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Stelmaszczyk P, Białkowska K, Wietecha-Posłuszny R. Paper-supported polystyrene membranes for micro-solid phase extraction of date-rape drugs from urine: A sustainable analytical approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342874. [PMID: 38969415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid development of micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) procedures with new sorption materials, in particular, based on using natural materials, is currently reported. The production of these sorbents and the entire extraction procedure should support the implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles. Promising materials are sorbents based on paper, which can be relatively easily modified, among others: by covering it with a polymer membrane. In this work, the practical application of paper-supported polystyrene used in the analysis of urine samples containing selected date-rape drugs (DRD) substances, and evaluation of the entire procedure using GAC metrics is presented. RESULTS The paper-supported polystyrene membranes were successfully fabricated and characterized. The successful polystyrene coating on the paper was confirmed through ATR-FTIR measurements, ensuring even coverage. The μ-SPE procedure using this material facilitated extraction with a throughput of approximately 120 samples per hour in just a few steps. Throughout the research, a mixture of 100 mM acetic acid:methanol:acetonitrile (70:15:15, v/v/v) was selected as an optimal background electrolyte for capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry analysis. Validation results of this method demonstrated its suitability, exhibiting good linearity (R2 > 0.95), low limits of detection (3.1-15 ng mL-1), acceptable precision (<15 %), and recovery for all tested analytes. Furthermore, the greenness evaluation conducted with six different metrics: AGREEprep, AGREE, ComplexGAPI, SPMS, hexagonal metric, and WAC indicated the overall eco-friendliness and sustainability of the method, with minor concerns regarding energy consumption. SIGNIFICANCE The use of cellulose paper with polystyrene membranes for μ-SPE provides a versatile and eco-friendly extraction method for detecting DRDs in urine samples. The presented work is an example of the use of GAC metrics in the evaluation of the analytical procedure. The optimized PT-μ-SPE/CE-MS method allows for minimized reagent usage and waste production. Moreover, the method proves to be sustainable and efficient for forensic toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Białkowska
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Millán-Santiago J, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Nylon 6-cellulose composite hosted in a hypodermic needle: Biofluid extraction and analysis by ambient mass spectrometry in a single device. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1346-1352. [PMID: 38174121 PMCID: PMC10759252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a hypodermic needle (HN) as a sorbent holder and an electrospray (ESI) emitter, thus combining extraction and analysis in a single device. A novel nylon 6-cellulose (N6-Cel) composite sorbent is proposed to extract methadone from oral fluid samples. The cellulosic substrate provides the composite with high porosity, permitting the flow-through of the sample, while the polyamide contributes to the extraction of the analyte. The low price of the devices (considering the holder and the sorbent) contributes to the affordability of the method, and their small size allows easy transportation, opening the door to on-site extractions. Under the optimum conditions, the analyte can be determined by high-resolution ambient ionization mass spectrometry at a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.3 μg/L and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD) better than 9.3%. The trueness, expressed as relative recovery (RR), ranged from 90% to 109%. As high-resolution mass spectrometers are not available in many laboratories, the method was also adapted to low-resolution spectrometers. In this sense, the direct infusion of the eluates in a triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry provided an LOD of 2.2 μg/L. The RSD was better than 5.3%, and the RR ranged from 96% to 121%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Millán-Santiago
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Institute for Energy and Environment (IQUEMA), University of Cordoba, E-14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Institute for Energy and Environment (IQUEMA), University of Cordoba, E-14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Institute for Energy and Environment (IQUEMA), University of Cordoba, E-14071, Cordoba, Spain
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Kołodziej D, Sobczak Ł, Goryński K. Innovative, simple, and green: A sample preparation method based on 3D printed polymers. Talanta 2023; 257:124380. [PMID: 36821965 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the capability of fifteen 3D printed thermoplastic polymers as novel stationary phases for the extraction of forty-three physicochemically diverse analytes from fortified human oral fluid samples. Prototype extraction devices were prepared in 96-well plate-compatible format using fused deposition modeling 3D printer. The sample preparation was performed with 5-step protocol utilizing 96-well plates and semiautomated benchtop shaker. All resulting extracts were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (operated in reversed-phase gradient elution mode) and tandem mass spectrometry (with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer). Exceptionally favorable results were observed for three polymer types: polyamide 6 (reinforced with 15% carbon fiber), LAYFOMM-60 (polyurethane with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol), and S-FLEX 90A (thermoplastic polyurethane). Furthermore, this study also introduces an automated and repeatable 3D printing method for the fast fabrication of high-throughput, and highly selective sample preparation devices, most of which are ready-to-use without any additional processing or chemical functionalization. As such, the proposed printing method represents a significant step towards the introduction of novel polymeric stationary phases for analytical sample preparation, thus providing laboratory personnel with a method that is safer and more convenient, while minimizing negative environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kołodziej
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryński
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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4
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Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction-assisted by deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of different chlorophenols from water samples followed by analysis using gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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5
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Dinmohammadpour Z, Yamini Y, Nazraz M, Shamsayei M. A new configuration for in-tube solid phase microextraction based on a thin-film coating. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Millán-Santiago J, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Wooden-based materials: Eco-friendly materials for direct mass spectrometric analysis and microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:223-232. [PMID: 34558202 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials have arisen as a sustainable alternative in microextraction techniques during the last 10 years. As they are natural materials, their use fits into some of the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry. Their inherent porosity, narrow shape, and rigidity permit their use in ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques. In particular, the combination of wooden-based materials and direct analysis gives birth to the so-called wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry technique. This approach has been used for the direct analysis of complex samples, and as a streamlined tool for fingerprint quality analysis. Also, wooden-based materials can be superficially modified to boost the interaction with target compounds, allowing their isolation from complex samples. This review describes the potential and applicability of direct analysis using lignocellulosic materials, as well as other alternatives related to their use in microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Millán-Santiago
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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7
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Hu CY, Jiang ZW, Huang CZ, Li YF. Cu 2+-modified MOF as laccase-mimicking material for colorimetric determination and discrimination of phenolic compounds with 4-aminoantipyrine. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:272. [PMID: 34302224 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the laccase-mimicking activity of Cu2+-modified University of Oslo (UiO) metal-organic framework (UiO-67-Cu2+), we developed a colorimetric sensor array for distinguishing a series of phenols with different number and position of substituted hydroxyl group (-OH) and different substituent group on the benzene ring, including phenol, catechol, quinol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, o-chlorophenol, o-aminophenol, and o-nitrophenol. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of phenolic compounds were obtained by theoretical calculation. The results show that the lower the LUMO energy level, the easier the chromogenic reaction occurs. The UiO-67-Cu2+-catalyzed phenol chromogenic reaction showed a good linearity in the range from 0.1 to 200 μM with limit of detection approximately 61 nM. Through the detection of phenol in tap water and river water, the recovery rate and RSD (n = 3) were calculated as 94.1~103% and 1.0~3.3, respectively, showing good recovery, reliable results, and outstanding stability. Therefore, the proposed colorimetric sensor array will have a great potential for the detection of phenols in the environment. Schematic presentation of a simple and sensitive colorimetric strategy based on the laccase-mimicking activity of Cu2+-modified UiO-type metal-organic framework (MOFs, Uio-67-Cu2+) to distinguish phenols with analogous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Carbon fibers as green and sustainable sorbent for the extraction of isoflavones from environmental waters. Talanta 2021; 233:122582. [PMID: 34215074 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are a group of phytoestrogens of important environmental concern due to their endocrine disrupting effects. This article presents a rapid, green, and sustainable method for determining four isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A) in environmental waters complying with current trends in Analytical Chemistry. The method consists of in-syringe dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) as the extraction approach, using carbon fibers as extraction material. The synthesis of carbon fibers is simple and sustainable, since it only requires a natural product such as raw cotton as precursor, which is thermally treated (600 °C for 30 min) in an inert (Ar) atmosphere to convert it into carbon fibers. After extraction, the final eluate is analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proposed methodology allows the determination of the four isoflavones in water samples at the ng L-1 range, with limits of detection in the range from 17 to 25 ng L-1, relative standard deviations (RSD) from 2.8 to 10.1%, and good batch-to-batch repeatability (RSD < 13%). The method was finally applied to six environmental water samples from different sources and two swimming pool waters, and concentrations of all analytes up to 490 ng L-1 were found. The highest concentrations were found in those samples close to crop fields. Relative recovery values (80-121%) showed that the aqueous matrices considered in this work did not significantly affect the extraction process. This method overcomes the drawbacks of the previous works with the same purpose, such as consuming large volumes of organic solvents or prolonged extraction times. Moreover, this procedure would allow the extraction stage to be carried out in situ, since only the sorbent material (previously synthesized in the laboratory) and disposable syringes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Benedé
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (anexo), E-14071, Córdoba, Spain; GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (anexo), E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (anexo), E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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9
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Sanaei Y, Zeeb M, Homami SS, Monzavi A, Khodadadi Z. Fabrication of ZIF-71/Fe 3O 4/polythionine nanoarray-functionalized carbon cotton cloth for simultaneous extraction and quantitation of febuxostat and diclofenac. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30361-30372. [PMID: 35480239 PMCID: PMC9041133 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of a material based on carbonized cotton cloth/zeolite imidazolate framework was applied to ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet to detect diclofenac and febuxostat in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Sanaei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Zeeb
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saied Homami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Monzavi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodadadi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Nascimento MM, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB. Customized dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction device combined with micro-desorption for the simultaneous determination of 39 multiclass pesticides in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1639:461781. [PMID: 33517136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (d-µ-SPE) procedure was developed for the simultaneous extraction of 39 multiclass pesticides, containing a variety of chemical groups (organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrethroid, strobilurin, thiocarbamate, triazole, imidazole, and triazine), from water samples. A customized d-µ-SPE glass device was combined with a multi-tube platform vortex and a micro-desorption unit (Whatman Mini-UniPrep G2 syringeless filter), which allowed the unique simultaneous desorption, extract filtration, and injection. A simplex-centroid mixture design and Doehlert design were employed to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimized extraction conditions consisted of an extraction time of 30 min, an addition of 6.74 % of NaCl into 100 mL of water sample, and a desorption time of 24 min with 500 µL of EtAc. The procedure provided a low limit of detection (LOD), ranging from 0.51 ng L-1 (4,4-DDE) to 22.4 ng L-1 (dimethoate), and an enrichment factor ranging from 72.5 (dimethoate) to 200 (tebuconazole). The relative recoveries of the pesticides from spiked freshwater and seawater ranged from 74.2 % (endrin) to 123 % (molinate). The proposed procedure was applied to detect the presence of multiclass pesticides in environmental water samples. Three pesticides commonly applied in Brazil, namely, malathion, dimethoate, and lambda-cyhalothrin, were detected in concentrations ranging from <LOD to 120 ng L-1 (dimethoate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson Moreira Nascimento
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus de Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Gisele Olímpio da Rocha
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus de Ondina, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil.
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Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Pacheco-Fernández I, Taima-Mancera I, Díaz JHA, Pino V. Evolution and current advances in sorbent-based microextraction configurations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Ghorbani M, Aghamohammadhassan M, Ghorbani H, Zabihi A. Trends in sorbent development for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Ghaemi F, Amiri A. Microcrystalline cellulose/metal−organic framework hybrid as a sorbent for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of chlorophenols in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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García-Valverde M, Soriano M, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Cotton fibers functionalized with β-cyclodextrins as selectivity enhancer for the direct infusion mass spectrometric determination of cocaine and methamphetamine in saliva samples. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1126:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Manouchehri M, Seidi S, Rouhollahi A, Noormohammadi H, Shanehsaz M. Micro solid phase extraction of parabens from breast milk samples using Mg-Al layered double hydroxide functionalized partially reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Food Chem 2020; 314:126223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Construction of a recyclable oxidase-mimicking Fe 3O 4@MnO x-based colorimetric sensor array for quantifying and identifying chlorophenols. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:203-212. [PMID: 32200895 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are known as a class of pollutants posing a great threat to the environment and human health because of their carcinogenesis and teratogenesis, and thus exploring convenient and efficient methods for their detection and identification becomes particularly important. Herein, we report a recyclable colorimetric sensor array according to the oxidase-mimicking catalytic characteristics of Fe3O4@MnOx for the high-performance quantification and differentiation of typical CPs. The core-shell Fe3O4@MnOx prepared by growing oxidase-like MnOx nanoflakes on the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 particles via a hydrothermal process can exhibit excellent catalytic activity to trigger the color reaction of CPs and 4-aminoantipyrine with the participation of O2. By utilizing the Fe3O4@MnOx-catalyzed color reaction, high-sensitivity quantitative analysis of CPs, taking 2-chlorophenol as a model, was realized, providing a detection limit as low as 0.85 μM. Given different chlorine substitution places and numbers in CPs impact the reaction kinetics diversely, a new nanozyme-based colorimetric sensor array was further constructed for the successful differentiation of various CPs with the help of hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Accurate double-blind identification of unknown samples using the proposed sensor array was also demonstrated, indicating its reliability for practical practice.
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Abstract
Green analytical chemistry principles aim to minimize the negative impact of analytical procedures in the environment, which can be considered both at close (to ensure the safety of the analysts) and global (to conserve our natural resources) levels. These principles suggest, among other guidelines, the reduction/minimization of the sample treatment and the use of renewable sources when possible. The first aspect is largely fulfilled by microextraction, which is considered to be among the greenest sample treatment techniques. The second consideration is attainable if natural products are used as raw materials for the preparation of new extraction phases. This strategy is in line with the change in our production system, which is being gradually moved from a linear model (take–make–dispose) to a circular one (including reusing and recycling as key terms). This article reviews the potential of natural products as sorbents in extraction and microextraction techniques from the synergic perspectives of two research groups working on the topic. The article covers the use of unmodified natural materials and the modified ones (although the latter has a less green character) to draw a general picture of the usefulness of the materials.
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Microextraction approaches for bioanalytical applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1616:460790. [PMID: 31892411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples are usually complex matrices due to the presence of proteins, salts and a variety of organic compounds with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes. Therefore, sample preparation is often mandatory in order to isolate the analytes from troublesome matrices before instrumental analysis. Because the number of samples in drug development, doping analysis, forensic science, toxicological analysis, and preclinical and clinical assays is steadily increasing, novel high throughput sample preparation approaches are calling for. The key factors in this development are the miniaturization and the automation of the sample preparation approaches so as to cope with most of the twelve principles of green chemistry. In this review, recent trends in sample preparation and novel strategies will be discussed in detail with particular focus on sorptive and liquid-phase microextraction in bioanalysis. The actual applicability of selective sorbents is also considered. Additionally, the role of 3D printing in microextraction for bioanalytical methods will be pinpointed.
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Spin-column micro-solid phase extraction of chlorophenols using MFU-4l metal-organic framework. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Shi Z, Jiang J, Pang W, Ma H, Chu X, Zhou C, Zhang H. Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using cotton based carbon fiber sorbent for the determination of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion by gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Manouchehri M, Seidi S, Rouhollahi A, Shanehsaz M. Porphyrin-functionalized graphene oxide sheets: An efficient nanomaterial for micro solid phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1607:460387. [PMID: 31358296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, porphyrin-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets (GO@meso-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin) were synthesized and employed as the sorbent. Porphyrins owing to their unique structures and tunable terminal functional groups are expected to be promising media for extraction of the desired analytes. Also, GO with a high specific surface area has exhibited good potential for the extraction purposes. Inspired by these intriguing properties, the combination of GO and porphyrin can benefit both of these amazing features. The synthesized sorbent was utilized for micro solid phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs followed by HPLC-UV. Optimization of the experimental factors including sorbent amount, sample pH, sample and eluent flowrates, eluent volume, and the number of desorption cycles were performed with the aid of central composite design. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves were linear within the range of 2.0-600 ng mL-1 and limits of detection were found between 0.5-2.0 ng mL-1. The preconcentration factors and absolute recoveries were obtained in the range of 4.80-9.79 and 29%-59%, respectively. The matrix effect for the urine samples varied between 81.9%-91.6% at two concentrations of 50 and 300 ng mL-1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day RSD% (n = 3) of the spiked urine samples at three level concentrations of 25, 100, and 300 ng mL-1 were less than 10%. The relative recoveries of the urine samples were calculated in the range of 85.2-98.6%. Eventually, the method exhibits proper sensitivity, excellent repeatability, high reusability, and acceptable precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Manouchehri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Rouhollahi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shanehsaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mobin Shimi Azma Company, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Tabaraki R, Heidarizadi E. Spectrophotometric determination of phenol and chlorophenols by salting out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 215:405-409. [PMID: 30870682 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, salting out liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed as a novel extraction method for extraction and preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols (CPs) in environmental water samples. The analytes were derivatized with 4-aminoantipyrineand determined by spectrophotometry. Experimental parameters such as type and volume of the organic solvent, type and amount of salt, pH and vortex time were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, calibration curves were linear in the range of 1-300 μg L-1 and limit of detections (LODs) were in the range of 0.15-0.22 μg L-1. The extraction recoveries and enrichment factors ranged from 94.80% to 106.1% and 78.12 to 82.53, respectively. Repeatability of method based on five replicate measurements of phenols was in the range of 4.8-7.2%. The results obtained in this study showed that the proposed method is simple, rapid and environmentally friendly with high extraction efficiency for preconcentration and determination of phenol and CPs in real samples. The proposed method was also compared with the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tabaraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Elham Heidarizadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
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23
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Li C, Sun M, Ji X, Han S, Wang X, Tian Y, Feng J. Carbonized cotton fibers via a facile method for highly sensitive solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2155-2162. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
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24
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Yu Y, You J, Sun Z, Li G, Ji Z, Zhang S, Zhou X. Determination of residual organophosphorus thioester pesticides in agricultural products by chemical isotope-labelling liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with in-syringe dispersive solid phase clean-up and in situ cleavage. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1055:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Esfandiarnejad R, Sereshti H. Designing an absolutely solvent-free binary extraction system as a green strategy for ultra-trace analysis of chlorophenols. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Synthesis, characterization, and application of chemically interconnected carbon nanotube monolithic sorbents by photopolymerization in polypropylene caps. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3291-3299. [PMID: 30957204 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A facile and convenient approach for the preparation of interconnected multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) monolithic sorbents in recycled plastic caps has been developed. The method, which was based on the photopolymerization of the individual MWCNTs via the formation of a W/O medium internal phase emulsion (40/60 w/w%), provides control over the size of pores, rigidity, and the mechanical stability of the final solid. Pluronic L121 was used as a surfactant containing the water phase inside it and, consequently, the organic and non-polar phase, in which the MWCNTs and the cross-linker were trapped, remained on the outside of the droplets. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the morphology of both the emulsions and the final solids, respectively. In addition, nitrogen intrusion porosimetry was performed in order to study how the specific surface area of the final monolithic solid changed (from 19.6 to 372.2 m2 g-1) with the variables involved in the polymerization step. To exemplify the great sorbent potential of the synthesized material, a colorimetric assay based on the retention of methylene blue within the interconnected MWCNT monolithic structure was carried out. Finally, following the positive results, the carbon nanotube-monolithic stirred caps were applied for the determination of chlorophenols in a biological matrix such as human urine, obtaining excellent recovery values (91-98%) and good precision (5.4-9.1%) under optimized extraction conditions. Graphical abstract.
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27
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Tunable Polarity Carbon Fibers, a Holistic Approach to Environmental Protection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051026. [PMID: 29702568 PMCID: PMC6102572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollution of environmental resources is an issue of social concern worldwide. Chemistry is essential for the design of decontamination strategies and analytical approaches to detect and monitor the contamination. Sorptive materials are usually required in both approaches and green synthesis should be used to minimize their own environmental impact. Carbon fibers (CFs) obtained by the pyrolysis of natural cellulose-rich materials fulfill these requirements. In this article, thirty CFs obtained under different conditions are chemically characterized and their sorption ability towards selected pollutants, covering a wide range of polarity, is evaluated. This study provides more profound knowledge related to the polarity of these materials, their interactions with chemical substances and allows the prediction of more appropriate materials (pyrolysis temperature and time) in order to remove the given pollutant. Furthermore, the use of CFs as sorptive materials for the extraction of contaminants from water samples to assist with their instrumental detection is outlined. In this sense, the use of CFs and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection allows the detection of selected pollutants in the low ng/mL range. Thus, this article provides an integrated approach to the potential of CFs for environmental protection.
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28
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Zhu X, Zhang K, Lu N, Yu Y, Yuan X, Guan J. A label-free electrochemical system for comprehensive monitoring of o-chlorophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:514-521. [PMID: 29329083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
o-Chlorophenol (OCP) is a priority pollutant that poses serious health threats to the public. The following study designs a simple electrochemical system to monitor the concentration and toxicity of OCP. This system was primarily characterized by the integration of both physicochemical and biological monitoring procedures that had a synergistic effect between the functionalized carbon nanotubes and rhodamine B. This resulted in excellent electrocatalytic activities toward OCP and cellular purine bases. The peak current of OCP was linear with concentrations ranging from 0.05-125.0 μM and the detection limit was 0.028 μM under optimal testing conditions. There was an enhanced voltammetric signal detected that was caused by the guanine/xanthine of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The cytotoxicity of OCP to HepG2 cells was assessed using the proposed system. The obtained IC50 value was 512.86 μM. This study provided a fast, label-free, and low-cost platform for the comprehensive assessment of OCP. This is highly beneficial for simplifying the environmental monitoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Xing Yuan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
| | - Jiunian Guan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
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29
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Micro-solid phase extraction of chlorophenols using reduced graphene oxide functionalized with magnetic nanoparticles and graphitic carbon nitride as the adsorbent. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 185:18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Chen H, Gao G, Chai Y, Ma G, Hao Z, Wang C, Liu X, Lu C. Multiresidue Method for the Rapid Determination of Pesticide Residues in Tea Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and In-Syringe Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5917-5927. [PMID: 30023756 PMCID: PMC6044959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method based on in-syringe dispersive solid phase extraction (IS-D-SPE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry for the multiresidue analysis of 117 pesticides in tea was developed. Full scan mode was acquired over an m/z range of 100-800 with Orbitrap resolution at 70000, followed by full scan/dd-MS2 mode for confirmation. The identification criteria of retention time and mass accuracy tolerance was ±0.20 min and ±5.0 ppm, respectively. MS/MS fragment ions obtained dd-MS2 were necessary to identify the pesticides with the same molecular mass weight. The IS-D-SPE technique involved a mixture of 200 mg PSA, 100 mg C18, and 15 mg multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the cleanup of tea matrix. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99) for 117 pesticides was obtained. Satisfactory recoveries in the range of 70-120% were obtained for 105 pesticides, while intraday and interday precisions were below 20%. Limits of quantification were generally 10 μg kg-1. Finally, this method was employed to analyze 117 pesticides in 70 tea samples.
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31
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Determination of volatile organic compounds in pen inks by a dynamic headspace needle trap device combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Hu S, Zhao M, Xi Y, Mao Q, Zhou X, Chen D, Yan P. Nontargeted Screening and Determination of Sulfonamides: A Dispersive Micro Solid-Phase Extraction Approach to the Analysis of Milk and Honey Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1984-1991. [PMID: 28209053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive, selective, and environmentally friendly method, based on a dispersive micro solid-phase extraction approach (dispersive micro SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), was established for the analysis of sulfonamides in honey and milk. An efficient nontargeted screening strategy was designed to discover and identify known and unknown sulfonamides in honey and milk using full-MS/all ion fragmentation (AIF) mass spectrometry acquisition mode. The experimental parameters and conditions of dispersive micro SPE on extraction efficiency were optimized in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the dispersive micro SPE method showed a low limit of detection (LOD) for the targeted sulfonamides ranging from 0.003 to 0.2 μg/L in milk and from 0.01 to 1 μg/kg in honey with the recoveries of the analytes between 68.8 and 115.8%. Compared with the reported methods, improvements in convenience, low cost, and environmental friendliness were obtained in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yiyuan Xi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qiqi Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xudong Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health; China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100021, China
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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