [PMID: 36101977 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites exhibit significant biological effects and are strongly associated with age-related disease and mortality. However, reports on quantitatively analyzing these metabolites in older individuals are not available. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to optimize and validate a method for isotope dilution analysis of TRP metabolites in older individuals. The targeted analytes are TRP, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, and tryptamine. The serum sample was purified using solid-phase extraction and was separated on a Waters HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The analytes were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode under positive ionization. TRP was confirmed and measured after being diluted 100 times. This method exhibited satisfactory linearity (r > 0.99). The intrabatch and interbatch accuracies (85.7-114%) and precisions (<15%) were acceptable. The standard-normalized matrix effects ranged from 51.6 to 145%. This method was successfully applied to a cohort of 1021 older Chinese individuals, and this study may enable further understanding of the metabolic phenotypes associated with TRP in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guan-Jun Chen
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Ru Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shui-Xin Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Kai-Yong Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
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13
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Tang X, Chen Z, Chen Y, Jiang X, Zhu F, Liu S, Wan K. Hybrid bismuth oxide-graphine oxide nanomaterials improve the signal-to-noise response of small molecules analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 252:123768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Gáspár R, Halmi D, Demján V, Berkecz R, Pipicz M, Csont T. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Potential Clinical Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768560. [PMID: 35211110 PMCID: PMC8861075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Several risk factors including unhealthy lifestyle, genetic background, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, age, etc. contribute to the development of coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary artery disease. Inflammation plays an important role in coronary artery disease development and progression. Pro-inflammatory signals promote the degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway resulting in the formation of several immunomodulatory metabolites. An unbalanced kynurenic pathway has been implicated in the pathomechanisms of various diseases including CAD. Significant improvements in detection methods in the last decades may allow simultaneous measurement of multiple metabolites of the kynurenine pathway and such a thorough analysis of the kynurenine pathway may be a valuable tool for risk stratification and determination of CAD prognosis. Nevertheless, imbalance in the activities of different branches of the kynurenine pathway may require careful interpretation. In this review, we aim to summarize clinical evidence supporting a possible use of kynurenine pathway metabolites as clinical biomarkers in various manifestations of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Gáspár
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Halmi
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Virág Demján
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Research Group (MEDICS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Evaluation of different internal standardization approaches for the quantification of melatonin in cell culture samples by multiple heart-cutting two dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1663:462752. [PMID: 34954534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate here different analytical strategies for the chromatographic separation and determination of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (MEL) and its oxidative metabolites N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) and cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (c3OHM) in cell culture samples. Two dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) in the multiple heart-cutting mode was compared with regular 1D chromatographic separations of MEL and its oxidative metabolites. Our results showed that the use of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as mobile phase modifier was required to obtain a satisfactory resolution and peak shapes particularly for c3OHM. As TFA is not compatible with ESI ionization the application of the MHC mode was mandatory for a proper chromatographic separation. We evaluate also different internal standardization approaches based on the combined use of a surrogate standard (5-methoxytryptophol) and an internal standard (6-methoxytryptamine) for MEL quantification in cell culture samples obtaining unsatisfactory results both by 1D- and 2D-LC-ESI-MS/MS (from 9 ± 2 to 186 ± 38%). We demonstrate that only the application of isotope dilution Mass Spectrometry through the use of an in house synthesized 13C isotopically labelled analogue provided quantitative MEL recoveries both by using 1D- and 2D-LC-ESI-MS/MS (99±1 and 98±1. Respectively) in androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells.
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16
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Javelle F, Bloch W, Knoop A, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. Toward a neuroprotective shift: Eight weeks of high intensity interval training reduces the neurotoxic kynurenine activity concurrently to impulsivity in emotionally impulsive humans - A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:7-17. [PMID: 33932526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that impulsivity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation. Inflammation is known to trigger the kynurenine pathway to a pathological level in various impulsivity-related disorders. Nonetheless, murine models and recent human studies have shown that physical exercise, in particular High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), could counterbalance the negative effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway. AIM This study evaluates the effects of eight weeks of HIIT versus an active control group on impulsivity levels and accompanying alterations of inflammatory-mediated changes of the kynurenine pathway in a sample of emotionally impulsive humans. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to either HIIT or stretching conditions (three trainings per week for eight weeks). Fitness level was evaluated via VO2peak values at the beginning at end of the intervention. Kynurenine metabolites, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and impulsivity levels were evaluated at T0, T4, and T8 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were included in the modified Intention To Treat analysis (45 finished the intervention). The HIIT group (n = 28) largely increased the aerobic fitness of its participants and produced physiological changes while the stretching group (n = 25) did not. HIIT reduced interleukin 6 levels (small to moderate interaction) and reduced the activity of the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway (small to moderate interaction for KYNA/QA and KYN/QA) after eight weeks of training while the active control did not change. Both interventions were effective to decrease emotion-related impulsivity, however only the HIIT group decreased participants' emotion-unrelated levels. Changes in emotion-related and -unrelated impulsivity were moderately correlated to changes in KYNA/KYN. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that HIIT was able to switch the kynurenine pathway from its neurotoxic branch to its neuroprotective one. This shift was associated with a decrease in impulsivity. Based on these findings, future work may consider investigating more intensively the effect of HIIT on impulsivity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Javelle
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Knoop
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; Department for Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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17
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Grifka-Walk HM, Jenkins BR, Kominsky DJ. Amino Acid Trp: The Far Out Impacts of Host and Commensal Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653208. [PMID: 34149693 PMCID: PMC8213022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid primarily derived from the diet for use by the host for protein synthesis. The intestinal tract is lined with cells, both host and microbial, that uptake and metabolize Trp to also generate important signaling molecules. Serotonin (5-HT), kynurenine and its downstream metabolites, and to a lesser extent other neurotransmitters are generated by the host to signal onto host receptors and elicit physiological effects. 5-HT production by neurons in the CNS regulates sleep, mood, and appetite; 5-HT production in the intestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells regulates gastric motility and inflammation in the periphery. Kynurenine can signal onto the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to elicit pleiotropic responses from several cell types including epithelial and immune cells, or can be further metabolized into bioactive molecules to influence neurodegenerative disease. There is a remarkable amount of cross-talk with the microbiome with regard to tryptophan metabolites as well. The gut microbiome can regulate the production of host tryptophan metabolites and can use dietary or recycled trp to generate bioactive metabolites themselves. Trp derivatives like indole are able to signal onto xenobiotic receptors, including AHR, to elicit tolerogenic effects. Here, we review studies that demonstrate that tryptophan represents a key intra-kingdom signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas J. Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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18
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Sağlam E, Bilgiç A, Abuşoğlu S, Ünlü A, Sivrikaya A. The role of tryptophan metabolic pathway in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113770. [PMID: 33545424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data presented that tryptophan metabolic pathway (TMP) may play a role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, no study have investigated potential role of TMP in disruptive behavior disorders coexisting with ADHD. This study compared serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyantranilic acid in medication-free children with ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C), with ADHD-C and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and with ADHD-C and conduct disorder (CD) versus healthy controls. The study also compared several ratios that are previously suggested to reflect the activities of the KP enzymes (kynurenine/tryptophan, kynurenic acid/kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine/kynurenine) or neuroprotective activity (kynurenic acid/3-hydroxykynurenine) among groups. A total of 122 patients were enrolled: 46 children with ADHD-C alone, 43 children with ADHD-C+ODD, 33 children with ADHD-C+CD and 50 healthy controls. Targeted biochemical molecules were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Compared to control group, serum kynurenine levels were significantly higher in the ADHD-C group, serum 3-hydroxykynurenine levels were significantly lower in the ADHD-C and ADHD-C+ODD groups, the serum kynurenic acid/kynurenine ratio was significantly higher in the ADHD-C, ADHD-C+ODD and ADHD-C+CD groups, and the serum 3-hydroxykynurenine/kynurenine ratio was significantly lower in the ADHD-C group. These findings suggest that TMP may play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Sağlam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayhan Bilgiç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Abuşoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ali Ünlü
- Department of Biochemistry, Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Sivrikaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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Lai Y, Liu CW, Chi L, Ru H, Lu K. High-Resolution Metabolomics of 50 Neurotransmitters and Tryptophan Metabolites in Feces, Serum, and Brain Tissues Using UHPLC-ESI-Q Exactive Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8094-8103. [PMID: 33817468 PMCID: PMC8014936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that tryptophan metabolites and neurotransmitters are potential mediators of the microbiome-gut-brain interaction. Here, a high-resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) assay was developed and validated for quantifying 50 neurotransmitters, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial indole derivatives in mouse serum, feces, and brain. The lower limit of quantitation for the 50 compounds ranged from 0.5 to 100 nmol/L, and sample preparation procedures were adapted for individual compounds to allow quantitation within linearity of the assay with a correlation coefficient >0.99. Reproducibility was tested by intra- and interday precision and accuracy of analysis: intra- and interday precision at the lower limit of quantitation was less than 20% for all compounds, with over two-thirds of the compounds achieving an interday precision below 10%, while the interday accuracy at the lower limit of quantitation ranged from 82.3 to 128.0% for all compounds. The analyte recovery was assessed based on sample-spiked stable-isotope-labeling standards, illustrating a need to consider matrix-specific recovery discrepancies when performing interorgan comparison. Carryover was evaluated by intermittent solvent blank injection. The assay was successfully applied to determining the concentration profiles of neurotransmitter and tryptophan metabolites in serum, feces, and brain of conventionally raised specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 mice. Our method may serve as a useful analytical resource for investigating the roles of tryptophan metabolism and neurotransmitter signaling in host-microbiota interaction.
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Joisten N, Rademacher A, Warnke C, Proschinger S, Schenk A, Walzik D, Knoop A, Thevis M, Steffen F, Bittner S, Gonzenbach R, Kool J, Bloch W, Bansi J, Zimmer P. Exercise Diminishes Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain and Reroutes the Kynurenine Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/3/e982. [PMID: 33782190 PMCID: PMC8054957 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine acute (single-bout) and training effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs standard exercise therapy (moderate continuous training [MCT]) on plasma neurofilament light chain (pNfL) and kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan degradation metabolites in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). METHODS Sixty-nine pwMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score 3.0-6.0) were randomly assigned to a HIIT or an MCT group. Changes in pNfL and KYN pathway metabolites measured in blood plasma were assessed before, after, and 3 hours after the first training session as well as after the 3-week training intervention. RESULTS Acute exercise reduced pNfL and increased the KYN pathway flux toward the neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KA). Changes in pNfL correlated positively with changes in KA and negatively with the quinolinic acid-to-KA ratio. HIIT consistently led to greater effects than MCT. Following the 3-week training intervention, the KYN pathway was activated in HIIT compared with MCT. CONCLUSION Future studies and clinical assessments of pNfL should consider acute exercise as confounding factor for measurement reliability. Moreover, exercise-induced KYN pathway rerouting might mediate neuroprotection, potentially underlying the benefits in rehabilitation for pwMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that acute HIIT diminishes pNfL and increases KA levels, and 3 weeks of HIIT activate the KYN pathway in pwMS. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Clinical trial registration number: NCT03652519.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Annette Rademacher
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Warnke
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Proschinger
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schenk
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - David Walzik
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Andre Knoop
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Mario Thevis
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Falk Steffen
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Bittner
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Roman Gonzenbach
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kool
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Jens Bansi
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- From the Department of "Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)" (N.J., A.S., D.W., P.Z.), Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund; Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine (A.R., S.P., W.B.), Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry (A.K., M.T.), German Sport University Cologne; Department of Neurology (F.S., S.B.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; and Department of Neurology (R.G., J.K., J.B.), Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Switzerland.
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21
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Iškauskienė M, Kadlecová A, Voller J, Janovská L, Malinauskienė V, Žukauskaitė A, Šačkus A. Synthesis of 5-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones and their protective activity against oxidative stress. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100001. [PMID: 33733468 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A small library of 2-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-5-(alkylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles was prepared, starting from indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester and its 5-methyl-substituted derivative. The synthetic route involved the formation of intermediate hydrazides, their condensation with carbon disulfide, and intramolecular cyclization to corresponding 5-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones. The latter were then S-alkylated, and in case of ester derivatives, they were further hydrolyzed into corresponding carboxylic acids. All 5-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones and their S-alkylated derivatives were then screened for their protective effects in vitro and in vivo. Methyl substitution on the indole ring and propyl, butyl, or benzyl substitution on sulfhydryl group-possessing compounds were revealed to protect Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts against the effects of glutathione depletion induced by the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine. Two of the active compounds also reproducibly increased the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to juglone-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Iškauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alena Kadlecová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Janovská
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vida Malinauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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22
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOMARKER METABOLITES USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:31-52. [PMID: 31617245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a dynamically evolving field, with a major application in identifying biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine. Numerous metabolomic studies have identified endogenous metabolites that, in principle, are eligible for translation to clinical practice. However, few metabolomic-derived biomarker candidates have been qualified by regulatory bodies for clinical applications. Such interruption in the biomarker qualification process can be largely attributed to various reasons including inappropriate study design and inadequate data to support the clinical utility of the biomarkers. In addition, the lack of robust assays for the routine quantification of candidate biomarkers has been suggested as a potential bottleneck in the biomarker qualification process. In fact, the nature of the endogenous metabolites precludes the application of the current validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. As a result, there have been individual efforts in modifying existing guidelines and/or developing alternative approaches to facilitate method validation. In this review, three main challenges for method development and validation for endogenous metabolites are discussed, namely matrix effects evaluation, alternative analyte-free matrices, and the choice of internal standards (ISs). Some studies have modified the equations described by the European Medicines Agency for the evaluation of matrix effects. However, alternative strategies were also described; for instance, calibration curves can be generated in solvents and in biological samples and the slopes can be compared through ratios, relative standard deviation, or a modified Stufour suggested approaches while quantifying mainly endogenous metabolitesdent t-test. ISs, on the contrary, are diverse; in which seven different possible types, used in metabolomics-based studies, were identified in the literature. Each type has its advantages and limitations; however, isotope-labeled ISs and ISs created through isotope derivatization show superior performance. Finally, alternative matrices have been described and tested during method development and validation for the quantification of endogenous entities. These alternatives are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings. The goal of this review is to compare, apprise, and debate current knowledge and practices in order to aid researchers and clinical scientists in developing robust assays needed during the qualification process of candidate metabolite biomarkers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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23
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LC-QTOF/MS determination of tryptophan and kynurenine in infant formulas. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113619. [PMID: 32942102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable and sensitive liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for the determination of tryptophan and its metabolite kynurenine in milk formulas for neonates and infants was developed and validated. Two extraction techniques based on EMR Lipid QuEChERS and liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether to extract lipids and methanol to precipitate the protein were tested and compared. Four different infant formula products were randomly selected and evaluated for the effect of co-extracted matrix components on the quantitative analysis results. The influence of matrix components on analytical signals was normalized by the use of stable isotope-labeled standards and matrix-matched calibration. The developed method was found to be sensitive and effective for both analytes in all the examined infant formulas with satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9995), recovery in the range of 75.7% ± 4.5 - 99.0% ± 1.1, and intra- and inter-day precision with the coefficient of variation below 6.3% and 17.9%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for both compounds differed significantly between the examined formulas. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be in the range of 2.18-9.85 μg/g and 6.61-29.84 μg/g for the determination of tryptophan and in the range of 0.21-2.71 μg/g and 0.63-8.23 μg/g for the determination of kynurenine, respectively. The method was proved to be suitable for the determination of tryptophan and kynurenine in infant formulas, and it can be used to study the link between tryptophan metabolism via kynurenine pathway and metabolic disorders in infants.
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24
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Shen Y, Luo X, Li H, Chen Z, Guan Q, Cheng L. Simple and reliable serotonin assay in human serum by LC-MS/MS method coupled with one step protein precipitation for clinical testing in patients with carcinoid tumors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1158:122395. [PMID: 33091677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is readily secreted in patients with carcinoid tumors, especially arising from the midgut. Although serotonin assay in human plasma or whole blood has been extensively studied, serotonin assay in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has received much less attention. In this study, a simple and reliable LC-MS/MS method based on one step protein precipitation for sample pretreatment was developed for clinical assay of serum serotonin. Namely, 150 μL of serum was mixed with 50 μL of internal standard (IS) and 200 μL of 4 wt.% 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) solution for protein precipitation. The supernatant after centrifugation was analyzed directly without further treatment. This method was validated for consistent linearity from 0.94 to 240 ng/mL with CVs ≤ 11.7%, good recovery in the range of 87.5%-104%, excellent analyte stability and low carryover. No obvious matrix effect was observed. Intra- and inter-day imprecision were below 8.03% and 11.5% respectively. Dilution linearity was verified with satisfying linearly dependent coefficients (r2 = 0.9937). The reference interval of serotonin was established from 126 results derived from subjects without carcinoid tumors. Therefore, apart from development of a serum serotonin assay by the LC-MS/MS method, the reference interval (RI) of 5-HT has also been established for clinical testing in patients with carcinoid tumors. In addition, this method has been successfully used in our laboratory, indicating that this robust LC-MS/MS assay with simple sample preparation and short analysis time could offer inspiring potential for clinical testing of 5-HT in routine clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Xia Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Zhongju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Qing Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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25
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The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228776. [PMID: 33233627 PMCID: PMC7699789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) holds a unique place in biology for a multitude of reasons. It is the largest of all twenty amino acids in the translational toolbox. Its side chain is indole, which is aromatic with a binuclear ring structure, whereas those of Phe, Tyr, and His are single-ring aromatics. In part due to these elaborate structural features, the biosynthetic pathway of Trp is the most complex and the most energy-consuming among all amino acids. Essential in the animal diet, Trp is also the least abundant amino acid in the cell, and one of the rarest in the proteome. In most eukaryotes, Trp is the only amino acid besides Met, which is coded for by a single codon, namely UGG. Due to the large and hydrophobic π-electron surface area, its aromatic side chain interacts with multiple other side chains in the protein, befitting its strategic locations in the protein structure. Finally, several Trp derivatives, namely tryptophylquinone, oxitriptan, serotonin, melatonin, and tryptophol, have specialized functions. Overall, Trp is a scarce and precious amino acid in the cell, such that nature uses it parsimoniously, for multiple but selective functions. Here, the various aspects of the uniqueness of Trp are presented in molecular terms.
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26
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Solvent front position extraction with semi-automatic device as a powerful sample preparation procedure to quantitatitation of tryptophan in human plasma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15063. [PMID: 32934323 PMCID: PMC7493889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paper the results of the tryptophan determination in human plasma samples prepared with the novel Solvent Front Position Extraction (SFPE) technique are presented. The SFPE procedure is used for preparation of real biological sample for the first time. The results obtained using SFPE are compared with those using the classical sample preparation procedure. Under the optimal conditions, tryptophan and its internal standard were separated from other plasma compounds (matrix) as a small common zone/spot on a chromatographic plate using semiautomatic device equipped with moving pipet, which distributed developing solvent on the adsorbent layer. Tryptophan and the internal standard were evenly distributed within the small common zone from that the both substances were extracted and the solution obtained was transferred to quantitation with LC–MS and MS techniques. The determination results are satisfactory, the percentage values of relative error and RSD relative standard deviation do not exceed 5%. The procedure is characterized by simplicity, high analysis throughput, very good sample purification and seems to be easy applicable to other biological samples with these advantages mentioned.
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27
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Su M, Cheng Y, Zhang C, Zhu D, Jia M, Zhang Q, Wu H, Chen G. Determination of the levels of tryptophan and 12 metabolites in milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with the QuEChERS method. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9851-9859. [PMID: 32921461 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan and metabolites have important biological functions in humans. Milk is an important source of tryptophan intake. In this study, we developed a method to detect levels of tryptophan and 12 metabolites in milk. The analytes were extracted by using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The proposed method resulted in suitable accuracy (standard deviation ≤10.31%) and high sensitivity (the limits of quantification were between 0.05 and 5 ng/mL). Recoveries were in the range of 44 to 126%. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to compare the content of tryptophan and metabolites in 4 milk products produced by different processes: pasteurized milk, UHT milk, milk powder, and yogurt. The results of partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that different types of processed milk could be distinguished clearly according to the method used here. The determined tryptophan and metabolites levels in milk can provide a new reference for evaluation of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meicheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - Yongyou Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guizhou Province 550004, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - Dan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - Man Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - Huaxing Wu
- R&D Center, New Hope Dairy Co, Ltd. Chengdu 610000, China; Dairy Nutrition and Function, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081.
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28
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Boulet L, Besson G, Van Noolen L, Faure P, Maillot F, Corne C. Tryptophan metabolism in phenylketonuria: A French adult cohort study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:944-951. [PMID: 32392388 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many similarities between tryptophan (Trp) and phenylalanine (Phe) metabolisms exist. It is possible that a modification of Trp metabolism might be seen in phenylketonuria (PKU). As some of these metabolites have neuroactive properties, they should be consider in neurological impairment seen in this pathology and not totally explained by blood Phe concentrations. One hundred and fifty-one adult PKU patients (mean age 26.8 years) were included for this study. Plasma Trp, kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenic acid (3HK), and kynurenic acid (KA) were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. KYN and 3HK were significantly lower in PKU patients compared to general population (P < .0001), and KA was significantly enhanced is this population (P = .009). Furthermore, 3HK concentration was significantly different between PKU patients underwent controlled low-Phe diet compared to PKU patients without this diet (P = .0016). In PKU patients with diet, taking AA substitute enable higher plasma 3HK concentration than without (P = .0008) but still not reaching general population level (P < .0001). Although further study has to be done, it is clear that Trp metabolism is modified in adult PKU patients. An exploration of complete Trp metabolism, and not only Trp concentration, is needed in PKU population, but also in other inborn error of metabolism treated with hypoprotidic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysiane Boulet
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
| | - Gérard Besson
- Service de Neurologie Générale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord, La Tronche, France
| | - Laetitia Van Noolen
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
| | - Patrice Faure
- Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
| | - François Maillot
- CHRU de Tours, médecine interne, université de Tours, INSERM 1253, Tours, France
| | - Christelle Corne
- Laboratoire des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes site Nord- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, La Tronche, France
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Compensate for or Minimize Matrix Effects? Strategies for Overcoming Matrix Effects in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Technique: A Tutorial Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133047. [PMID: 32635301 PMCID: PMC7412464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, mass spectrometry techniques, particularly when combined with separation methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, have become increasingly important in pharmaceutical, bio-analytical, environmental, and food science applications because they afford high selectivity and sensitivity. However, mass spectrometry has limitations due to the matrix effects (ME), which can be particularly marked in complex mixes, when the analyte co-elutes together with other molecules, altering analysis results quantitatively. This may be detrimental during method validation, negatively affecting reproducibility, linearity, selectivity, accuracy, and sensitivity. Starting from literature and own experience, this review intends to provide a simple guideline for selecting the best operative conditions to overcome matrix effects in LC-MS techniques, to obtain the best result in the shortest time. The proposed methodology can be of benefit in different sectors, such as pharmaceutical, bio-analytical, environmental, and food sciences. Depending on the required sensitivity, analysts may minimize or compensate for ME. When sensitivity is crucial, analysis must try to minimize ME by adjusting MS parameters, chromatographic conditions, or optimizing clean-up. On the contrary, to compensate for ME analysts should have recourse to calibration approaches depending on the availability of blank matrix. When blank matrices are available, calibration can occur through isotope labeled internal standards and matrix matched calibration standards; conversely, when blank matrices are not available, calibration can be performed through isotope labeled internal standards, background subtraction, or surrogate matrices. In any case, an adjusting of MS parameters, chromatographic conditions, or a clean-up are necessary.
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Lungu-Moscalu A, Negut CC, Stefanov C, van Staden RIS, Bunaciu AA, Staden JFV. Rhodamine B - as New Chromophore for the Determination of Melatonin in Biological, Food, and Pharmaceutical Samples. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:1080-1089. [PMID: 32598249 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200628111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Melatonin is an essential biomarker for sleep-related disorders. Reliable methods of analysis are needed for melatonin. Therefore, a new chromophore (Rhodamine B) was proposed for the assay of melatonin; this method succeeded to enlarge the working concentration range and to decrease the limit of determination comparing with the method that just used the native fluorescence of melatonin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rhodamine B was proposed as a new chromophore for the assay of melatonin in biological, food, and pharmaceutical samples. Fluorescence was used for the determination of melatonin. RESULTS The results obtained using Rhodamine B were compared with those obtained by the native fluorescence of melatonin. Using the new chromophore, melatonin was determined in the concentration range between 0.01 and 50 pmol L-1, with the detection limit of 2.4 fmol L-1. The recovery of melatonin was higher than 98.00% with a relative standard deviation of less than 0.10%, when the method was applied for the assay of melatonin in samples such as breast milk, whole blood, milk powder, and pharmaceutical formulations. CONCLUSION Utilization of Rhodamine B enlarged the linear concentration range for the assay of melatonin and decreased the detection limit, making possible the assay of melatonin in a variety of samples such as pharmaceuticals, food, and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Lungu-Moscalu
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Catalina C Negut
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Cristina Stefanov
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana S van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | | | - Jacobus F van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest 060021, Romania
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Tömösi F, Kecskeméti G, Cseh EK, Szabó E, Rajda C, Kormány R, Szabó Z, Vécsei L, Janáky T. A validated UHPLC-MS method for tryptophan metabolites: Application in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113246. [PMID: 32182446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous quantitative estimation of tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites represents a great challenge because of their diverse chemical properties, e.g., presence of acidic, basic, and nonpolar functional groups and their immensely different concentrations in biological matrices. A short ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was validated for targeted analysis of TRP and its 11 most important metabolites derived via both kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin (SERO) pathways in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): SERO, KYN, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), xanthurenic acid, melatonin, picolinic acid (PICA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN). After selecting the "best" reversed-phase column and organic modifier, DryLab®4 was used to optimize the gradient time and temperature in chromatographic separation. To achieve absolute quantification, deuterium-labeled internal standards were used. Among all compounds, 3 were analyzed in derivatized (butyl ester) forms (3-HK, PICA, and QUIN) and the remaining 9 in underivatized forms. Validation was performed in accordance with the ICH and FDA guidelines to determine the intraday and interday precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and recovery. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed UHPLC-MS/MS method, the aforementioned metabolites were analyzed in serum and CSF samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (multiple sclerosis group) and those with symptomatic or noninflammatory neurological diseases (control group). The concentration of QUIN dramatically increased, whereas that of KYNA slightly decreased in the multiple sclerosis group, resulting in a significantly increased QUIN/KYNA ratio and significantly decreased PICA/QUIN ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tömösi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Katalin Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elza Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecília Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Kormány
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Keresztúri út 30-38, H-1106, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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Chen Y, Chen H, Shi G, Yang M, Zheng F, Zheng Z, Zhang S, Zhong S. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantitative profiling of tryptophan metabolites in human plasma and its application to clinical study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1128:121745. [PMID: 31586884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, rapid and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to assay tryptophan (TRP) and its nine metabolites, including kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), xanthurenic acid (XA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA) and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) in human plasma. Tryptophan-d5 (TRP-d5) and carbamazepine (CAR) were applied to the method quantification, where TRP-d5 was the corresponding internal standard (IS) for TRP and KYN, and CAR was the corresponding IS for the other analytes. Plasma samples were processed by deproteinisation with acetonitrile, followed by separation on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column by using gradient elution with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile and detection by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) within a total run time of 5 min. The calibration ranges were 3-600 ng/mL for 3-HK, 1.5-300 ng/mL for 5-HT, 25-5000 ng/mL for KYN, 1-200 ng/mL for XA, 100-20,000 ng/mL for TRP, 5-1000 ng/mL for KYNA, 2-400 ng/mL for 3-HAA, 2.5-500 ng/mL for 5-HIAA and 10-2000 ng/mL for IAA and IPA. All intra- and inter-day analytical variations were acceptable. Matrix effect and recovery evaluation proved that matrix effect can be negligible, and sample preparation approach was effective. The newly developed method can simultaneously determine a panel of TRP metabolites and was successfully applied in the clinical study characterising TRP metabolism in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Fuchun Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Zhijie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou 510220, PR China.
| | - Shilong Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Tombari RJ, Saunders CM, Wu CY, Dunlap LE, Tantillo DJ, Olson DE. Ex Vivo Analysis of Tryptophan Metabolism Using 19F NMR. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1866-1873. [PMID: 31449387 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is metabolized into a variety of small molecules capable of impacting human physiology, and aberrant tryptophan metabolism has been linked to a number of diseases. There are three principal routes by which tryptophan is degraded, and thus methods for measuring metabolic flux through these pathways can be used to understand the factors that perturb tryptophan metabolism and potentially to measure disease biomarkers. Here, we describe a method utilizing 6-fluorotryptophan as a probe for detecting tryptophan metabolites in ex vivo tissue samples via 19F nuclear magnetic resonance. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that 6-fluorotryptophan can be used to measure changes in tryptophan metabolism resulting from antibiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota composition. Taken together, we describe a general strategy for monitoring amino acid metabolism using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance that is operationally simple and does not require chromatographic separation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Tombari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carla M. Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Lee E. Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Application of the optimized and validated LC-MS method for simultaneous quantification of tryptophan metabolites in culture medium from cancer cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112805. [PMID: 31415991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan degradation generating a number of immunoregulatory compounds. Some conditions like oxidative stress, inflammatory factors might enhance tryptophan degradation. Process is active in several cells including fibroblasts, cancer cells, and immune cells, therefore it is intensively studied in context of cancer microenvironment. The validated and standardized methodology for kynurenine quantification is crucial for reliable comparison of results obtained in different studies. This paper concerns an approach for simultaneous quantification of four major tryptophan metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) in cell culture supernatants by liquid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometer. During development of the novel method, the principal component analysis was used to select the best mobile phase and to ensure the optimal conditions for simultaneous quantification of metabolites. The analysis involves simple protein precipitation with acidified methanol and 3-nitrotyrosine as an internal standard. The obtained limits of detection and quantification in cell culture medium were in the range of 3.31-10.80 nmol/L and 9.60-19.50 nmol/L, respectively. At the validation step, other method parameters (linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects) were also evaluated and satisfactory results were obtained for all target compounds. The method was applied to study tryptophan metabolites by determination of kynurenines in cell culture medium from two different human cancer cell lines (MDA-MD-231 and SK-OV-3) in context of exposure to glycation products.
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Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of l-tryptophan (Trp) conversion into l-kynurenine (Kyn). The depletion of Trp, and the accumulation of Kyn have been proposed as mechanisms that contribute to the suppression of the immune response-primarily evidenced by in vitro study. IDO1 is therefore considered to be an immunosuppressive modulator and quantification of IDO1 metabolism may be critical to understanding its role in select immunopathologies, including autoimmune- and oncological-conditions, as well as for determining the potency of IDO1 enzyme inhibitors. Because tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and to a significantly lesser extent, IDO2, also catabolize Trp into Kyn, it's important to differentiate the contribution of each enzyme to Trp catabolism and Kyn generation. Moreover, a great variety of detection methods have been developed for the quantification of Trp metabolites, but choosing the suitable protocol remains challenging. Here, we review the differential expression of IDO1/TDO/IDO2 in normal and malignant tissues, followed by a comprehensive analysis of methodologies for quantifying Trp and Kyn in vitro and in vivo, with an emphasis on the advantages/disadvantages for each application.
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Lefèvre A, Mavel S, Nadal-Desbarats L, Galineau L, Attucci S, Dufour D, Sokol H, Emond P. Validation of a global quantitative analysis methodology of tryptophan metabolites in mice using LC-MS. Talanta 2019; 195:593-598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Whiley L, Nye LC, Grant I, Andreas N, Chappell KE, Sarafian MH, Misra R, Plumb RS, Lewis MR, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Swann JR, Wilson ID. Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray Ionization Quantification of Tryptophan Metabolites and Markers of Gut Health in Serum and Plasma-Application to Clinical and Epidemiology Cohorts. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5207-5216. [PMID: 30848589 PMCID: PMC6503468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A targeted
ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method
has been developed for the quantification of tryptophan and its downstream
metabolites from the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. The assay
coverage also includes markers of gut health and inflammation, including
citrulline and neopterin. The method was designed in 96-well plate
format for application in multiday, multiplate clinical and epidemiology
population studies. A chromatographic cycle time of 7 min enables
the analysis of two 96-well plates in 24 h. To protect chromatographic
column lifespan, samples underwent a two-step extraction, using solvent
protein precipitation followed by delipidation via solid-phase extraction
(SPE). Analytical validation reported accuracy of each analyte <20%
for the lowest limit of quantification and <15% for all other quality
control (QC) levels. The analytical precision for each analyte was
2.1–12.9%. To test the applicability of the method to multiplate
and multiday preparations, a serum pool underwent periodic repeat
analysis during a run consisting of 18 plates. The % CV (coefficient
of variation) values obtained for each analyte were <15%. Additional
biological testing applied the assay to samples collected from healthy
control participants and two groups diagnosed with inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) (one group treated with the anti-inflammatory 5-aminosalicylic
acid (5-ASA) and one group untreated), with results showing significant
differences in the concentrations of picolinic acid, kynurenine, and
xanthurenic acid. The short analysis time and 96-well plate format
of the assay makes it suitable for high-throughput targeted UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS
metabolomic analysis in large-scale clinical and epidemiological population
studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Whiley
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Burlington Danes Building , Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN , United Kingdom.,MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, IRDB Building , Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN , United Kingdom
| | - Leanne C Nye
- Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Isobelle Grant
- Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom.,Waters Corporation , Milford , Massachusetts 01757 , United States
| | - Nick Andreas
- Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Chappell
- MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, IRDB Building , Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN , United Kingdom
| | - Magali H Sarafian
- Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Misra
- St. Marks Hospital and Academic Institute , Watford Road , Middlesex, London HA1 3UJ , United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Plumb
- Waters Corporation , Milford , Massachusetts 01757 , United States
| | - Matthew R Lewis
- MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, IRDB Building , Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN , United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre , Murdoch University , Harry Perkins Building , Perth , Western Australia 6150 , Australia
| | - Elaine Holmes
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Burlington Danes Building , Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN , United Kingdom.,MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, IRDB Building , Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN , United Kingdom.,Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom.,Australian National Phenome Centre , Murdoch University , Harry Perkins Building , Perth , Western Australia 6150 , Australia
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Integrative Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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Chen GY, Zhong W, Zhou Z, Zhang Q. Simultaneous determination of tryptophan and its 31 catabolites in mouse tissues by polarity switching UHPLC-SRM-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:200-210. [PMID: 30292294 PMCID: PMC6224157 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) and its catabolites have attracted a lot of attention because of their clinical significance to human health. Recently, microbiome-gut-brain axis was found to have links to many diseases based on the imbalance of TRP catabolism. By using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, we present a rapid, robust and comprehensive method to determine 31 TRP catabolites covering three major pathways - kynurenic, serotonergic and bacterial degradation - within 5 min. Polarity switching was employed to analyze catabolites in both ionization modes simultaneously for greatly improved analytical throughput. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 0.5-15.8% and 1.5-16.7%, respectively. Accuracy was between 75.8 and 126.9%. The developed method was applied to study the tissue level of TRP catabolites in the liver, ileum, ileal contents, brain and plasma samples from 8 mice, and clear differences in the distribution of TRP catabolites were observed in different tissues. Ratios of key catabolites to TRP were used to evaluate the activities of specific enzyme and pathway in respective tissues. This method has potential in high throughput analysis of TRP catabolites in biological matrices, which can facilitate understanding the influence of TRP catabolites on microbiome-gut-brain axis and on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yuan Chen
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
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A quantitative metabolomics study of bacterial metabolites in different domains. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:237-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Determination of Tryptophan and Its Major Metabolites in Fluid from the Anterior Chamber of the Eye in Diabetic Patients with Cataract by Liquid Chromotography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113012. [PMID: 30453653 PMCID: PMC6278302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is to an essential amino acid and its catabolites are significant to human health. By using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS), levels of three major components of kynurenic pathway namely tryptophan (TRP), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and kynurenine (KYN) in fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye were determined. The analysis was carried out on a Synergi 4 μ Fusion-RP column using gradient elution mode. For quantitative determination, l-tryptophan-amino-15N, 99 ATOM % 15N was used as an internal standard. The method was linear in the concentration range 4–2000 ng mL−1 for TRP, KYNA and KYN. The mean recoveries measured at four concentration levels for TRP, KYN and KYNA included the following ranges 94.3–96.1; 91.0–95.0; and 96.0–97.6%, respectively. The intra-day precision parameters were smaller than 4.4, 6.4 and 5% respectively. The developed method was applied to study the level of TRP, KYNA and KYN in eye fluid for the retrospective case series which included 28 patients suffering from cataracts and diabetes (n = 8). The experimental data was subjected to statistical analysis. The Mann-Whitney U-test revealed clear differences in the level of TRP catabolites and the ratios of TRP/KYN representing the activities of specific enzyme of kynurenine pathway in examined groups of patients. A level of probability p < 0.05 was used throughout a paper to denote statistically significant differences between the groups.
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Arnhard K, Pitterl F, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fuchs D, Koal T, Oberacher H. A validated liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid in human plasma. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1171-1180. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Arnhard
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry; Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; University Hospital of Psychiatry II; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry; Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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Development and Application of a HPLC-PDA-FL Method for the Determination of Melatonin and its Precursors in Infant Formulas. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sadok I, Gamian A, Staniszewska MM. Chromatographic analysis of tryptophan metabolites. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3020-3045. [PMID: 28590049 PMCID: PMC5575536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway generates multiple tryptophan metabolites called collectively kynurenines and leads to formation of the enzyme cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The first step in this pathway is tryptophan degradation, initiated by the rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, depending on the tissue. The balanced kynurenine metabolism, which has been a subject of multiple studies in last decades, plays an important role in several physiological and pathological conditions such as infections, autoimmunity, neurological disorders, cancer, cataracts, as well as pregnancy. Understanding the regulation of tryptophan depletion provide novel diagnostic and treatment opportunities, however it requires reliable methods for quantification of kynurenines in biological samples with complex composition (body fluids, tissues, or cells). Trace concentrations, interference of sample components, and instability of some tryptophan metabolites need to be addressed using analytical methods. The novel separation approaches and optimized extraction protocols help to overcome difficulties in analyzing kynurenines within the complex tissue material. Recent developments in chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry provide new opportunity for quantification of tryptophan and its degradation products in various biological samples. In this review, we present current accomplishments in the chromatographic methodologies proposed for detection of tryptophan metabolites and provide a guide for choosing the optimal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
- Department of Medical BiochemistryWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Magdalena Maria Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary ResearchThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinLublinPoland
- Laboratory of Medical MicrobiologyHirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWroclawPoland
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Simultaneous determination of tryptophan and 8 metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1054:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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