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Zhou J, Wang S, He X, Ren H, Zhang XX. Comparative evaluation of SPE methods for biotoxicity assessment of water and wastewater: Linkage between chemical extracting efficiency and biotoxicity outcome. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:33-42. [PMID: 38527894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Biotoxicity assessment results of environmental waters largely depend on the sample extraction protocols that enrich pollutants to meet the effect-trigger thresholds of bioassays. However, more chemical mixture does not necessarily translate to higher combined biotoxicity. Thus, there is a need to establish the link between chemical extracting efficiency and biotoxicity outcome to standardize extraction methods for biotoxicity assessment of environmental waters. This study compares the performance of five different extraction phases in solid phase extraction (SPE), namely HLB, HLB+Coconut, C18 cartridge, C18 disk and Strata-X, and evaluated their chemical extracting efficiencies and biotoxicity outcomes. We quantitatively assessed cytotoxicity, acute toxicity, genotoxicity, estrogenic activity, and neurotoxicity of the extracts using in vitro bioassays and characterized the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods through chemical recoveries of 23 model compounds with different polarities and total organic carbon. Using Pareto ranking, we identified HLB+Coconut as the optimal SPE method, which exhibited the highest level of water sample biotoxicity and recovered the most chemicals in water samples. We found that the biotoxicity outcomes of the extracted water samples significantly and positively correlated with the chemical extracting efficiencies of the SPE methods. Moreover, we observed synchronous changing patterns in biotoxicity outcome and chemical extracting efficiencies in response to increasing sample volumes per cartridge (SVPC) during SPE. Our findings underscore that higher chemical extracting efficiency of SPE corresponds to higher biotoxicity outcome of environmental water samples, providing a scientific basis for standardization of SPE methods for adequate assessment of biotoxicities of environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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Gong J, Chen Y, A W, Zhang X, Ma J, Xie Z, Li P, Huang A, Zhang S, Liao Q. Multiple-component covalent organic frameworks for simultaneous extraction and determination of multitarget pollutants in sea foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134563. [PMID: 38735186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenols (BPs), have been raising global concerns due to their toxic effects on environment and human health. The monitoring of residues of POPs in seafood is crucial for assessing the accumulation of these contaminants in the study area and mitigating potential risks to human health. However, the diversity and complexity of POPs in seafood present significant challenges for their simultaneous detection. Here, a novel multi-component fluoro-functionalized covalent organic framework (OH-F-COF) was designed as SPE adsorbent for simultaneous extraction POPs. On this basis, the recognition and adsorption mechanisms were investigated by molecular simulation. Due to multiple interactions and large specific surface area, OH-F-COF displayed satisfactory coextraction performance for PFASs, PCBs, and BPs. Under optimized conditions, the OH-F-COF sorbent was employed in a strategy of simultaneous extraction and stepwise elution (SESE), in combination with HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS method, to effectively determined POPs in seafood collected from coastal areas of China. The method obtained low detection limits for BPs (0.0037 -0.0089 ng/g), PFASs (0.0038 -0.0207 ng/g), and PCBs (0.2308 -0.2499 ng/g), respectively. This approach provided new research ideas for analyzing and controlling multitarget POPs in seafood. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenols (BPs), have caused serious hazards to human health and ecosystems. Hence, there is a need to develop a quantitative method that can rapidly detect POPs in environmental and food samples. Herein, a novel multi-component fluorine-functionalized covalent organic skeletons (OH-F-COF) were prepared at room temperature, and served as adsorbent for POPs. The SESE-SPE strategy combined with chromatographic techniques was used to achieve a rapid detection of POPs in sea foods from the coastal provinces of China. This method provides a valuable tool for analyzing POPs in environmental and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
| | - Wenwei A
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Juanqiong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518106, China
| | - Pei Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Aihua Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center for Modern Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
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Shen N, Tang J, Chen J, Sheng C, Han T, He X, Liu C, Han C, Li X. Occurrence and prevalence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the sediment pore water of mariculture sites: Novel findings of PFASs from the Bohai and Yellow Seas using a newly established analytical method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134256. [PMID: 38640673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of 26 legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in marine sediment pore water was developed using online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method requires only about 1 mL of pore water samples. Satisfactory recoveries of most target PFASs (83.55-125.30 %) were achieved, with good precision (RSD of 1.09-16.53 %), linearity (R2 ≥ 0.990), and sensitivity (MDLs: 0.05 ng/L-5.00 ng/L for most PFASs). Subsequently, the method was applied to determine PFASs in the sediment pore water of five mariculture bays in the Bohai and Yellow Seas of China for the first time. Fifteen PFASs were detected with total concentrations ranging from 150.23 ng/L to 1838.48 ng/L (mean = 636.80 ng/L). The ∑PFASs and PFOA concentrations in sediment pore water were remarkably higher than those in surface seawater (tens of ng/L), indicating that the potential toxic effect of PFASs on benthic organisms may be underestimated. PFPeA was mainly distributed in pore water, and the partition of PFHpA (50.99 %) and PFOA (49.01 %) was almost equal in the solid and liquid phases. The proportions of all other PFASs partitioned in marine sediments were significantly higher than those in pore water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiale Tang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Cancan Sheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chao Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Dutt M, Arigò A, Famiglini G, Zappia G, Palma P, Cappiello A. Exploring Negative Chemical Ionization of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances via a Liquid Electron Ionization LC-MS Interface. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:890-901. [PMID: 38587900 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of aliphatic manufactured compounds comprising fluoro-chemicals with varied functional groups and stable carbon-fluorine bonds. They are defined as "forever chemicals" due to their persistent and bioaccumulative character. These substances have been detected in various environmental samples, including water, air, soil, and human blood, posing significant health hazards. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) is typically employed for the analysis of PFASs. Negative chemical ionization (NCI) is generally coupled to gas chromatography (GC) and offers high selectivity and sensitivity for compounds containing electronegative atoms, such as PFASs. The liquid electron ionization (LEI) interface is an efficient mechanism developed to robustly couple a liquid flow rate from an LC system to an EI or a CI source. This interface has been successfully utilized for pesticide determination in UHPLC-LEI-CI in negative ion mode (NCI). This work aims to evaluate different parameters involved in the ionization of PFASs analyzed in LC-LEI-NCI and subsequently develop a method for their detection in real samples. The parameters considered for this study include (i) a comparison of different CI reagent gases (methane, isobutane, and argon); (ii) the use of acetonitrile as both the chromatographic solvent and CI reagent gas; (iii) the presence of water and formic acid as chromatographic mobile phase components; and (iv) the mobile phase flow rate. The optimal combination of these parameters led to promising results. Tentative fragmentation pathways of PFASs in NCI mode are proposed based on the dissociative electron capture mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvika Dutt
- DiSPeA Department, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Adriana Arigò
- DiSPeA Department, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- DiSPeA Department, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zappia
- San Raffaele University of Rome, via di Val Cannuta, 247 00166 Rome, Italy
- UMOLSYSTEM Srl, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- DiSPeA Department, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Achille Cappiello
- DiSPeA Department, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
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Tan X, Shi Y, Ma CF, Chi Q, Yang YH, Zhang WX, Xiao HM, Wang X. Fluoro-functionalized plant biomass adsorbent: Preparation and application in extraction of trace perfluorinated compounds from environmental water samples. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:703-715. [PMID: 37980053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are toxic and widely present in the environment, and therefore effective adsorbents are required to remove PFCs from environmental water. In the present study, a new type of fluorinated biomass materials was synthesized via an ingenious fluorosilanization reaction. These adsorbents were applied for the adsorption of 13 typical PFCs, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). By comparing their adsorption performance, Fluorinated cedar slag (FCS) was discovered to have the best absorption efficiency and enabled highly efficient enrichment of PFCs. The adsorption recovery of FCS with the investigated PFCs is greater than 90% under the optimal adsorption condition. Ascribed to the high affinity of F-F sorbent-sorbate interaction, FCS had good adsorption capacities of PFCs from aqueous solution, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 15.80 mg/g for PFOS and 10.71 mg/g for PFOA, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption time could be achieved in a short time (8 min). Using the FCS absorbent, an innovative FCS-solid phase extraction assisted with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (FCS-SPE-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was first developed to sensitively detect PFCs in the environmental water samples. The intra-day and inter-day recovery rates of the 13 compounds ranged from 90.7%-104.3%, with the RSD of 2.1%-4.7% (intra-day) and 2.5%-8.5% (inter-day), respectively. This research demonstrates the potential of the newly fluoro-functionalized plant biomass to adsorb PFCs from environmental water, with the advantages of high adsorption efficiencies, high anti-interference, easy operation and low economic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chun-Feng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Quan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu-Hang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hua-Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Zango ZU, Ethiraj B, Al-Mubaddel FS, Alam MM, Lawal MA, Kadir HA, Khoo KS, Garba ZN, Usman F, Zango MU, Lim JW. An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116102. [PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Pan L, Huang JJ, Chen J, He X, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang B. Trace determination of multiple hydrophilic cyanotoxins in freshwater by off- and on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158545. [PMID: 36075415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic cyanotoxins (HCTs), such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are highly toxic and toxin-producing algae are widely distributed worldwide. However, HCTs, especially PSTs, are rarely reported in freshwater due to analytical limitations. This may result in an underestimation of the ecological risks and health risks. This study developed a new method to detect ATX-a, CYN, and thirteen common PSTs in freshwater simultaneously by using off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) of all targets were lower than 0.05 μg/L, which could meet the regulatory requirements for monitoring of HCTs in drinking water in different countries and regions. To improve the detection sensitivities for trace PSTs, a method based on off-line SPE and on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was established with LOD around 0.001 μg/L. GTX1&4, GTX2&3, and GTX5 were detected in freshwater in China for the first time, highlighting that overall communities are facing potential risks of exposure to various PSTs in China. High concentrations of ATX-a and CYN were also detected in freshwater from Northern China. The proposed method helps to understand the pollution status of HCT in water bodies, especially during the non-algal bloom period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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Mohammadi A, Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Malakootian M, Spitz J. Emerging contaminants migration from pipes used in drinking water distribution systems: a review of the scientific literature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75134-75160. [PMID: 36127528 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Migration of emerging contaminants (ECs) from pipes into water is a global concern due to potential human health effects. Nevertheless, a review of migration ECs from pipes into water distribution systems is presently lacking. This paper reviews, the reported occurrence migration of ECs from pipes into water distribution systems in the world. Furthermore, the results related to ECs migration from pipes into water distribution systems, their probable sources, and their hazards are discussed. The present manuscript considered the existing reports on migration of five main categories of ECs including microplastics (MPs), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, nonylphenol (NP), perfluoroalkyl, and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from distribution network into tap water. A focus on tap water in published literature suggests that pipes type used had an important role on levels of ECs migration in water during transport and storage of water. For comparison, tap drinking water in contact with polymer pipes had the highest mean concentrations of reviewed contaminants. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most frequently detected types of microplastics (MPs) in tap water. Based on the risk assessment analysis of ECs, levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were above 1, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic health risk to consumers. Finally, there are still scientific gaps on occurrence and migration of ECs from pipes used in distribution systems, and this needs more in-depth studies to evaluate their exposure hazards on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie Für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany
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Li S, Ma J, Wu G, Li J, Ostovan A, Song Z, Wang X, Chen L. Determination of anionic perfluorinated compounds in water samples using cationic fluorinated metal organic framework membrane coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128333. [PMID: 35093751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global concerns stem from the environmental crisis have compelled researchers to develop selective and sensitive methods for the identification and measurement of emerging pollutants in the environmental matrices. The cationic F-TMU-66+Cl-/polyvinylidene fluoride metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) mixed matrix membrane (F-TMU-66+Cl-/PVDF MMM) was synthesized and used as a versatile adsorbent with multiple binding sites for the simultaneous extraction of twelve anionic perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from reservoir water samples. The physical and chemical characteristics of the materials, as well as adsorption mechanism were fully surveyed by various instrumental techniques. Important extraction parameters, including amount of MOFs, pH, desorption conditions, and salinity were systematically investigated and optimized. The combination of dispersive membrane solid extraction based on F-TMU-66+Cl-/PVDF MMM with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry provided ultra-low limit of detections within the range of 0.03-0.48 ng/L. By virtue of the simplicity and robustness of the extraction procedure, high sensitivity of detection scheme, good stability and selectivity of the F-TMU-66+Cl-/PVDF MMM, the developed method exhibits excellent practicability for ultra-trace analysis of anionic PFCs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Gege Wu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Research Centre for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Abbas Ostovan
- Research Centre for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Research Centre for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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10
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Srivastava P, Williams M, Du J, Navarro D, Kookana R, Douglas G, Bastow T, Davis G, Kirby JK. Method for extraction and analysis of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in contaminated asphalt. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1678-1689. [PMID: 35438700 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00221c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The legacy use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has led to the generation of large volumes of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated asphalt materials, especially at airports and fire training areas. The management of such PFAS-contaminated asphalt materials requires an understanding of PFAS concentrations in these materials. This study, therefore, aimed to develop a suitable extraction methodology for the analysis of 22 target PFAS (i.e., carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and fluorotelomers) in asphalt materials. A series of experiments was conducted to optimise extraction solvent composition, as well as to assess the performance of the chosen method under various conditions (i.e., sonication temperature, PFAS contamination level, asphalt core composition and timing of stable isotope addition used as internal standard). The methanol-based extractants performed best due to their accuracy and precision, which were within the acceptable range (extraction efficiency between 70 and 130% and RSD < 20%). The method which involved three successive extractions with methanol/1% NH3 by ultrasonication at 25 °C was selected due to its performance and ease of operation. The mean recovery of a vast majority of PFAS was found to be in the acceptable range. Tests on the timing of addition of stable isotope (SI)-labelled PFAS internal standards indicate that the recoveries obtained, regardless of when the stable isotopes were added, were within the acceptable range for PFAS. The accuracy and precision of PFAS recoveries were not affected by PFAS spike level (2 μg kg-1 and 200 μg kg-1), as well as sample composition (based on the location of asphalt material in the field). Low RSDs were achieved for asphalt cores collected from a contaminated site covering a wide range of concentrations (from LOQ to 2135 mg kg-1), demonstrating the suitability of the sample preparation method for real-world samples. The results from the interlaboratory testing were also in good agreement and validated the proposed PFAS extraction and analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Srivastava
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Mike Williams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Jun Du
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Divina Navarro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Rai Kookana
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Grant Douglas
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Trevor Bastow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Greg Davis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason K Kirby
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
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11
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Igarashi Y, Takahashi M, Tsutsumi T, Inoue K, Akiyama H. Monitoring Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and F-53B in Bottled Water, Tea and Juice Samples by LC-MS/MS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:286-290. [PMID: 33642478 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring analysis of 14 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B) and dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA) in bottled drinking water, tea and juice samples was performed using LC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). In the electrospray negative ion mode, the limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.1 to 0.8 ng/mL and 0.2 to 1.6 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves were linear from LOQ to 50 ng/mL (r2 > 0.999). The SPE procedure (Presep PFC-II) was utilized for sample preparation and recovery rates for three standards (35, 70 and 140 ng/L) were 80.4-118.8% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 0.6%. Using the developed method, various samples (n = 54) from Japanese markets were investigated for PFAS and F-53B contamination, and values below the LOQ were observed. It is concluded that for monitoring products in the Japanese market, our method represents a significant improvement over complex techniques for the quantification of PFAS and related compounds from various foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Igarashi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Miki Takahashi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | - Koichi Inoue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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12
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Ji W, Guo YS, Xie HM, Wang X, Jiang X, Guo DS. Rapid microwave synthesis of dioxin-linked covalent organic framework for efficient micro-extraction of perfluorinated alkyl substances from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 397:122793. [PMID: 32361142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To synthesize covalent organic framework (COF) via irreversible reactions is more challenging than by reversible ones. In this work, microwave-assisted synthesis is used to facilitate the nucleophilic substitution of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-pyridinecarbonitrile with 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxy triphenylene. The dioxin-linked COF, named TH-COF, was efficiently synthesized with extraordinarily large surface area of 1254 m2 g-1. With its high crystallinity, excellent thermal and chemical stabilities, TH-COF is used as the coating for the solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). The adsorptive mechanism was evaluated with adsorption isotherm and kinetic adsorption. Adsorption energies are calculated based on the density functional theory. Following SPME with TH-COF-coated fibers, PFASs were eluted using 1 mL of 0.6% trifluoroacetic acid/methanol and analyzed through the ultra-performance liquid chromatography equipped with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). When applied to spiked real water samples, this method demonstrates good linearity (0.01-1000 ng L-1) with R2 ≥ 0.9945. The TH-COF-SPME-UPLC-MS/MS technique provides low limits of detection (0.0020-0.0045 ng L-1), excellent precision (≤ 7.9%), and good fiber-to-fiber reproducibility (≤ 7.1%). The TH-COF-coated fibers can be reused at least 20 times without the loss of extraction performance. In addition, the relative recoveries from spiked real water samples are 89.5%-105%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hui-Min Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dian-Shun Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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13
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Pocurull E, Borrull F. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining 18 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in source and treated drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Lees H, Jõul P, Siilak K, Vaher M. Separation of perfluoroalkyl substances by using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with conductivity detection. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lees
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of Technology Tallinn Estonia
- Department of Energy TechnologyTallinn University of Technology Tallinn Estonia
| | - Piia Jõul
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of Technology Tallinn Estonia
| | - Kristjan Siilak
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of Technology Tallinn Estonia
| | - Merike Vaher
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of Technology Tallinn Estonia
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15
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Sanan T, Magnuson M. Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in sub-sampled water matrices with online solid phase extraction/isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461324. [PMID: 32797817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of PFASs onto surfaces of laboratory materials has been frequently reported. Due to the often complex and poorly understood nature of such sorption, workarounds have often included use of whole samples only, accompanied by sample vessel rinsing to desorb active surfaces. The resulting methods tend to require considerable sample preparation times and preclude typical activities such as aliquoting and dilution of water samples prior to extraction. This manuscript reports an approach for PFAS analysis which uses subsampling of water matrices from vessels including centrifuge tubes and autosampler vials, through the optimized use of solvent to reduce PFAS retention on subsampling vessels. Online solid phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange resin is then used to concentrate sample aliquots to improve sensitivity and allow for removal of matrix interferences. With the technique of ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry, statistically based quantitation limits ranged from sub ng/L to single digit ng/L for carboxylate, sulfonate, and sulfonamide PFASs analytes from C4 to C12. Linear calibration ranges were from 0.25 to 4000 ng/L. Matrix effects relevant for drinking water treatment studies, such as cations, organic carbon, and competing PFAS compounds, were evaluated and found to not impact method performance within QC criteria consistent with study data quality objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Sanan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
| | - Matthew Magnuson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268
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16
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Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in maternal serum: Method development and application in Pilot Study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Saini SS, Martini MF, Moglioni AG, Copello GJ. Integrated SPE-Self assembled MEPS platform for ultrasensitive determination of mononitrophenols in water: Experimental, computational and applicability studies. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Thomaidi VS, Tsahouridou A, Matsoukas C, Stasinakis AS, Petreas M, Kalantzi OI. Risk assessment of PFASs in drinking water using a probabilistic risk quotient methodology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136485. [PMID: 31927447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated health risks associated with perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) found in drinking water applying human risk assessment (HRA) methodology. Using data on worldwide occurrence of PFASs in drinking water and recent guidelines for PFASs in drinking water, we applied four scenarios based on different toxicological threshold values to calculate age-dependent risk quotients (RQ) for different PFASs. The mean concentrations of the most frequently detected compounds (PFOS and PFOA) were highest in North America (99.2 and 30.7 ng L-1, respectively), and lowest in Asia (PFOS: 3.0 ng L-1) and Europe (PFOA: 4.87 ng L-1). Using HRA methodology and maximum reported concentrations, only PFOS and PFOA, examined individually, showed any threat to human health. Specifically, calculations with the average and maximum concentrations of PFOS showed RQ values higher than 0.2 or 1, respectively, for some age groups under specific scenarios. Similarly, using maximum PFOA concentrations, a RQ equal to 0.2 for infants up to 3 months was calculated under scenario 4. Regional differences on RQ values were observed when PFOS concentrations from Europe, North America and Asia were used. Estimation of the human health risk due to mixtures of PFASs using average concentrations showed that the RQmix was higher than 0.2 for infants up to 3 months (scenario 3) and infants and children up to 6 years old (scenario 4). More importantly, evaluation of the guideline values set by the EU and the Health Advisory Levels issued by the USEPA resulted (under some scenarios) in RQ values higher than 0.2 for PFOS and PFOA for specific age groups, indicating that further discussion is needed for the monitoring and prioritization of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Thomaidi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - A Tsahouridou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - C Matsoukas
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - A S Stasinakis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
| | - M Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - O I Kalantzi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
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19
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Hu Z, Li Q, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Determination of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with GC-MS analysis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1728311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weinong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Mixed-mode ion-exchange polymeric sorbents in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Ünlü Endirlik B, Bakır E, Boşgelmez İİ, Eken A, Narin İ, Gürbay A. Assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances levels in tap and bottled water samples from Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:1162-1171. [PMID: 31561307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) draw considerable attention for their potential toxic effects in humans and environment. Drinking water is accepted as one of the major exposure pathways for PFASs. In this study, we measured concentrations of 10 perfluoroalkyl substances in 94 tap water samples collected in two different sampling periods (August 2017 and February 2018) from 33 provinces of Turkey, as well as in 26 different brands of plastic and glass-bottled water samples sold in supermarkets in Turkey. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) were the most frequently detected PFASs in the samples of tap waters. The maximum concentrations in tap waters were measured as 2.90, 2.37, 2.18, 2.04, and 1.93 ng/L, for PFHxA, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), respectively. The most abundant perfluorinated chemical in tap water samples was PFBA with 17%, followed by PFOS (13%), PFBS (12%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) (11%), PFHxA (11%), and PFOA (11%). The total PFASs concentration in tap water ranged from 0.08 to 11.27 ng/L. As regards bottled waters, the concentrations of PFASs were generally lower than those in tap water samples. These results revealed that tap water samples in Turkey might be considered generally safe based on the established guidelines around the world. However, due to their persistence and potential to accumulate and reach higher concentrations in the environment, careful monitoring of PFASs in all types of water is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Elçin Bakır
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İffet İpek Boşgelmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey; Ziya Eren Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Narin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gürbay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Yi L, Peng Q, Liu D, Zhou L, Tang C, Zhou Y, Chai L. Enhanced degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by a genome shuffling-modified Pseudomonas parafulva YAB-1. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3153-3161. [PMID: 29671379 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1466918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as an emerging persistent organic pollutant is hard to be degraded by conventional methods because of its stable physical and chemical properties. Microbial transformation is an attractive remediation approach to prevent and clean up PFOA contamination. To date, several strains of wild microbes have been reported to have limited capacity to degrade PFOA, selection of superior strains degrading PFOA become urgently necessary. Here, we report the application of genome shuffling to improve the PFOA-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas Parafulva YAB-1. The initial mutant populations of strain YAB1 were generated by nitrosoguanidine and ultraviolet irradiation mutagenesis respectively, resulting in mutants YM-9 and YM-19 with slightly improved PFOA-degrading ability. YM-9 and YM-19 were used as the starting strains for three rounds of recursive protoplast fusion. The positive mutants were screened on inorganic salt medium plates containing different concentrations of PFOA and selected based on their PFOA degradability in shake-flask fermentation test. The best performing recombinant F3-52 was isolated after three rounds of genome shuffling. In batch fermentation, the PFOA degradation rate of mutant F3-52 was up to 58.6%, which was 1.8-fold higher than that of the parent strain YAB1, and 1.6-fold higher than the initial mutants YM-9 and YM-19. Pass-generation test indicated that the heredity character of F3-52 was stable. The results demonstrated that genome shuffling was an efficient method for improving PFOA degradation of Pseudomonas Parafulva YAB1. The bred mutant F3-52 with 58.6% PFOA-degrading rate could be used for the environmental control of PFOA pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langbo Yi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University , Jishou , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Peng
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University , Jishou , People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Liu
- Analysis and Test Center, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University , Jishou , People's Republic of China
| | - Chongjian Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
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23
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Zhong M, Wang T, Qi C, Peng G, Lu M, Huang J, Blaney L, Yu G. Automated online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry investigation for simultaneous quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:350-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by triethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography mass spectrometry for perfluorocarboxylic acids determination in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hu XC, Tokranov AK, Liddie J, Zhang X, Grandjean P, Hart JE, Laden F, Sun Q, Yeung LWY, Sunderland EM. Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:67006. [PMID: 31170009 PMCID: PMC6792361 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between 2013 and 2015, concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in public drinking water supplies serving at least six million individuals exceeded the level set forth in the health advisory established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Other than data reported for contaminated sites, no systematic or prospective data exist on the relative source contribution (RSC) of drinking water to human PFAS exposures. OBJECTIVES This study estimates the RSC of tap water to overall PFAS exposure among members of the general U.S. POPULATION METHODS We measured concentrations of 15 PFAS in home tap water samples collected in 1989-1990 from 225 participants in a nationwide prospective cohort of U.S. women: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). We used a one-compartment toxicokinetic model to estimate plasma concentrations corresponding to tap water intake of PFAS. We compared modeled results with measured plasma PFAS concentrations among a subset of 110 NHS participants. RESULTS Tap water perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were statistically significant predictors of plasma concentrations among individuals who consumed [Formula: see text] cups of tap water per day. Modeled median contributions of tap water to measured plasma concentrations were: PFOA 12% (95% probability interval 11%-14%), PFNA 13% (8.7%-21%), linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (nPFOS) 2.2% (2.0%-2.5%), branched perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (brPFOS) 3.0% (2.5%-3.2%), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 34% (29%-39%). In five locations, comparisons of PFASs in community tap water collected in the period 2013-2016 with samples from 1989-1990 indicated increases in quantifiable PFAS and extractable organic fluorine (a proxy for unquantified PFAS). CONCLUSIONS Our results for 1989-1990 compare well with the default RSC of 20% used in risk assessments for legacy PFAS by many agencies. Future evaluation of drinking water exposures should incorporate emerging PFAS. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi C. Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea K. Tokranov
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jahred Liddie
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jaime E. Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leo W. Y. Yeung
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Online Solid-Phase Extraction LC-MS/MS: A Rapid and Valid Method for the Determination of Perfluorinated Compounds at Sub ng·L−1 Level in Natural Water. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/3780825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research paper, we report a method able to detect perfluorinated compound at pg·L−1 levels in superficial and underground water samples. An online solid phase extraction HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of 12 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs). The method is based on injection of 5000 µL of water sample in SPE online WAX column followed by chromatography separation and mass spectrometry determination. SPE online elution was performed by water + 0.05% NH4OH and methanol + 0.05% NH4OH, while separation of target compounds was achieved within 10 min by Gemini chromatographic column operating from 1 to 12 pH range and using a mixture of water-methanol + 0.05% NH4OH. Sub ng·L−1 method detection limits (from 0.2 to 5 ng·L−1), linearity (from 0.2 to 250 ng·L−1), accuracy (from 80 to 120%), and precision (RSD less than 15% at LOQs levels) were achieved. The method is capable of measuring PFAS at trace levels, but above all it can reach the limit of 200 pg·L−1 required by European regulation for PFOS determination in surface and underground waters. The method was validated for quantitative analysis of PFASs in real water samples.
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Cheng Z, Du L, Zhu P, Chen Q, Tan K. An erythrosin B-based "turn on" fluorescent sensor for detecting perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in environmental water samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:281-287. [PMID: 29758514 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the serious harm to animals and the environment associated with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a rapid, sensitive and low-cost method for detecting PFOS and PFOA is of great importance. In this paper, a novel sensing method has been proposed for the highly sensitive detection of PFOS and PFOA in environmental water samples based on the "turn-on" switch of erythrosine B (EB)-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) system. In pH 8.55 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer, EB can react with CTAB by electrostatic attraction, resulting in a strong fluorescence quenching of EB. With a subsequent addition of the CTAB, a red-shift occurred (11 nm), followed by a significant increase in fluorescence at high surfactant concentrations. It was found that PFOS and PFOA can obviously enhance fluorescence intensity of EB-CTAB system. The enhanced fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of PFOS and PFOA in the range of 0.05-10 μM with detection limit of 12.8 nM and 11.8 nM (3σ), respectively. The presented assay has been successfully applied to sensing PFOS and PFOA in real water samples with RSD ≤ 4.3% and 2.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Lingling Du
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Kejun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Karimian N, Stortini AM, Moretto LM, Costantino C, Bogialli S, Ugo P. Electrochemosensor for Trace Analysis of Perfluorooctanesulfonate in Water Based on a Molecularly Imprinted Poly( o-phenylenediamine) Polymer. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1291-1298. [PMID: 29911865 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This work is aimed at developing an electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of trace levels of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in water. Contamination of waters by perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) is a problem of global concern due to their suspected toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate. PFOS is the perfluorinated compound of major concern, as it has the lowest suggested control concentrations. The sensor reported here is based on a gold electrode modified with a thin coating of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), prepared by anodic electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) in the presence of PFOS as the template. Activation of the sensor is achieved by template removal with suitable a solvent mixture. Voltammetry, a quartz crystal microbalance, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis were used to monitor the electropolymerization process, template removal, and binding of the analyte. Ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcCOOH) has been exploited as an electrochemical probe able to generate analytically useful voltammetric signals by competing for the binding sites with PFOS, as the latter is not electroactive. The sensor has a low detection limit (0.04 nM), a satisfactory selectivity, and is reproducible and repeatable, giving analytical results in good agreement with those obtained by HPLC-MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Karimian
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Angela M. Stortini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Ligia M. Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
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Kaboré HA, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Méité L, Desrosiers M, Liu J, Sory TK, Sauvé S. Worldwide drinking water occurrence and levels of newly-identified perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1089-1100. [PMID: 29100694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade or so, concerns have arisen with respect to the widespread occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment, food, drinking water, and humans. In this study, the occurrence and levels of a large range of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in drinking water (bottled and tap water samples) from various locations around the world. Automated off-line solid phase extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to analyze PFASs of various chain lengths and functional groups. In total, 29 target and 104 suspect-target PFASs were screened in drinking water samples (n=97) from Canada and other countries (Burkina Faso, Chile, Ivory Coast, France, Japan, Mexico, Norway, and the USA) in 2015-2016. Out of the 29 PFASs quantitatively analyzed, perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs: C4/14), perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs: C4, C6, C8), and perfluoroalkyl acid precursors (e.g., 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylate (5:3 FTCA)) were recurrently detected in drinking water samples (concentration range: <LOD to 39ngL-1). Tap water samples from Canada showed noteworthy differences depending on their source; for instance, ∑29PFASwas significantly greater in those produced from the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River ecosystem than those produced from other types of sources (14 versus 5.3ngL-1, respectively). A suspect-target screening approach indicated that other perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FBSA, FHxSA), perfluoroethyl cyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), ultrashort chain (C2-C3) PFSAs (PFEtS, PFPrS), and two additional PFSAs (PFPeS (C5) and PFHpS (C7)) were repeatedly present in tap water samples (concentration ranges: <LOD to 4.0ngL-1). To the authors' best knowledge, this constitutes the first observation of a cyclic perfluoroalkane sulfonate (PFECHS) and C4-C6 perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FBSA, FHxSA) in drinking water. According to the newly updated US EPA health advisory for PFOS and PFOA (70ngL-1), the drinking water samples collected in the present monitoring would not pose a health risk to consumers as regards PFAA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann A Kaboré
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal H3A 0C3, QC, Canada
| | - Ladji Méité
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement, Unité de Formation et de Gestion des Sciences et Gestion de l'Environnement, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Ivory Coast
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'Expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec, Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, 2700 Einstein Street, Quebec City G1P 3W8, QC, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal H3A 0C3, QC, Canada
| | - Traoré Karim Sory
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement, Unité de Formation et de Gestion des Sciences et Gestion de l'Environnement, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Ivory Coast
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, QC, Canada.
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Ren JY, Wang XL, Li XL, Wang ML, Zhao RS, Lin JM. Magnetic covalent triazine-based frameworks as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbents for sensitive determination of perfluorinated compounds in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1657-1665. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
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