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Zhu K, Kerry M, Serr B, Mintert M, Pursch M, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Highly sensitive two-dimensional ion chromatography mass spectrometry method for nitrite determination in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116330. [PMID: 38981329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Due to their potential adverse health effects, some N-nitrosamines in drug products are strictly regulated with very low maximum daily intake limits. Nitrosamines can be formed from the reaction of nitrite and secondary or tertiary amines when both species co-exist in the drug synthesis or formulation process. One key strategy to mitigate nitrosamine risk in drugs is to select low-nitrite containing pharma excipients for formulation. It is necessary to develop a sensitive method for trace nitrite determination in pharma excipients as it enables drug producers to study nitrosamine formation kinetics and select excipient suppliers. This study details the development and validation of a two-dimensional ion chromatography mass spectrometry (2D-IC/MS) method for trace nitrite determination in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), one of the most important pharmaceutical excipients used in many drug formulations. The 2D-IC system was operated in heart-cutting mode with a concentrator column coupling the two dimensions. A standard bore anion-exchange column was used in the first dimension (1D) to enable a large volume injection for increased sensitivity and provide improved resolution between nitrite and the interfering chloride peak. A high efficiency microbore anion-exchange column with different selectivity was used in the second dimension (2D) to resolve nitrite from other interfering species. The use of 2D-IC resulted in significantly improved resolution, solving the sensitivity loss issue due to ion suppression from an otherwise 1D separation. MS detection with selective ion monitoring and isotope labeled nitrite internal standard further improve the method specificity, accuracy, and ruggedness, as compared with conductivity detection. For trace determination, it is also extremely important to have a clean blank. For this purpose, a novel cleaning procedure using a strong anion wash was developed to remove nitrite contamination from labware. The optimized method was validated with linearity of nitrite in the concentration range of 18.5-5005.8 ng/g having a regression coefficient of >0.9999, precision with RSD at 3.5-10.1 % and recovery of 90.5-102.4 %. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 8.9 and 29.6 ng/g relative to the HPMC sample, or equivalent to 89 and 296 pg/g in the sample solution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudi Zhu
- Pharma Solutions, IFF, Midland, MI 48640, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universititeit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Markus Mintert
- DDP Specialty Products Germany GmbH & Co. KG, August-Wolff-Str. 13, Walsrode 29699, Germany
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland Anlagen GmbH, Analytical Science, Wiesbaden 65201, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universititeit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universititeit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium.
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Xiao W, Zhang Q, You DH, Li NB, Zhou GM, Luo HQ. Construction of a novel flavonol fluorescent probe for copper (II) ion detection and its application in actual samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124175. [PMID: 38565051 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element in the human body, and its level is directly related to many diseases. While the source of copper in human body is mainly intake from food, then the detection of copper ions (Cu2+) in food becomes crucial. Here, we synthesized a novel probe (E)-3-hydroxy-2-styryl-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (NSHF) and explored the binding ability of NSHF for Cu2+ using nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), Job's plot method and density functional theory (DFT). NSHF shows the advantages of fast response time, good selectivity and high sensitivity for Cu2+. The fluorescence intensity ratio (F/F0) of NSHF shows a good linear relationship with the concentration of Cu2+ and the detection limit is 0.061 μM. NSHF was successfully applied to the detection of Cu2+ in real samples. In addition, a simple and convenient Cu2+ detection platform was constructed by combining NSHF with a smartphone and a UV lamp, which can realize the rapid detection of Cu2+. This work provides an effective tool for the real-time detection of Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Hui You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian Bing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Ming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Y, Pan H, Li X, Luo W, Bharti B. Applications of two-dimensional ion chromatography for analytes determination in environmental matrix: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463908. [PMID: 36913814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) has grown in usage rapidly since its first introduction in 1975. However, IC is still sometimes unable to separate target analytes from coexisting components well with identical elution time, due to the limited resolution and column capacity, especially in the presence of high-level salt matrix. These limitations hence drive IC to develop two-dimensional IC (2D-IC). In this review, we capture the 2D-IC applications in environmental samples via the perspective of coupling different IC columns, which aim to summarize where these 2D-IC methods fit in. In sequence, we firstly review the principles of 2D-IC and emphasize one-pump column-switching IC (OPCS IC) because it is a simplified 2D-IC that only uses one set of IC system. We then compare typical 2D-IC and OPCS IC performances in terms of application scope, method detection limit, drawbacks, and expectations. Finally, we propose some challenges of current methods and opportunities for future research. For instance, it is challenging to couple anion exchange column and capillary column in OPCS IC due to the incompatibility between flow path dimensions and suppressor; coupling ion exclusion column and mixed-bed column may be promising to simultaneously determine anions and cations in weak acids or salts. The details of this study may help practitioners to better understand and implement 2D-IC methods and meanwhile motivate researchers to fill in the knowledge gap in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, PR. China.
| | - Huimei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, PR. China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, PR. China
| | - Wang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, PR. China
| | - Bandna Bharti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, PR. China; Department of Chemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144001, India
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Sarmanova OE, Laptinskiy KA, Burikov SA, Chugreeva GN, Dolenko TA. Implementing neural network approach to create carbon-based optical nanosensor of heavy metal ions in liquid media. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122003. [PMID: 36323084 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study is devoted to the creation of multifunctional optical carbon dots-based nanosensor to simultaneously measure concentrations of metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+) and NO3- anion in liquid media. Such nanosensor operates on the basis of its fluorescence (FL) change under the influence of ions in the medium. However, the absence of analytical model, describing CD FL mechanism, the superposition of various luminescence quenching mechanisms during the interaction of carbon dots (CD) with cations, hampers the usage of classical approaches to solve this inverse multiparametric spectroscopic problem. To solve it neural networks were used that analyzed complex fluorescence signal from CD aqueous suspensions comprising Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, NO3- ions in the concentration range from 0 to 4.95 mM. The following neural network architectures ensured optical spectroscopy inverse problem solution: multilayer perceptrons, 1D and 2D convolutional neural networks. The developed sensor enables simultaneous determination of the concentrations of heavy metal ions Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ with a root mean squared error of 0.28 mM, 0.79 mM, 0.24 mM respectively. Based on the data given in the literature we can assert that the accuracy of the studied nanosensor satisfies the needs of monitoring the composition of waste and technological water. The developed nanosensor has a unique multimodality: with the simplicity of the synthesis protocol the sensor enables simultaneous determination of three heavy metal ions concentrations, while analogues are being developed mainly to measure the concentration of one (in rare cases two) heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Sarmanova
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Laptinskiy
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Burikov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Chugreeva
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Dolenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Foster SW, Parker D, Kurre S, Boughton J, Stoll DR, Grinias JP. A review of two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches using parallel column arrays in the second dimension. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1228:340300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Poboży E, Trojanowicz M. Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for Determination of Inorganic Analytes in Waters. Molecules 2021; 26:6972. [PMID: 34834063 PMCID: PMC8625978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from HPLC and GC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most important techniques for high-performance separations in modern analytical chemistry. Its main advantages are the possibility of using different detection techniques, the possibility of in-capillary sample processing for preconcentration or derivatization, and ease of instrumental miniaturization down to the microfluidic scale. Those features are utilized in the separation of macromolecules in biochemistry and in genetic investigations, but they can be also used in determinations of inorganic ions in water analysis. This review, based on about 100 original research works, presents applications of CE methods in water analysis reported in recent decade, mostly regarding conductivity detection or indirect UV detection. The developed applications include analysis of high salinity sea waters, as well as analysis of other surface waters and drinking waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Poboży
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Trojanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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Jiang L, Bao Y, Guo L, Cui H, Wang Q, Liu K, Hao X, Qiu R, Guo Z, Fa Y. Simultaneous Detection of Anions and Carbohydrates in Cyanobacteria by Two-Dimensional Ion Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1408-1414. [PMID: 33201229 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The simultaneous analysis of several anions and carbohydrates by one-dimensional chromatography with a single detector is often complicated by the presence of overlapping peaks. To overcome this problem, analytes are usually analyzed separately making analysis long and tedious. OBJECTIVE A method combining two-dimensional ion chromatography (2D-IC) and valve switching was developed for the simultaneous determination of anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, SO42-, NO3-, and PO43-) and carbohydrates (glycerin, glucosyl glycerol, trehalose, mannose, glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, and sucrose) in cyanobacteria. METHOD Interfering color compounds were removed by first passing the sample through graphitized carbon solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Samples were applied to an AS11-HC column, which was used to separate the anions followed by quantification using a conductance detector. Carbohydrates eluted from the AS11-HC column were trapped and separated on a MA1 column and simultaneously quantified using electrochemical detection in the second dimension with valve switching. RESULTS The following parameters were established: LOD, 0.001-0.030 (mg/L); LOQ, 0.001-0.010 (mg/L); linearity (R2), 0.9940; repeatability, 0.39-3.02%; and spiked recovery, 90.1-107%. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is adequately linear, accurate, and repeatable. The 2D-IC method provides fast, high-resolution, and completely automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of anions and carbohydrates without co-elution compared to the 1D ion chromatography method. This study provides application perspectives for use in biotechnology and other research fields. HIGHLIGHTS An accurate and effective 2D-IC method was developed for determining anions and carbohydrates in cyanobacteria. The method includes pre-treating samples with graphitized carbon SPE cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Jiang
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong 266000, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Qingdao Junray Intelligent Instrument Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - He Cui
- Technical Center of Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 70 Qutangxia Road, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong 266000, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Qingdao Junray Intelligent Instrument Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Xiaoxian Hao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ruchen Qiu
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Zhiyan Guo
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao City, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Yun Fa
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao 266101, China
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Michalski R, Pecyna-Utylska P, Kernert J. Determination of ammonium and biogenic amines by ion chromatography. A review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462319. [PMID: 34146959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The amount and type of chemical compounds found in food products and the environment, which are and should be controlled, is increasing. This is associated with toxicological knowledge, resulting regulations, rapid development of analytical methods and techniques, and sample preparation methods for analysis. These include, among others, ammonia derivatives such as ammonium, and amines, including biogenic amines. Their occurrence in the environment and food is related to their widespread use in many areas of life and their formation as a result of various physical and chemical changes. Analysts use various methods both classical and instrumental to theirs quantify in different matrices such as food, medicinal and environmental samples. Nevertheless, there is still a need for analytical methods with increased matrix-tolerance, selectivity, specificity, and higher sensitivity. While in the determination of ammonium, ion chromatography is a reference method. In the case of biogenic amines, its use for these purposes is not yet so common. However, given ion chromatography its advantages and rapid development, its importance can be expected to increase in the near future, especially at the expense of gas chromatography methods. This paper is a summary of the advantages and limitations of ion chromatography in this important analytical field and a literature review of the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
| | - Paulina Pecyna-Utylska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Joanna Kernert
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
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Yoshii S, Mori M, Kozaki D, Hosokawa T, Itabashi H. Utilization of Anion-exchange Guard Column as an Ion Chromatographic Column of Anions Including Application to Simultaneous Separation of Anions and Cations. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1117-1122. [PMID: 31231089 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that a guard column containing anion-exchange resin has the potential for use as a separation column for acid eluent. Specifically, a 1-cm long anion-exchange guard column with a 4.6-mm internal diameter provided good separation of monovalent inorganic anions, by elution of 8 mM tartaric acid or 4 mM malic acid. Using the guard column with acid eluent could be applied to evaluation of nitrite and nitrate ions in mountain and urban river water samples. When the guard column was connected in front of a cation-exchange separation column (15 cm long × 4.6 mm internal diameter) in a series, the system provided simultaneous separation of anions and cations in eluent of 8 mM tartaric acid and 0.5 mM 18-crown-6 ether by a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Yoshii
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University
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Liu L, Xie MR, Chen YZ, Wu ZY. Simultaneous electrokinetic stacking and separation of anionic and cationic species on a paper fluidic channel. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:845-850. [PMID: 30706062 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On-line enrichment is effective for improving the sensitivity of paper-based analytical devices (PADs). Electrokinetic stacking of ionic species - anionic or cationic species, respectively, on a paper-based fluidic channel has been well demonstrated in the literature. In this work, we further demonstrated that both anionic and cationic species can be electrokinetically stacked and separated simultaneously on the same paper fluidic channel. The feasibility of the proposed method was visually demonstrated by using a colored cationic probe of Rhodamine 6G and an anionic probe of Brilliant Blue. With the introduction of a background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of weak acid and weak base salt, two electric field gradients can be developed on the same paper fluidic channel when a DC voltage was applied. Both of the anionic and cationic species from the reservoirs can be simultaneously stacked as separate bands on the two field gradients, respectively. Under optimized conditions, two orders of magnitude enrichment factors can be achieved for the anionic and cationic probes as characterized by colorimetric analysis by smartphone imaging. The applicability of this method was further demonstrated by stacking and separation of copper ions/nitrite and even amphoteric ions-proteins of phycocyanin (blue, pI 4.4)/cytochrome C (brown, pI 10.2). Potential applications can be found not only for a PAD based point of care test (POCT), but also for sample pretreatment in protein analysis considering the friendliness of the BGE to the mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
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