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Ali I, Perrucci M, Ciriolo L, D'Ovidio C, de Grazia U, Ulusoy HI, Kabir A, Savini F, Locatelli M. Applications of electrophoresis for small enantiomeric drugs in real-world samples: Recent trends and future perspectives. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:55-68. [PMID: 37495859 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Separation and identification of chiral molecules is a topic widely discussed in the literature and of fundamental importance, especially in the pharmaceutical and food fields, both from industrial and laboratory points of view. Several techniques are used to carry out these analyses, but high-performance liquid chromatography is often the "gold standard." The high costs of chiral columns, necessary for this technique, led researchers to look for an alternative, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a technique capable of overcoming some of the disadvantages of liquid chromatography, often providing comparable results in terms of sensitivity and robustness. We addressed this topic, already widely discussed in the literature, providing an overview of the last 6 years of the most frequent and recent applications of CE. To make the manuscript more effective, we decided to divide it into paragraphs that represent the main field of application, from enantioseparation in complex matrices (pharmacokinetic studies or toxicological dosage of drugs, analysis of environmental pollutants, and analyses of foods) to quality control analyses on pharmaceutical formulas. About these, which are the fields of most meaningful use, we mentioned some of the most innovative and performing methods, with a look to the future on the application of new materials used, such as chiral selectors, that can make these types of analyses accessible to all, reducing cost, time, and excessive use of toxic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Miryam Perrucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Ciriolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristian D'Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ugo de Grazia
- Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Savini
- Pharmatoxicology Laboratory-Hospital "Santo Spirito", Pescara, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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2
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Modroiu A, Krait S, Hancu G, Scriba GKE. Quality by design-guided development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous chiral purity determination and impurity profiling of tamsulosin. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300604. [PMID: 37937344 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Analytical Quality by Design principles using the design of experiments were applied for the development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of enantiomeric purity and chemically related impurities of tamsulosin. From initial scouting experiments, a dual cyclodextrin (CD) system composed of sulfated β-CD and carboxymethyl-α-CD was selected as the chiral selector. A fractional factorial resolution V+ design was used for the identification of the critical process parameters, while a face-centered central composite design and Monte Carlo simulations were employed for final optimization and defining the design space of the method. The experimental conditions of the working point were: 30 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 3.0, containing 40 mg/mL sulfated β-CD and 7 mg/mL carboxymethyl-α-CD, capillary temperature 18°C, applied voltage -23 kV. Following the assessment of robustness by applying a Plackett-Burman design, the method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline Q2(R1). The method allowed the quantification of the chiral impurity and three other related impurities at the 0.1 % level with acceptable accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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3
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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García-Cansino L, Boltes K, Marina ML, García MÁ. Enantioseparation and ecotoxicity evaluation of ibrutinib by Electrokinetic Chromatography using single and dual systems. Talanta 2023; 265:124783. [PMID: 37348354 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two chiral methods enabling the separation of ibrutinib enantiomers were developed by Electrokinetic Chromatography. A cyclodextrin (CD) or a mixture of the CD and a chiral ionic liquid (CIL) was used as chiral selector. Using the single CD system, seven neutral and six anionic CDs were tested in a formate buffer at pH 3.0 working in positive and negative polarity, respectively. The use of sulfated-γ-CD (S-γ-CD) and negative polarity originated the best results considering analysis time and enantioresolution. The optimization of the experimental conditions allowed obtaining the separation of ibrutinib enantiomers in an analysis time of 4.2 min with an enantioresolution value of 1.5. The effect of the addition of fifteen CILs on the enantioresolution was evaluated showing that both analysis time and enantioresolution were generally increased. A mixture of S-γ-CD and [TMA][L-Lys] was selected which provided the separation of ibrutinib enantiomers in 8.1 min with an enantioresolution value of 3.3 under the same experimental conditions as in the case of using the single CD system. The enantiomeric impurity (S-ibrutinib) was the first-migrating isomer when using the single CD and the combined CD/CIL systems, as corresponds to the most desirable situation. Both chiral methods allowed the detection of the enantiomeric impurity up to a 0.1% as established by the International Council on Harmonization. After establishing the analytical characteristics of both chiral methodologies developed, they were applied to the enantiomeric determination of ibrutinib in a pharmaceutical formulation for hospital use marketed as pure enantiomer (R-ibrutinib) and to evaluate the stability and ecotoxicity of racemic ibrutinib and R-ibrutinib on Daphnia magna. The developed methodologies enabled, for the first time, the rapid chiral quantitation of ibrutinib in abiotic and biotic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Cansino
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Water Institute, Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. Del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. Del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Niu X, Zhao R, Yan S, Li H, Yang J, Cao K, Liu X, Wang K. Chiral MOFs encapsulated by polymers with poly-metallic coordination as chiral biosensors. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:230. [PMID: 37208529 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chiral materials have drawn the widespread attention for their its chiral recognition ability. The design and synthesis of chiral material are of importance owing to the unpredictability in controlling chirality during the synthesis process. To circumvent problems, a chiral MOF (D-His-ZIF-8) was synthesized by ligand exchange of 2-methylimidazole (Hmim) on ZIF-8 by D-histidine (D-His), which can be treated as chiral host to distinguish amino acid enantiomers. The obtained D-His-ZIF-8 can provide chiral nanochannels for amino acid guests. Meanwhile, polynary transition-metal ion (Co2+ and Fe3+) coordinating with polydopamine (PDA) wrapped on the surface of D-His-ZIF-8 can increase the active sites. The electrochemical chiral recognition behavior showed that D-His-ZIF-8@CoFe-PDA exhibited good recognition of the tryptophan enantiomer (L/D-Trp) (working potential of -0.2 V vs. Hg/HgCl2). The LOD and LOQ of L-Trp were 0.066 mM and 0.22 mM, respectively, while the LOD and LOQ of D-Trp were 0.15 mM and 0.50 mM, respectively. Finally, the usefulness of D-His-ZIF-8@CoFe-PDA/GCE was evaluated with a recovery of 94.4-103%. The analysis of real samples shows that D-His-ZIF-8@CoFe-PDA/GCE is a feasible sensing platform for the detection of L-Trp and D-Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Niu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Simeng Yan
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Gansu Guoxin Runda Analysis and Testing Center, 730010, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunjie Cao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Peluso P, Landy D, Nakhle L, Dallocchio R, Dessì A, Krait S, Salgado A, Chankvetadze B, Scriba GK. Isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular modeling study of the complex formation of daclatasvir by γ-cyclodextrin and trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120870. [PMID: 37182961 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The complex formation between daclatasvir and γ-CD or heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD) was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular modeling. Both techniques supported the predominant formation of a 2:1 complex in case of γ-CD although a 1:1 complex may be formed to a much lower extent as well. In case of TM-β-CD the stoichiometry of the complex was exclusively 1:1. Complex formation with γ-CD did not require dissociation of the daclatasvir dimer, which is present in solution, and resulted in a complex with a binding constant of 1.67·107 M-2. In contrast, formation of the weak TM-β-CD complex (K = 371 M-1) required dissociation of the daclatasvir dimer. This is in line with the observation that the complex formation in case of γ-CD is enthalpy-driven, while the process is entropy-driven in case of TM-β-CD. It is concluded that the plateau observed in capillary electrophoresis is primarily based on the slow dissociation of the daclatasvir-CD complexes caused by steric constrains due to the folded terminal amino acid moieties of daclatasvir exerting a clip effect. In case γ-CD the thermodynamic stability might contribute to the overall slow dissociation.
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7
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Cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis: Recent trends in mechanistic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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8
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Modroiu A, Krait S, Hancu G, Scriba GKE. Quality by design-guided development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the chiral purity determination of silodosin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115117. [PMID: 36306637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silodosin is a single isomer selective α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In order to control the enantiomeric purity of the drug a capillary electrophoresis method was developed that is applicable to the analysis of drug substance as well as pharmaceutical formulations. Method development followed a quality by design strategy. After selection of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as suitable chiral selector and the starting conditions in the scouting phase, a two-level full factorial design was applied to identify the critical process parameters. The final method optimization was performed using a face-centered central composite design resulting in the conditions 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 2.9, containing 40 mg/mL car-boxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, a capillary temperature of 17 °C and an applied voltage of 28 kV. Robustness testing employing a Plackett-Burman design revealed the importance of careful pH adjustment in order to achieve suitable peak shape and resolution. The method was validated according to the guideline Q2(R1) of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use and applied to the analysis of a commercial capsule formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Modroiu
- Friedrich Schiller University, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany; George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Sulaiman Krait
- Friedrich Schiller University, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich Schiller University, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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9
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Kravchenko AV, Kolobova EA, Kechin AA, Kartsova LA. Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for determination of ketorolac enantiomers in human plasma using cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative as a chiral selector. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200601. [PMID: 36420913 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the separation of ketorolac enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis is presented. A cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative based on imidazole was synthesized and used as a chiral selector in the background electrolyte. The influence of pH and ionic strength of background electrolyte, as well as cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative concentration on the resolution of ketorolac enantiomers, was investigated. The highest value of the resolution for ketorolac enantiomers was 1.46 when the background electrolyte consisted of 25 mM NaH2 PO4 (pH 6.4) with 1 mM 1-butyl-3-β-cyclodextrinimidazolium tosylate. Additionally, the possibilities of cationic derivatives for the separation of ketoprofen enantiomers were shown (peak resolution 1.06). The two-step preconcentration mode was developed to reduce the limit of detection of individual enantiomers. The proposed approach was successfully applied to determine ketorolac enantiomers in tablet "Ketorol express" and human plasma. The calibration range of ketorolac enantiomers for plasma samples was 0.25-2.50 μg/ml with coefficients of determination ≥ 0.99. The relative standard deviation both of the peak area and migration time was less than 15%, as well as the accuracy ranged from 90.1% to 110.2% for both analytes. The limits of detection were 44 and 55 ng/ml for R- and S-ketorolac. The quantity of ketorolac in plasma was verified with high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Kravchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Kolobova
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,The Federal State Institute of Public Health 'The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine', The Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arseniy A Kechin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liudmila A Kartsova
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Zhang L, Tan QG, Fan JQ, Sun C, Luo YT, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Microfluidics for chiral separation of biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Orlandini S, Hancu G, Szabó ZI, Modroiu A, Papp LA, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. New Trends in the Quality Control of Enantiomeric Drugs: Quality by Design-Compliant Development of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207058. [PMID: 36296650 PMCID: PMC9607418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a potent method for analyzing chiral substances and is commonly used in the enantioseparation and chiral purity control of pharmaceuticals from different matrices. The adoption of Quality by Design (QbD) concepts in analytical method development, optimization and validation is a widespread trend observed in various analytical approaches including chiral CE. The application of Analytical QbD (AQbD) leads to the development of analytical methods based on sound science combined with risk management, and to a well understood process clarifying the influence of method parameters on the analytical output. The Design of Experiments (DoE) method employing chemometric tools is an essential part of QbD-based method development, allowing for the simultaneous evaluation of experimental parameters as well as their interaction. In 2022 the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) released two draft guidelines (ICH Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)) that are intended to encourage more robust analytical procedures. The ICH Q14 guideline intends to harmonize the scientific approaches for analytical procedures’ development, while the Q2(R2) document covers the validation principles for the use of analytical procedures including the recent applications that require multivariate statistical analyses. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the new prospects for chiral CE method development applied for the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceuticals using AQbD principles. The review also provides an overview of recent research (2012–2022) on the applicability of CE methods in chiral drug impurity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Lajos-Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
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12
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Amariei G, Jiménez-Jiménez S, García MÁ, Marina ML, Boltes K. First eco-toxicological evidence of ivabradine effect on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri: A chiral view. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156617. [PMID: 35691350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ivabradine (S-ivabradine) is a contemporary antihypertensive drug designed and commercialized for cardiovascular diseases treatment over the world. In this work the enantiomer-specific stability and acute toxicity of ivabradine to the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri as well as the potential mechanism of action were investigated for the first time. With this aim, real concentrations of ivabradine enantiomers under abiotic and biotic conditions were determined by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) with cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors. A moderate chiral stability without enantiomeric interconversion was observed for ivabradine. The bioluminescence inhibition method revealed an enantioselective toxicity of ivabradine to marine bacterium. The order of ecotoxicity was R-ivabradine < racemic ivabradine < S-ivabradine with EC50 (t = 5 min) values about 75.98, 11.11 and 7.93 mg/L, respectively. Confocal Live/Dead stained images showed that bacterial envelops cells were seriously damaged after exposure to S-ivabradine. S-ivabradine also disturbed the esterase activity and significantly increased the ROS level compared with the control. Thus, oxidative stress originating membrane cells damage and enzymatic activity changes was shown to be the primary mechanism of S-ivabradine toxicity to marine bacterium. Our results highlight the need for more eco-toxicological evaluations of the cardiovascular drug S-ivabradine on other aquatic organisms to establish the risk on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Amariei
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering-Plastic and Plastic Engineering, Aarhus University, Aabogade 40, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sara Jiménez-Jiménez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Water Institute, Parque Científico Tecnológico, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Cârcu-Dobrin M, Hancu G, Papp LA, Fülöp I. Chiral Discrimination of Mexiletine Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors and Experimental Design Method Optimization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175603. [PMID: 36080370 PMCID: PMC9458186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexiletine (MXL) is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent, acting as a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, used in therapy as a racemic mixture R,S-MXL hydrochloride. The aim of the current study was the development of a new, fast, and efficient method for the chiral separation of MXL enantiomers using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors (CSs). After an initial CS screening, using several neutral and charged CDs, at four pH levels, heptakis-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-CD (TM-β-CD), a neutral derivatized CD, was chosen as the optimum CS for the enantioseparation. For method optimization, an initial screening fractional factorial design was applied to identify the most significant parameters, followed by a face-centered central composite design to establish the optimal separation conditions. The best results were obtained by applying the following optimized electrophoretic conditions: 60 mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, 50 mM TM-β-CD, temperature 20 °C, applied voltage 30 kV, hydrodynamic injection 50 mbar/s. MXL enantiomers were baseline separated with a resolution of 1.52 during a migration time of under 5 min; S-MXL was the first migrating enantiomer. The method’s analytical performance was verified in terms of precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness (applying a Plackett–Burman design). The developed method was applied for the determination of MXL enantiomers in pharmaceuticals. A computer modeling of the MXL-CD complexes was applied to characterize host–guest chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Cârcu-Dobrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ibolya Fülöp
- Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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14
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MODELLING THE SIMULTANEOUS CHIRAL SEPARATION OF A GROUP OF DRUGS BY ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY USING MIXTURES OF CYCLODEXTRINS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Recent Advances on Chiral Mobile Phase Additives: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Pei H, Wang J, Jin X, Zhang X, Liu W, Guo R, Liu N, Mo Z. An electrochemical chiral sensor based on glutamic acid functionalized graphene-gold nanocomposites for chiral recognition of tryptophan enantiomers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Chen B, You H, Fang L, Lin T, Xu P, Chu C, Tong S. Enantioseparation of Five Racemic N-alkyl Drugs by Reverse Phase HPLC Using Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin as Chiral Mobile Phase Additive. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1847-1855. [PMID: 35322921 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Analytical enantioseparations of five N-alkyl drugs, fluoxetine hydrochloride, labetalol, venlafaxine hydrochloride, trans-paroxol and atropine sulfate, were investigated by RP-HPLC with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additive. Effects of various factors such as composition of mobile phase, concentration of cyclodextrins and column temperature on retention and enantioselectivity were studied. Apparent formation constant between methanol, acetonitrile and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin were determined to be 2.90 × 10-3 and 1.00 × 10-4 L mmol-1 under 25 °C using UV-spectrophotometry. Van't Hoff plots were used to investigate thermodynamic parameters for enantiomers-stationary phase interaction and formation of inclusion complex. Two retention models were employed individually for evaluation of inclusion complexation between five racemates and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. The second model with complex adsorption was more accord with the retention behavior of fluoxetine hydrochloride, labetalol and venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers, while the first model was more consistent with the retention behaviors of trans-paroxol and atropine sulfate. In the selected mobile phase, stoichiometric ratio for both of inclusion complex was found to be 1:1. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Haibo You
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Liqun Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Ping Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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18
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Effect of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents on the enantiomeric separation of clopidogrel by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical formulations using tetrabutylammonium l-aspartic acid combined with carboxymethyl-γ-cyclodextrin. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Krait S, Salgado A, Malanga M, Sohajda T, Benkovics G, Szakály PS, Chankvetadze B, Scriba GKE. Structural characterization of methyl-β-cyclodextrins by high-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and effect of their isomeric composition on the capillary electrophoresis enantioseparation of daclatasvir. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462675. [PMID: 34890854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The separation of daclatasvir and its R,R,R,R-enantiomer was studied by capillary electrophoresis using various randomly methylated β-CDs and the single isomer heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (2,6-DM-β-CD) as chiral selectors in an acidic background electrolyte. Opposite enantiomer migration order was observed for randomly substituted CDs compared to 2,6-DM-β-CD as well as methylated β-CDs with different composition according to the specifications of the manufacturers. HPLC and NMR analyses confirmed that the presence of a high 2,6-DM-β-CD content in the CDs enables to achieve the migration order R,R,R,R-enantiomer > daclatasvir. In contrast, products with low 2,6-DM-β-CD isomer content and/or the presence of a large amount of methylated CD isomers, in which d-glucopyranose moieties are not substituted in either position 2 or 6, displayed the opposite enantiomer migration order daclatasvir > R,R,R,R-enantiomer. The study indicated the importance of the type and composition of derivatized CDs on chiral separations in capillary electrophoresis as well as the importance of proper quality control for cyclodextrin manufacturers. Moreover, the observed migration order could be rationalized based on the composition and substitution pattern of the CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Antonio Salgado
- NMR Spectroscopy Center (CERMN), CAI Químicas, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab Ltd., Illatos út 7, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany.
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20
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Markina NE, Cialla-May D, Markin AV. Cyclodextrin-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:923-942. [PMID: 34635933 PMCID: PMC8724143 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous approaches have been proposed to overcome the intrinsically low selectivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and the modification of SERS substrates with diverse recognition molecules is one of such approaches. In contrast to the use of antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, application of cyclodextrins (CDs) is still developing with less than 100 papers since 1993. Therefore, the main goal of this review is the critical analysis of all available papers on the use of CDs in SERS analysis, including physicochemical studies of CD complexation and the effect of CD presence on the Raman enhancement. The results of the review reveal that there is controversial information about CD efficiency and further experimental investigations have to be done in order to estimate the real potential of CDs in SERS-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E Markina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance, "Leibniz Health Technologies", Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexey V Markin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance, "Leibniz Health Technologies", Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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21
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Wang Y, Wang X, Sun Q, Li R, Ji Y. Facile separation of enantiomers via covalent organic framework bonded stationary phase. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:367. [PMID: 34617147 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a type of crystalline polymers, have attracted increasing interest because of their controllability of geometry and functionality. Featuring infinitely extended networks and tremendous interaction sites, COFs emerge as a potential platform for separation science. Here, a novel chiral COF (β-CD COFBPDA) constructed by the imine condensation of 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde and heptakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin was introduced into an electrochromatographic system via a photopolymerization method and applied to the separation of enantiomers. The structure and properties of as-synthesized β-CD COFBPDA were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2adsorption-desorption isotherms. It was proved that β-CD COFBPDA was provided with larger pore size and BET surface area. The β-CD COFBPDA coating endowed the chiral stationary phase with superior three-dimensional orientation, and realized satisfactory separation with improved selectivity and column efficiency for a dozen racemic drugs. Under the optimized conditions, homatropine, ondansetron, metoprolol, terbutaline, tulobuterol, and promethazine were all baseline separated with resolution values of 2.24, 2.03, 1.65, 1.62, 1.60, and 1.58, respectively. The results indicate the high perspective of COF modified stationary in enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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22
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Nguyen NVT, Nguyen KNH, Nguyen KT, Kim KH, Aboul-Enein HY. The impact of chirality on the analysis of alkaloids in plant. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e71101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the alkaloids are chiral compounds and are clinically administered as the racemic mixture, even though its enantiomers have been known to exert different pharmacological activity. The determination of the enantiomeric composition of alkaloid-containing plants is subject to severe attention from pharmacological and toxicological points of view. This review gives an overview of the chiral analysis of alkaloids that were used in theoretical studies and applications for plants in recent years.
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23
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Yi G, Ji B, Du J, Zhou J, Chen Z, Mao Y, Wei Y, Xia Z, Fu Q. Enhanced enantioseparation performance in cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography using quinine modified polydopamine coated capillary column. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Li L, Xue X, Zhang H, Lv W, Qi S, Du H, Manyande A, Chen H. In-situ and one-step preparation of protein film in capillary column for open tubular capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Preparation and evaluation of chiral open-tubular columns supported with zeolite silica nanoparticles and single/dual chiral selectors using capillary electrochromatography with amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462298. [PMID: 34111678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, novel stationary phase coatings by zeolite SiO2NPs coupled with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) or β-CD/L-phenylalanine were developed for chiral open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The OT columns were prepared taking advantage of the strong adhesion of polydopamine in one-step method. Scanning electron micrography and electroosmotic flow were used to characterize the prepared single/dual-selector OT columns. Chiral separation of four chiral analytes (catechin/epicatechin, ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, ritodrine and salbutamol) was carried out in order to evaluate the performance of the prepared columns in OT-CEC with amperometric detection system. In terms of migration time, peak area, resolution, and selectivity factor of catechin/epicatechin and salbutamol, the run-to-run, day-to-day, and column-to-column repeatability were within 8.9%. Under the optimum conditions, the developed methods were applied for the analyses of Chinese herbal medicine Catechu herbs and salbutamol aerosol samples.
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26
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El Deeb S, Silva CF, Junior CSN, Hanafi RS, Borges KB. Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Principle and Applications, Detection and Identification, Design of Experiment, and Exploration of Chiral Recognition Using Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:2841. [PMID: 34064769 PMCID: PMC8151978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the literature of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography from January 2016 to March 2021. This is done to explore the state-of-the-art approach and recent developments carried out in this field. The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Rasha Sayed Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
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27
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Hancu G, Papp LA, Tóth G, Kelemen H. The Use of Dual Cyclodextrin Chiral Selector Systems in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:2261. [PMID: 33919692 PMCID: PMC8069766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are the most efficient and frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). There are situations when the use of a single CD as CS is not enough to obtain efficient chiral discrimination of the enantiomers; in these cases, sometimes this problem can be resolved using a dual CD system. The use of dual CD systems can often dramatically enhance enantioseparation selectivity and can be applied for the separation of many analytes of pharmaceutical interest for which enantioseparation by CE with another CS systems can be problematic. Usually in a dual CD system an anionic CD is used together with a neutral one, but there are situations when the use of a cationic CD with a neutral one or the use of two neutral CDs or even two ionized CDs can be an efficient solution. In the current review we present general aspects of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. Several examples of applications of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceuticals are selected and discussed. Theoretical aspects regarding the separation of enantiomers through simultaneous interaction with the two CSs are also explained. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, potential and new direction in this chiral analysis field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
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28
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Construction of electrochemical chiral interface of C3N4/Ppy/ self-assembled polysaccharide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Recent advances in chiral analysis for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:493-511. [PMID: 33719527 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article covers current methods and applications in chiral analysis from 2010 to 2020 for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Sample preparation for aqueous and solid biological samples prior to instrumental analysis were discussed in the article. GC, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography provide the efficient tools for chiral drug analysis coupled to fluorescence, UV and MS detectors. The application of chiral analysis is discussed in the article, which involves differentiation between clinical use and drug abuse, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacology/toxicology evaluations and chiral inversion. Typical chiral analytes, including amphetamines and their analogs, anesthetics, psychotropic drugs, β-blockers and some other chiral compounds, are also reviewed.
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30
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Grodner B, Napiórkowska M. Dual 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin and 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-Hydroxyphenyl) Porphyrin System as a Novel Chiral-Achiral Selector Complex for Enantioseparation of Aminoalkanol Derivatives with Anticancer Activity in Capillary Electrophoresis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040993. [PMID: 33668491 PMCID: PMC7918572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a complex consisting of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin, (named dual chiral-achiral selector complex) was used for the determination of two novel potential anticancer agents of (I) and (II) aminoalkanol derivatives. This work aimed at developing an effective method that can be utilized for the determination of I (S), I (R), and II (S) and II (R) enantiomers of (I) and (II) compounds through the use of a dual chiral-achiral selector complex consisting of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin system by applying capillary electrophoresis. This combination proved to be beneficial in achieving high separation selectivity due to the combined effects of different modes of chiral discrimination. The enantiomers of (I) and (II) compounds were separated within a very short time of 3.6–7.2 min, in pH 2.5 phosphate buffer containing 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin system at a concentration of 5 and 10 mM, respectively, at 25 °C and +10 kV. The detection wavelength of the detector was set at 200 nm. The LOD for I (S), I (R), II (S), and II (R) was 65.2, 65.6, 65.1, and 65.7 ng/mL, respectively. LOQ for I (S), I (R), II (S), and II (R) was 216.5, 217.8, 217.1, and 218.1 ng/mL, respectively. Recovery was 94.9–99.9%. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method based on the values of the migration time, and the area under the peak was 0.3–2.9% RSD. The stability of the method was determined at 0.1–4.9% RSD. The developed method was used in the pilot studies for determining the enantiomers I (S), I (R), II (S), and II (R) in the blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Grodner
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mariola Napiórkowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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31
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Krait S, Konjaria ML, Scriba GKE. Advances of capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations in pharmaceutical analysis (2017-2020). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1709-1725. [PMID: 33433919 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique for the analysis of polar chiral compounds and has been widely accepted for analytical enantioseparations of drug compounds in pharmaceuticals and biological media. In addition, many mechanistic studies have been conducted in an attempt to rationalize enantioseparations in combination with spectroscopic and computational techniques. The present review will focus on recent examples of mechanistic aspects and summarize recent applications of stereoselective pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis published between January 2017 and November 2020. Various separation modes including electrokinetic chromatography in combination with several detection modes including laser-induced fluorescence, mass spectrometry and contactless conductivity detection will be discussed. A general trend also observed in other analytical techniques is the application of quality by design principles in method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mari-Luiza Konjaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Salido-Fortuna S, Casado N, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Use of choline chloride-D-sorbitol deep eutectic solvent as additive in cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography for the enantiomeric separation of lacosamide. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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34
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Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
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35
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Determination of native amino acids and lactic acid inLactobacillus helveticusculture media by capillary electrophoresis using Cu2+and β-cyclodextrins as additives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1156:122304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen J, Luo J, Bekele S, Tsige M, Liu T. Rational Control of Self-Recognition of Macroionic γ-Cyclodextrin by Host-Guest Interaction with Super-Chaotropic Borate Cluster Ions. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2316-2319. [PMID: 33058510 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a feasible method to control self-recognition during the self-assembly of a hydrophilic macroion, phosphate-functionalized γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD-P), though host-guest interactions. We confirmed that γ-CD-P can form a host-guest complex with a super-chaotropic anion, namely the B12 F12 2- borate cluster, by using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. The loaded γ-CD-P, which has a higher charge density, can be distinguished from the uncomplexed γ-CD-P, leading to self-sorting behavior during the self-assembly process, confirmed by the formation of two types of individual supramolecular structures (Rh of ca. 57 nm and 18 nm, determined by light scattering) instead of hybrid structures in mixed dilute solution. This self-recognition behavior is accounted for by the difference in intermolecular electrostatic interactions arising from the loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Selemon Bekele
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
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Řemínek R, Foret F. Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:19-37. [PMID: 32901975 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis represents a promising technique in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The presented review provides a summary of capillary electrophoretic methods suitable for routine quality control analyses of small molecule drugs published since 2015. In total, more than 80 discussed methods are sorted into three main sections according to the applied electroseparation modes (capillary zone electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and micellar, microemulsion, and liposome-electrokinetic chromatography) and further subsections according to the applied detection techniques (UV, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, and mass spectrometry). Key parameters of the procedures are summarized in four concise tables. The presented applications cover analyses of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their related substances such as degradation products or enantiomeric impurities. The contribution of reported results to the current knowledge of separation science and general aspects of the practical applications of capillary electrophoretic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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38
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Lu N, Kutter JP. Recent advances in microchip enantioseparation and analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2122-2135. [PMID: 32949465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as MCE, microchip electrochromatography, and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings, and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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Krait S, Salgado A, Villani C, Naumann L, Neusüß C, Chankvetadze B, Scriba GK. Unusual complexation behavior between daclatasvir and γ-Cyclodextrin. A multiplatform study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Elbashir AA, Elgorashe REE, Alnajjar AO, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (CE-C 4D): 2017-2020. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:535-543. [PMID: 32835492 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1809340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) has emerged as influential to detect analytes that do not have chromogenic or fluorogenic functional group. Since our last review several new capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods coupled with (CE-C4D) have been communicated. The aim of this review is to give an update of the almost all the new applications of CE-C4D in the field of pharmaceutical, food and biomedical analysis covering the period from 2017 to April 2020. The utilization of CE with C4D in the areas of pharmaceutical, food and biomedical analysis is presented. Finally, concluding remarks and outlooks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Ahmed Elbashir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed O Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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41
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Single isomer cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461375. [PMID: 32823120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since decades, cyclodextrins are one of the most powerful selectors in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of diverse organic compounds. This review concerns papers published over the last decade (from 2009 until nowadays), dealing with the capillary electrophoretic application of single isomer cyclodextrin derivatives in chiral separations. Following a brief overview of their synthetic approaches, the inventory of the neutral, negatively and positively charged (including both permanently ionic and pH-tunable ionizable substituents) and zwitterionic CD derivatives is presented, with insights to underlying structural aspects by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. CE represents an ideal tool to study the weak, non-covalent supramolecular interactions. The published methods are reviewed in the light of enantioselectivity, enantiomer migration order and the fine-tuning of enantiodiscrimination by the substitution pattern of the single entity selector molecules, which is hardly possible for their randomly substituted counterparts. All the reviewed publications herein support that cyclodextrin-based chiral capillary electrophoresis seems to remain a popular choice in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
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42
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Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin nanohybrid monoliths for use in capillary electrochromatography with UV detection: application to the enantiomeric separation of adrenergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, antidepressants, azoles, and antihistamine. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:381. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Budău M, Hancu G, Muntean DL, Papp LA, Cârje AG, Garaj V. Enantioseparation of citalopram enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis: Method development through experimental design and computational modeling. Chirality 2020; 32:1119-1128. [PMID: 32506601 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Citalopram (CIT) is a frequently used modern antidepressant that inhibits selectively serotonin reuptake in the brain. It has a chiral center in its structure and is used in therapy as both racemic mixture and pure enantiomer as its pharmacological effect is almost entirely associated with S-CIT. The aim of this study was the development of a simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the separation and quantification of CIT enantiomers. To establish the optimum chiral selector, several native and derivatized, neutral, and ionized cyclodextrins (CDs) were examined at different pH levels. An experimental design strategy was adopted for method optimization; a fractional factorial design was applied for screening purposes to identify significant experimental factors followed by a face-centered central composite design used for optimization purposes. Computational modeling was used to obtain information on the interaction energy and the geometry of the complexes to aid in the understanding of chiral separation mechanism. The best results were obtained when using a 25-mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, 3-mM CM-β-CD as chiral selector, 17.5°C temperature, 15-kV voltage, and 50 mbar/s hydrodynamic injection. The separation time was fast, below 3 min, and the migration order was S-CIT followed by R-CIT. The analytical performance of the method was verified in terms of precision, linearity, accuracy, sensibility, and robustness, and the method was applied for the determination of CIT enantiomers from pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Daniela Lucia Muntean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Anca Gabriela Cârje
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Vladimir Garaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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44
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Enantiomeric determination of econazole and sulconazole by electrokinetic chromatography using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin combined with ionic liquids based on L-lysine and L-glutamic acid. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461085. [PMID: 32376018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two analytical methodologies based on the combined use of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and two different amino acid-based chiral ionic liquids (tetrabutylammonium-L-lysine or tetrabutylammonium-L-glutamic acid) in electrokinetic chromatography were developed in this work to perform the enantioselective determination of econazole and sulconazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The influence of different experimental variables such as buffer concentration, applied voltage, nature and concentration of the ionic liquid, temperature and injection time, on the enantiomeric separation was investigated. The combination of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and tetrabutylammonium-L-lysine under the optimized conditions enabled to achieve the enantiomeric determination of both drugs with high enantiomeric resolution (3.5 for econazole and 2.4 for sulconazole). The analytical characteristics of the developed methodologies were evaluated in terms of linearity, precision, LOD, LOQ and recovery showing good performance for the determination of both drugs which were successfully quantitated in pharmaceutical formulations. This work reports the first analytical methodology enabling the enantiomeric determination of sulconazole in pharmaceutical formulations.
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45
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Ma Q, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Dang X, Ai Y, Chen H. Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticles coated with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and β‐cyclodextrin for magnetic solid‐phase extraction of carbaryl and carbofuran. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1514-1522. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xueping Dang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Youhong Ai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Huaixia Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical MaterialsMinistry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHubei University Wuhan P. R. China
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46
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Synthesis and application of tetramethylammonium-carboxymethylated-β-cyclodextrin: A novel ionic liquid in capillary electrophoresis enantioseparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Ren S, Xue S, Sun X, Rui M, Wang L, Zhang Q. Investigation of the synergistic effect of chiral ionic liquids as additives in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Thormann W. Capillary electrophoresis for the determination of drugs in biological fluids. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Wang T, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Zha J, Ye J, Chu Q, Cheng G. β-cyclodextrin modified quantum dots as pseudo-stationary phase for direct enantioseparation based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Talanta 2019; 210:120629. [PMID: 31987180 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, quantum dots (QDs) have attracted a tremendous amount of attention due to their compelling features. In this work, a kind of composite QDs based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivatives modification was prepared, and for the first time utilized to separate and determine enantiomers in the combined system of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). By taking advantages of the inclusion complexation of β-CD and the fluorescence property of QD core, the composite QDs were added into the running buffer as pseudo-stationary phase. The resultant CE-LIF method accomplished enantioseparation for six groups of model analytes without need of capillary preparation and analyte derivatization. The effects of composite QDs concentration, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer on resolution have been investigated individually. The RSDs of interday and intraday repeatability were in the range of 2.7-8.1%, 0.7-3.9%, and 1.5-3.8% for the peak area, migration time and resolution, respectively. The theoretical calculation results of the binding energies and binding constant further validated the interaction mechanism of composite QDs and target analytes. Furthermore, this developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the active components (catechin and epicatechin) in Chinese herb Catechu, and the recoveries were in the range of 92.2-108%. The experimental results suggested that the preparation strategy of the composite QDs is appropriate for enantioseparation of more enantiomers by adjusting the modifiers on the surface of QDs, which is particularly promising for electrophoretic enantioseparation based on fluorescence detection, especially for those analytes lacking proper derivative functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yuhuan Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinyin Zha
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Guifang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Quality by Design-Based Development of a Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Determination of Dextrodropropizine and 1-Phenylpiperazine as Impurities of Levodropropizine. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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