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Li T, Duan L, Shi L, Liu E, Fan J. Novel ferrofluid based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for separation and analysis of trace estrogens in environmental water and urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4057-4070. [PMID: 38842689 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A novel ferrofluid prepared from a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) and Fe3O4@graphite composite materials was introduced as a green microextraction medium for the separation and enrichment of trace estrogens in real samples. It was found that the ferrofluid greatly improved the capacity and selectivity of target analytes, benefiting from the enrichment of both DES and Fe3O4@graphite composite materials. Using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME), a new method was established for simultaneous rapid processing and accurate determination of three estrogens (estradiol [E2], estriol [E3], and ethinyl estradiol [EE2]) in environmental water and urine samples. Key parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized using a single-factor approach and response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, this method yielded a low limit of detection (1.01 ng L-1, 3.03 ng L-1, and 25.0 ng L-1 for EE2, E2, and E3, respectively), wide linear range (3-200,000 ng L-1), high enrichment factors (9.81-47.2), and satisfactory recovery (73.8-129.0%). Compared with traditional analytical techniques, this method avoids the use of volatile toxic organic extraction solvents and cumbersome phase separation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemei Li
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichong Duan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Longrui Shi
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Enxiu Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ma QG, Wan YP, Liu ZH, Dang Z. Simultaneous trace determination of three natural estrogens and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in municipal waste and river water samples with UPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27357-27371. [PMID: 36378384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method for three natural estrogens (NEs) and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in waste and river waters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been available, but problems including poor recovery exist. In order to solve these, some optimizations have been performed in this work. For sample preparation, both rinse and elution solutions were optimized, in which 6 mL of MeOH/water (1:9, v/v), MeOH/Ace/water (10:2:88, v/v/v), and MeOH/NH4OH/water (10:2:88, v/v/v) were determined as the rinse solution, while 6 mL of 2.0% NH4OH/MeOH was determined as the elution solution for conjugated NEs (C-NEs). For mobile phase, addition of NH4F could obviously enhance the signal response of the nine target compounds, and the optimized addition concentration was 0.5 mmol/L. The developed efficient method was validated and showed excellent linearity for each target compound (R2 > 0.998), low limit of quantifications (LOQs, 0.07-1.29 ng/L) in four different water matrices, and excellent recovery efficiencies of 81.0-116.1% in influent, effluent, ultra-pure, and river water samples with low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.6-13.6%). The optimized method was successfully applied to influent, effluent, and Pearl River water, among which three NEs were all detected, while five C-NEs were found in the influent, three C-NEs were detected in the effluent, and two C-NEs were found in the Pearl River water, indicating the wide distribution of NEs and C-NEs in different water environments. This work provided a reliable and efficient analytical method for simultaneous trace determination of NEs and C-NEs, which had satisfactory absolute recoveries with low RSDs, low LOQs, and time-saving for both analysis and nitrogen drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Guang Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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3
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Liu C, Xu G, Li B, Wang X, Lin JM, Zhao RS. Three-dimensional hydroxylated covalent organic frameworks for solid phase extraction of glucocorticoids in environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340662. [PMID: 36628702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to achieve the highly sensitive detection of glucocorticoids at ultratrace levels because of the abundant hydrophilic groups in their molecules and the complexity of environmental water sample matrices. Here, a highly crystalline three-dimensional hydroxylated covalent organic frameworks (denoted by COF-301) with tetra(4-anilyl)methane (TAM) and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde (DHTA) as building units was constructed and proposed as adsorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) of glucocorticoids. Theoretical studies were conducted to elucidate the potential adsorption mechanism of glucocorticoids on the COF-301. The COF-301 based SPE combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry provides a promising approach for the preconcentration and determination of glucocorticoids residue in water samples. Good linearity with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9988, low limits of detection ranging from 0.024 to 0.075 ng L-1 and relative standard deviations below 6.68% were achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze glucocorticoids residue in actual water samples, demonstrating the prospects of this method for the determination of trace glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqing Liu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Guiju Xu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Baoyu Li
- Test Center of Shandong Bureau, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.
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4
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Yan L, Rong Q, Zhang H, Jones KC, Li Y, Luo J. Evaluation and Application of a Novel Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films Technique for In Situ Monitoring of Glucocorticoids in Natural Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15499-15507. [PMID: 36256587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential environmental risks of glucocorticoids (GCs) have attracted attention in the past few decades. In this study, a novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) device and analytical technique based on the second generation of polar enhanced phase (PEP-2), PEP-2-DGT, were developed for sampling and quantifying natural and synthetic GCs in aquatic systems. The capacity of PEP-2 gels for accumulating all target compounds was >600 μg per disc, sufficient for long-term passive sampling of selected GCs, even in wastewaters. Systematic tests were carried out to verify the application of DGT in natural waters and wastewaters. The performance of PEP-2-DGT devices was independent (CDGT/Csoln was in the acceptable range of 0.9-1.1) of a wide range of environmental conditions: ionic strength (0.001-0.5 mol L-1), dissolved organic matter (0-20 mg L-1), and pH (3.06-9.02). It was tested for various diffusive layer thicknesses (0.565-2.065 mm) and different deployment times (10-168 h). Diffusion coefficients (D) of selected GCs through an agarose-based diffusive gel were determined for the first time (3.80-4.85 × 10-6 cm-2 s -1 at 25 °C). Linear correlations between D and log Kow were established for three groups of target GCs (R2 = 0.96-0.99). This could enable prediction of D values for other GCs with similar structures in the future, which will help for rapid screening and emergency monitoring. Concentrations and distribution patterns of analytes obtained by PEP-2-DGT devices in five rivers after 7- and 14-day deployments were in accordance with those measured from grab samples, with total GC concentrations ranging from 7 to 27 ng L-1 at all sampling sites, confirming the reliability and robustness of the DGT devices for monitoring GCs in natural waters. The development of the new DGT technique will help improve understanding of the behavior and fate of these compounds in the aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Rong
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210023, P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning116023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210023, P. R. China
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Patel S, Snow NH. Extraction of glucocorticoids from water into acetonitrile using polyol induced extraction with ultra performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (PIE-UPLC-MS-MS). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Snow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
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Determination and level investigation of 45 hormones in edible bird's nest by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2022; 40:423-432. [PMID: 35478001 PMCID: PMC9404142 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定食用燕窝中皮质激素、雌激素、雄激素及孕激素等5类45种激素的多残留分析方法。采用乙腈-乙酸乙酯(1∶1, v/v)超声辅助提取、亲水亲脂平衡固相萃取柱净化,甲醇洗脱。分别在正、负电喷雾电离源、多反应监测模式下检测45种激素。正离子模式下的流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液,负离子模式下的流动相为乙腈-水,色谱柱为Phenomenex Kinetex C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm)。在优化条件下,45种激素在0.20~20.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2)≥0.9990,方法的检出限(LOD)为0.04~0.70 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.16~2.00 μg/kg。按三水平(2.0、4.0、20.0 μg/kg)进行加标回收试验,氟米龙、布地奈德、醛固酮、醋酸氟轻松、炔雌醇的回收率为40.2%~63.6%,可对这5种激素进行定性分析,其余40种激素的平均加标回收率为72.2%~112.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~11.6%,该方法可对40种激素进行准确定性定量,精密度好,灵敏度高,简便、快速。从2017~2021年,通过研究建立的方法对来自马来西亚、印度尼西亚、泰国和越南等国家的1021个燕窝样品进行监测,仅勃地酮、雄烯二酮、孕酮有检出(大于检出限),其他激素均小于检出限。孕酮检出率为100%,勃地酮、雄烯二酮检出率分别为79%和89%, 3种激素含量范围分别为0.097~3.58、0~0.096和0~1.77 μg/kg。与同为动物源性食品的鸡蛋、纯牛奶、乳制品相比,所有测定的鸡蛋样品中均检出雄烯二酮,含量比其他3类产品略高;勃地酮在4类产品中的含量差别不大,均为微量;孕酮含量在鸡蛋中最高,其次是纯牛奶,燕窝中含量最低。研究结果表明,食用燕窝带入的激素种类少,含量低,对健康影响小。
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Mirmont E, Bœuf A, Charmel M, Lalère B, Laprévote O, Lardy-Fontan S. Overcoming matrix effects in quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of steroid hormones in surface waters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9154. [PMID: 34182595 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accurate and reliable measurements are mandatory in the field of environmental monitoring. Matrix effects are often depicted as the Achilles' heel of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis since they may be prejudicial for analytical performances such as detection capability and accuracy, if not documented or compensated. Here a methodology for the evaluation and compensation of matrix effects is described. METHODS Natural and synthetic representative water samples were used for the evaluation of matrix effects with the post-extraction addition technique. Samples were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography separation coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization. Isotopic dilution was investigated as a way to allow compensation of signal alteration and therefore satisfactory quantification. When this approach was not possible, a methodology was conducted for choosing the most appropriate internal standard. RESULTS The matrix effects were dependent on both matrix composition and nature of analyte. They ranged from total signal suppression to signal enhancement of +27% but were independent of compound concentration. The correction of matrix effects by internal standards was satisfactory, particularly for compounds benefiting from isotope dilution leading to acceptable quantification performances. CONCLUSIONS Even if no exhaustive or agreed criteria exist for the final interpretation of matrix effects, this study highlights the interest in isotope dilution for reducing their inherent prejudicial effects in quantification and the need to conduct this type of study for representative matrices. Moreover, a methodological approach is proposed for choosing the most appropriate available internal standard when isotope dilution is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mirmont
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Bœuf
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Charmel
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Lalère
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, Paris, France
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Goeury K, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Assessment of automated off-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS to monitor EPA priority endocrine disruptors in tap water, surface water, and wastewater. Talanta 2022; 241:123216. [PMID: 35042051 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA method 539.1 recently introduced an expanded list of priority endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), some of which were also included in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 (UCMR3). Though standardized methods are available for drinking water, analysis of steroid hormones and bisphenol A (BPA) at the ultra-trace level remains challenging. This study set out to evaluate the suitability of automated off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of EPA-priority EDCs in environmental water matrixes (tap water, surface water, and wastewater influents and effluents). The target molecules included 14 steroid hormones (altrenogest, androstenedione, equilenin, equilin, α-estradiol, β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, progesterone, testosterone) and BPA. Factors that may influence the analytical performance were assessed. This involved, for instance, testing combinations of SPE materials from different brands and protocol variations. Several materials presented absolute extraction efficiencies in acceptable ranges. Initial sample pH, nature of reconstitution medium, and mobile phase salt concentration were among the potential factors affecting analyte signal. Storage conditions (different preservative agents) possibly exerted the strongest influence, in agreement with the literature. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.03-0.5 ng/L in drinking water, 0.1-0.5 ng/L in surface water, and 0.16-1 ng/L in wastewater. Method validation also involved testing linearity, accuracy, and precision in reagent water and matrix-matched extracted calibrants. The method was applied to field-collected water samples in Eastern Canada. Summed EDC concentrations remained low in tap water (<LOQ-0.92 ng/L), while higher detection frequencies and contamination levels were reported in riverine surface waters (2.6-37 ng/L) and municipal wastewaters (10-424 ng/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goeury
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Song Y, Feng XS. Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods for Steroid Hormones in Environmental and Food Samples: An Update Since 2012. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:69-87. [PMID: 34152888 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1936446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones (SHs) have been widely used over the past few decades as both human and veterinary drugs to prevent or treat infectious diseases and anti-inflammatory benefits in clinical. Unfortunately, their residues in foodstuffs and environmental samples can produce adverse effects on human and animal life such as disrupting the endocrine system. For these reasons, sensitive, simple and efficient methods have been developed for the determination of these compounds in various matrices. This critical review summarized the articles published in the period from 2012 to 2019 and can be used to help researchers to understand development of the sample pretreatment protocols and analytical methods used to detect SHs. The developed extraction and purification techniques used for steroids in different samples, such as cloud point extraction, solid phase extraction based on different novel materials, microextraction methods, QuEChERS and other methods are summarized and discussed. Analytical methods used to quantify these compounds, such as different chromatography methods, electrochemical methods, as well as other methods, are illustrated and compared. We focused on the latest advances in SHs pretreatment, and the application of new technologies in SHs analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Mirmont E, Bœuf A, Charmel M, Vaslin-Reimann S, Lalère B, Laprévote O, Lardy-Fontan S. Development and implementation of an analytical procedure for the quantification of natural and synthetic steroid hormones in whole surface waters. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1175:122732. [PMID: 33992977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic steroid hormones are chronically released into aquatic spheres. Whereas knowledge on their combined mode of action and the cocktail effect are needed, only few multi-class methods address the challenge of their trace quantification in surface waters. The current study describes a sensitive multi-residue analytical strategy aiming to quantify 23 steroid hormones belonging to androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids and progestogens in whole surface waters. The procedure relies on a two-step solid-phase extraction followed by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography separation coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS/MS). Isotope dilution was implemented when possible in order to ensure the reliability of the measurement. The procedure was optimized toward the reliable quantification of the 23 target compounds at the predicted no-effect concentrations when existing or below the ng L-1 level. Satisfactory absolute global recoveries ≥ 77% were obtained for almost all compounds (21 out of 23) in intermediate precision conditions. Measurement errors were comprised between -27% and +17% for the great majority of compounds (21 out of 23) with standard deviations < 20% in intermediate precision conditions. Despite signal suppression was observed in water samples, satisfactory limits of quantification were achieved, ranging from 0.035 ng L-1 for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol to 1 ng L-1 for 6beta-hydroxycortisol and 6beta-hydroxydexamethasone. Abiotic stability was demonstrated for the great majority of target compounds (22 out of 23) in reference water samples stored at 4 ± 3 °C during 48 h, driving our sampling strategy. To demonstrate its fitness for purpose, the procedure was implemented in a preliminary monitoring survey of Belgian surface waters. As a result, 6 out of 23 target compounds were detected or quantified, showing a contamination by some estrogens and glucocorticoids at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mirmont
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - A Bœuf
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - M Charmel
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - S Vaslin-Reimann
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - B Lalère
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - O Laprévote
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, 24 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Lardy-Fontan
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France.
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Huang F, Karu K, Campos LC. Simultaneous measurement of free and conjugated estrogens in surface water using capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:2689-2704. [PMID: 33751008 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Given detrimental impacts induced by estrogens at trace level, determination of them is significant but challenging due to their low content in environmental samples and inherent weak ionisation. A modified derivatisation-based methodology was applied for the first time to detect estrogen in free and conjugated forms including some isomers simultaneously using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). Derivatisation reaction with previously used 1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazole-5-sulphonyl chloride allowed significant increase of mass spectrometric signal of analytes and also provided distinctive fragmentation for their confirmation even in complicated matrix. Then satisfactory recovery (>75%) for the majority of analytes was achieved following optimisation of solid phase extraction (SPE) factors. The linearity was validated over a wide concentration with the correlation coefficient around 0.995. The repeatability of this methodology was also confirmed via the intra-day and inter-day precision and was less than 11.73%. Validation of method quantification limits (MQLs) for all chosen estrogens was conducted using 1000 mL surface water, ranging from 7.0 to 132.3 pg L-1. The established methodology was applied to profile presence of targeted estrogens in natural surface water samples. Out of the ten compounds of interest, three free estrogens (E1, E2, E3) and two sulphate estrogens (E1-3S and E2-3S) were found over their MQLs, being in the range of 0.05-0.32 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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12
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Park J, Kim C, Hong Y, Lee W, Lee S, Chung H, Kim H, Jeong DH. Determination of pharmaceuticals in solid samples in municipal wastewater treatment plants by online SPE LC-MS/MS using QuEChERS extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:279. [PMID: 33864156 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pretreatment method based on the QuEChERS method has been applied for simultaneously extracting 27 residual pharmaceuticals from wastewater solids. The extracted compounds have been analyzed using online solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A recovery test was conducted according to the absorbent type, and buffers were added in the sample extraction step. The highest recovery efficiency could be observed when Na2SO4 was used as an absorbent and Na2EDTA was injected during the extraction process; the recovery efficiencies of the proposed method for the target compounds ranged from 61.3 to 137.2%, and the repeatability was 6.8%. These recovery and repeatability data showed that the proposed method could reliably analyze the 27 target residual pharmaceuticals. The concentrations of the target compounds were all below the limits of quantification: 830 ng g-1 for the target compounds in suspended solids, 2353 ng g-1 in activated sludge, and 1929 ng g-1 in waste sludge. The analytical method established in this study can be applied to quantify residual pharmaceuticals in solid samples and to investigate their behaviors in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
- Division of Monitoring and Analysis, Yeongsan River Basin Environmental Office, 31Seo-gu, Gyesuro, Gwangju, 61945, South Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Youngmin Hong
- Technical Research Center, Shimadzu Scientific Korea, 145 Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08056, South Korea
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyenmi Chung
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02054, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
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13
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Goh SXL, Goh EXY, Lee HK. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-multi-walled carbon nanotubes-coated-membrane solid phase extraction of glucocorticoids in aqueous matrices. Talanta 2021; 221:121624. [PMID: 33076152 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A membrane-based solid phase extraction (SPE)-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of nine glucocorticoids in water. This new hybrid SPE approach involved the deposition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a piece of polypropylene membrane that served as the extraction device. Hitherto, such a sample preparation procedure has not been applied to the analysis of water contaminants before. The use of the surfactant helped to disperse the MWCNTs effectively so that they were coated uniformly onto the polypropylene membrane. This increased the overall extraction efficiency of the procedure. Characterisation of the SDS-MWCNTs material was performed using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The membrane device did not require a pre-conditioning step. The most favourable extraction parameters such as type of surfactant, percentage of surfactant, type of desorption solvent, stirring rate, desorption time, extraction time, temperature, salting-out effect, pH and diameter of MWCNTs were obtained. The method showed linearity ranges from 0.2 to 100 ng mL-1 for hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, cortisone acetate and beclomethasone dipropionate, and 0.5-100 ng mL-1 for the rest of the analytes. Limits of detection ranging from 0.019 to 0.098 ng mL-1, and limits of quantification ranging from 0.065 to 0.326 ng mL-1, were obtained for the analytes. The intra-day repeatability was between 1.77 and 3.56% while the inter-day reproducibility was between 2.69 and 9.53%, respectively. The method was used to analyse glucocorticoids as contaminants in the canal water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalene Xue Lin Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Esther Xue Yi Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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14
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Zhang J, Zang L, Wang T, Wang X, Jia M, Zhang D, Zhang H. A solid-phase extraction method for estrogenic disrupting compounds based on the estrogen response element. Food Chem 2020; 333:127529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Rodrigues MF, Pereira I, Morais RL, Lobón GS, Gil EDS, Vaz BG. A New Strategy for the Analysis of Steroid Hormones in Industrial Wastewaters by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2250-2257. [PMID: 32930580 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new approach using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) for the analysis of steroid hormones in wastewater samples has been demonstrated. Triangular papers containing paraffin barriers as microfluidic channels were used to direct the sample solution to the paper tip, preventing the sample from spreading over the corners of the paper. The method was used to analyze the hormones levonorgestrel and algestone acetophenide in industrial wastewaters. Analytical curves presented a correlation coefficient (R2) above 0.99. Limits of quantification were below 2.3 ppm and limits of detection below 0.7 ppm. Values of precision (coefficient of variation) and accuracy (relative error) were less than 15% for all analyses. Recovery results ranged from 82% to 102%. Levonorgestrel was also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in order to compare the analytical performance with PSI-MS. No statistically significant differences were found between both methods. This study demonstrates the usefulness of PSI-MS for rapid analysis of hormones in industrial wastewater samples and also indicates its potential to be employed as a simple and reliable analytical method in environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Ruiter Lima Morais
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Gérman Sanz Lobón
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Eric de Souza Gil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690900, Brazil
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16
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Wu M, Miao E, Xu W, Xu W, Hu Y, Zhan J, Zhou H. Determination of estrogens by solid-phase quadruplex stable isotope dansylation coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in environmental samples. Talanta 2020; 219:121272. [PMID: 32887162 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens distribute widely in the environment as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which have to be monitored to evaluate their environmental impact. Aim to improve the analytical throughput of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), a quadruplex stable isotope dansylation method was developed, with which three real samples could be quantitatively analyzed in one injection. As the estrogens were at trace level in complex matrices, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was applied to enrich these analytes and remove the interfaces. By integrating MSPE and quadruplex stable isotope dansylation, a solid-phase quadruplex labeling method was developed for the LC-HRMS analysis of estrogen analogues. For the tested seven estrogens, the developed method showed low detection limits (0.1-0.5 ng/L for pond water and 0.01-0.05 μg/kg for poultry manure), good precision (RSD < 5.5%) and accuracy (96.8-108.3%). The method was applied in the determination of estrogens in environmental samples, and the results revealed that all the tested estrogens were present in the estuary water (unquantifiable to 71.2 ng/L) and chicken manure (undetectable to 25.43 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Enming Miao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Wenxue Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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17
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Wang S, Geng Y, Sun X, Wang R, Zheng Z, Hou S, Wang X, Ji W. Molecularly imprinted polymers prepared from a single cross-linking functional monomer for solid-phase microextraction of estrogens from milk. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461400. [PMID: 32823105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a single cross-linking functional monomer, 2,5-divinylterephthalaldehyde, was designed and synthesized to simplify the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). In the presence of estradiol as a template, MIPs were successfully prepared using 2,5-divinylterephthalaldehyde along with a solvent and initiator. This method reduced most of the complex variables encountered in the traditional synthesis. Characterization of the morphology and structure of the MIPs was performed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. Compared with non-imprinted polymers, the MIPs had higher adsorption capacities for five estrogens with imprinting factors above 2.9. The MIPs had high extraction efficiencies, good functional properties, long lifetimes, and good reproducibility, which made them suitable for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, the MIP-based fibers were applied to SPME for the analysis of five estrogens in milk samples. Under the best conditions, the established method had a wide linear range (0.5-10000 ng kg-1), low limits of detection (0.08-0.26 ng kg-1) and quantification (0.26-0.87 ng kg-1), good precision (3.2-8.1%, n = 6), and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility (4.3%-8.8%, n = 3). The MIPs-based fibers can be reused at least 60 times without apparent loss of extraction efficiency. Finally, this method was applied to the determination of target estrogens in milk samples with satisfactory relative recoveries (84.3%-105%, relative standard deviation ≤ 7.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, Taian, 271018
| | - Yanling Geng
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Rongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, Taian, 271018.
| | - Shenghuai Hou
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenhua Ji
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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18
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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19
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Separation and degradation detection of nanogram-per-litre concentrations of radiolabelled steroid hormones using combined liquid chromatography and flow scintillation analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7095. [PMID: 32341408 PMCID: PMC7184612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of micropollutants such as steroid hormones occurring in the aquatic environment at concentrations between ng/L and µg/L remains a major challenge, in particular when treatment efficiency is to be evaluated. Steroid hormones are typically analysed using mass-spectrometry methods, requiring pre-concentration and/or derivatisation procedures to achieve required detection limits. Free of sample preparation steps, the use of radiolabelled contaminants with liquid scintillation counting is limited to single-compound systems and require a separation of hormone mixtures before detection. In this work, a method was developed coupling ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with flow scintillation analysis (FSA) for separation and detection of radiolabelled estrone, 17ß-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone. Adjustment of the flow rate of scintillation liquid and UHPLC mobile phase, gradient time, column temperature, and injection volume allowed the separation of steroid hormones and degradation products. The limit-of-detection (LOD = 1.5–2.4 ng/L) and limit-of-quantification (LOQ = 3.4–4.3 ng/L) for steroid hormones were comparable with the current state-of-the-art technique (LC-MS/MS) for non-derivatised compounds. Although the method cannot be applied to real water samples (unless spiked with radiotracers), it serves as a useful tool for the development of water treatment technologies at laboratory scale as demonstrated via: i) adsorption on polymer-based spherical activated carbon, ii) retention in nanofiltration, iii) photodegradation using a photocatalytic membrane.
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20
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of 34 priority and emerging pollutants in water from the influent and effluent of a drinking water treatment plant. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461090. [PMID: 32360059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the applicability of a method based on the direct injection of a large volume of water samples to identify and quantify 34 priority and emerging substances, most of them discussed in Directive 2013/39/EU on priority substances in the field of water policy, and Decision 2018/840/EU (Watch List). The method directly injects 500 µL of filtered water sample and so does not use a pre-concentration step. The method was satisfactorily validated for influent and effluent water from a drinking water treatment plant, at three concentrations (1, 10 and 100 ng L-1) with precision and accuracies in the range 1-17% and 71-122% respectively. Sensitivity was good with detection limits in the range 0.15-10 ng L-1 and complied with EU limits in all cases except for estrone, 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol. For these hormones, an on-line solid phase extraction was developed and evaluated. The methods were applied to the analysis of water collected at the influent and effluent of a drinking water treatment plant and revealed the presence of 18 of the target compounds in the influent water and 8 in the effluent water. This showed that most the compounds had been efficiently removed by the processes of the drinking water treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Borrull
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Agustí Colom
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Josepa Fabregas
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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21
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Sacdal R, Madriaga J, Espino MP. Overview of the analysis, occurrence and ecological effects of hormones in lake waters in Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109091. [PMID: 31927242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are natural and synthetic compounds that are now being detected in the aquatic environment. Many lakes in Asia are important water sources that may be affected by these emerging contaminants. Lakes are drains and reservoirs of watersheds that are altered by changing land use and environmental conditions. While there are several studies on the detection of hormones in lakes, these studies were mostly done in China. Limited information is available on the presence of these contaminants in the lakes in other Asian countries. Hormones in the lake water come from discharge waters in urban areas, farm runoffs, and effluents of wastewater and sewage treatment plants. Hormones contamination in water has been shown to affect the reproduction and growth of certain aquatic organisms. In this review, a background on the chemical nature and physiological functions of hormones is provided and the existing knowledge on the occurrence and ecological impacts of hormones in lakes is described. The available analytical methods for sampling, analyte extraction and instrumental analysis are outlined. This overview provides insights on the current conditions of lakes that may be impacted by hormones contamination. Understanding the levels and possible ecological consequences will address the issues on these emerging contaminants especially in the Asian environment. This will elicit discussions on improving guidelines on wastewater discharges and will drive future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosselle Sacdal
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Jonalyn Madriaga
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Maria Pythias Espino
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines.
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22
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Goh SXL, Chong BHD, Lee HK. Fully Automated Water Sampling—Surfactant-Enhanced Membrane Bag Liquid-Phase Microextraction—Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5362-5369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalene Xue Lin Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Benson He Da Chong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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23
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Yao Q, Guo Y, Xue J, Kong D, Li J, Tian X, Hao C, Zhou T. Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in nude mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Determination of environmental estrogens and bisphenol A in water samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Exactive high resolution mass spectrometry after magnetic solid-phase extraction. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Recent developments and concepts of effect-based methods for the detection of endocrine activity and the importance of antagonistic effects. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Wu SP, Tay KS, Urban PL. Automation of mass spectrometric detection of analytes and related workflows: A review. Talanta 2019; 208:120304. [PMID: 31816721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developments in mass spectrometry (MS) in the past few decades reveal the power and versatility of this technology. MS methods are utilized in routine analyses as well as research activities involving a broad range of analytes (elements and molecules) and countless matrices. However, manual MS analysis is gradually becoming a thing of the past. In this article, the available MS automation strategies are critically evaluated. Automation of analytical workflows culminating with MS detection encompasses involvement of automated operations in any of the steps related to sample handling/treatment before MS detection, sample introduction, MS data acquisition, and MS data processing. Automated MS workflows help to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MS methodology regarding reproducibility, throughput, and the expertise required to operate MS instruments. Such workflows often comprise automated off-line and on-line steps such as sampling, extraction, derivatization, and separation. The most common instrumental tools include autosamplers, multi-axis robots, flow injection systems, and lab-on-a-chip. Prototyping customized automated MS systems is a way to introduce non-standard automated features to MS workflows. The review highlights the enabling role of automated MS procedures in various sectors of academic research and industry. Examples include applications of automated MS workflows in bioscience, environmental studies, and exploration of the outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Analysis of Environmental Protection Agency priority endocrine disruptor hormones and bisphenol A in tap, surface and wastewater by online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Madikizela LM, Ncube S, Chimuka L. Recent Developments in Selective Materials for Solid Phase Extraction. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Thrupp TJ, Runnalls TJ, Scholze M, Kugathas S, Kortenkamp A, Sumpter JP. The consequences of exposure to mixtures of chemicals: Something from 'nothing' and 'a lot from a little' when fish are exposed to steroid hormones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1482-1492. [PMID: 29734624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ill-defined, multi-component mixtures of steroidal pharmaceuticals are present in the aquatic environment. Fish are extremely sensitive to some of these steroids. It is important to know how fish respond to these mixtures, and from that knowledge develop methodology that enables accurate prediction of those responses. To provide some of the data required to reach this objective, pairs of fish were first exposed to five different synthetic steroidal pharmaceuticals (one estrogen, EE2; one androgen, trenbolone; one glucocorticoid, beclomethasone dipropionate; and two progestogens, desogestrel and levonorgestrel) and concentration-response data on egg production obtained. Based on those concentration-response relationships, a five component mixture was designed and tested twice. Very similar effects were observed in the two experiments. The mixture inhibited egg production in an additive manner predicted better by the model of Independent Action than that of Concentration Addition. Our data provide a reference case for independent action in an in vivo model. A significant combined effect was observed when each steroidal pharmaceutical in the mixture was present at a concentration which on its own would produce no statistically significant effect (something from 'nothing'). Further, when each component was present in the mixture at a concentration expected to inhibit egg production by between 18% (Beclomethasone diproprionate) and 40% (trenbolone), this mixture almost completely inhibited egg production: a phenomenon we term 'a lot from a little'. The results from this proof-of-principle study suggest that multiple steroids present in the aquatic environment can be analysed for their potential combined environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Thrupp
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Subramaniam Kugathas
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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30
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Speltini A, Merlo F, Maraschi F, Sturini M, Contini M, Calisi N, Profumo A. Thermally condensed humic acids onto silica as SPE for effective enrichment of glucocorticoids from environmental waters followed by HPLC-HESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:38-46. [PMID: 29429744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pristine humic acids (HAs) were thermally condensed onto silica microparticles by a one-pot, inexpensive and green preparation route obtaining a mixed-mode sorbent (HA-C@silica) with good sorption affinity for glucocorticoids (GCs). The carbon-based material, characterized by various techniques, was indeed applied as the sorbent for fixed-bed solid-phase extraction of eight GCs from river water and wastewater treatment plant effluent, spiked at different concentration levels in the range 1-400 ng L-1. After sample extraction, the target analytes were simultaneously and quantitatively eluted in a single fraction of methanol, achieving enrichment factor 4000 and 1000 in river water and wastewater effluent, respectively. Full recovery for all compounds, was gained in the real matrices studied (80-125% in river water, 79-126% in wastewater effluent), with inter-day precision showing relative standard deviations (RSD) below 15% and 18% (n = 3), for river and wastewater effluent, correspondingly. The high enrichment factors coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quantification (MRM mode) provided method quantification limits of 0.009-0.48 ng L-1 in river water and 0.06-3 ng L-1 in wastewater effluent and, at the same time, secure identification of the selected drugs. As also evidenced by comparison with literature, HA-C@silica proved to be a valid alternative to the current commercial sorbents, in terms of extraction capability, enrichment factor, ease of preparation and cost. The batch-to-batch reproducibility was assessed by recovery tests on three independently prepared HA-C@silica powders (RSD lower than 7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Merlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Maraschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Sturini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Contini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Calisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; INSTM Research Unit of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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López-García M, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Determination of steroid hormones and their metabolite in several types of meat samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:21-30. [PMID: 29397061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-HRMS) has been developed for the determination of steroid hormones (hydrocortisone, cortisone, progesterone, prednisone, prednisolone, testosterone, melengesterol acetate, hydrocortisone-21-acetate, cortisone-21-acetate, testosterone propionate, 17α-methyltestosterone, 6α-methylprednisolone and medroxyprogesterone) and their metabolite (17α-hydroxyprogesterone) in three meat samples (chicken, pork and beef). Two different extraction approaches were tested (QuEChERS "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe" and "dilute and shoot"), observing that the QuEChERS method provided the best results in terms of recovery. A clean-up step was applied comparing several sorbents, obtaining the best results when florisil and aluminum oxide were used. The optimized method was validated, obtaining suitable results for all validation parameters in the three meat matrices evaluated. Recovery values ranged from 70% to 103% (except for prednisone in beef samples), meanwhile repeatability and reproducibility were obtained at values lower than 18% and 21%, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was established for most of the compounds at 1.0 μg/kg, except for testosterone in chicken and hydrocortisone-21-acetate and cortisone-21-acetate in pork at 2.0 μg/kg. Decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) values ranged from 1.0-2.7 μg/kg and 1.9-5.5 μg/kg, respectively, in the three matrices. Finally, thirty one meat samples were analyzed and two hormones, progesterone and hydrocortisone, were detected in a beef and pork sample at 1.7 and 2.8 μg/kg respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-García
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain.
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32
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Huysman S, Van Meulebroek L, Vanryckeghem F, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K, Vanhaecke L. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic high resolution Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of steroidal endocrine disrupting compounds in aquatic matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:140-150. [PMID: 28843557 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lack of adequate strategies for monitoring endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the aquatic environment is emphasized in the European Water Framework Directive. In this context, a new UHPLC-HR-Q-Orbirtrap-MS multi-residue method was developed for the simultaneous measurement of 70 steroidal EDCs in two aquatic matrices, i.e. sea and fresh water. First, an instrumental APCI-UHPLC-HR-Q-Orbitrap-MS was devised for separating and detecting the EDC isomers and mass analogues, within 12.5 min per run. Next, an appropriate extraction was statistically optimised using a three-strep workflow (95% confidence interval, p > 0.05); including fractional factorial resolution IV, simplex lattice, and response surface methodological designs. The fitness-for-purpose of the method was demonstrated through successful validation at relevant environmental concentrations, i.e. the low nano- and picogram range. Method quantification limits ranged for the androgens (n = 33), oestrogens (n = 14), progestins (n = 12), and corticosteroids (n = 11) between, respectively, 0.13 and 5.00 ng L-1, 0.25 and 5.00 ng L-1, 0.13 and 2.50 ng L-1, and 0.50 and 5.00 ng L-1. Good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) and no lack of fit was observed (95% confidence interval, p > 0.05) for the 70 steroidal EDCs. In addition, good recovery (95-109%) and satisfactory repeatability (RSD < 8.5%, n = 18) and reproducibility (RSD < 10.5%, n = 12) were obtained. Finally, the applicability of the multi-residue method was demonstrated by measuring steroidal EDC in 28 sea water samples collected from four different locations during fall 2016 and winter 2017. Regarding the sea water samples, all the classes were ubiquitously present and included different metabolites, transformation product and or degradation products from the parent EDCs (n = 43).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Huysman
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Francis Vanryckeghem
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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33
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Carbon paste electrode modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and BMI.PF6 ionic liquid for determination of estrone by square-wave voltammetry. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Bączek T. Evaluation of various approaches to the isolation of steroid hormones from urine samples prior to FASS-MEKC analysis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1632-1643. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Olędzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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Goh SXL, Lee HK. An alternative perspective of hollow fiber-mediated extraction: Bundled hollow fiber array-liquid-phase microextraction with sonication-assisted desorption and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of estrogens in aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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