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Hitzman R, Malca-Garcia GR, Howell C, Park HY, Friesen JB, Dong H, Dunlap T, McAlpine JB, Vollmer G, Bosland MC, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, Chen SN, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. DESIGNER fraction concept unmasks minor bioactive constituents in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113789. [PMID: 37482264 PMCID: PMC10528883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In botanical extracts, highly abundant constituents can mask or dilute the effects of other, and often, more relevant biologically active compounds. To facilitate the rational chemical and biological assessment of these natural products with wide usage in human health, we introduced the DESIGNER approach of Depleting and Enriching Selective Ingredients to Generate Normalized Extract Resources. The present study applied this concept to clinical Red Clover Extract (RCE) and combined phytochemical and biological methodology to help rationalize the utility of RCE supplements for symptom management in postmenopausal women. Previous work has demonstrated that RCE reduces estrogen detoxification pathways in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and, thus, may serve to negatively affect estrogen metabolism-induced chemical carcinogenesis. Clinical RCE contains ca. 30% of biochanin A and formononetin, which potentially mask activities of less abundant compounds. These two isoflavonoids are aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists that activate P450 1A1, responsible for estrogen detoxification, and P450 1B1, producing genotoxic estrogen metabolites in female breast cells. Clinical RCE also contains the potent phytoestrogen, genistein, that downregulates P450 1A1, thereby reducing estrogen detoxification. To identify less abundant bioactive constituents, countercurrent separation (CCS) of a clinical RCE yielded selective lipophilic to hydrophilic metabolites in six enriched DESIGNER fractions (DFs 01-06). Unlike solid-phase chromatography, CCS prevented any potential loss of minor constituents or residual complexity (RC) and enabled the polarity-based enrichment of certain constituents. Systematic analysis of estrogen detoxification pathways (ERα-degradation, AhR activation, CYP1A1/CYP1B1 induction and activity) of the DFs uncovered masked bioactivity of minor/less abundant constituents including irilone. These data will allow the optimization of RCE with respect to estrogen detoxification properties. The DFs revealed distinct biological activities between less abundant bioactives. The present results can inspire future carefully designed extracts with phytochemical profiles that are optimized to increase in estrogen detoxification pathways and, thereby, promote resilience in women with high-risk for breast cancer. The DESIGNER approach helps to establish links between complex chemical makeup, botanical safety and possible efficacy parameters, yields candidate DFs for (pre)clinical studies, and reveals the contribution of minor phytoconstituents to the overall safety and bioactivity of botanicals, such as resilience promoting activities relevant to women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hitzman
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gonzalo R Malca-Garcia
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hyun-Young Park
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 Division Street, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guenter Vollmer
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Biology, Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Jiang X, Yang X, Chen Y, Yan X, Liu H, Lu F, Li D. GUESS - A simple approach to accelerate optimization countercurrent separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123573. [PMID: 36603474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The generally useful estimate of solvent systems (GUESS) method, which is based on thin layer chromatography, is a simple and practical method for selecting solvent systems for countercurrent chromatography (CCC). However, it is rarely used for complex samples derived from natural products. In this study, GUESS was used for CCC solvent system selection and polarity-adjusted CCC separations of several fractions, which were obtained from a silica gel column containing complex compositions with a broad polarity from Salvia bowleyana Dunn. The GUESS method was performed on five fractions based on solvent systems in the n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat) family. Based on the GUESS results, the optimal solvent systems were selected for CCC separation. Twelve diterpenoids were obtained from the five silica gel column fractions of S. bowleyana Dunn using elution-extrusion countercurrent chromatography (EECCC). These demonstrate that GUESS guidance and the polarity adjustment of the solvent system accelerate the optimization of CCC separation conditions and simplify the process of accommodating a broad polarity of components in complicated mixture fractions. We therefore confirmed the feasibility and advantage of the GUESS method for complex natural chemical component separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Xuerong Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yueyuan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Xiaojie Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - HongWei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fenglai Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China.
| | - Dianpeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China.
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Patel K, Patel DK. The Potential Therapeutic Properties of Prunetin against Human Health Complications: A Review of Medicinal Importance and Pharmacological Activities. DRUG METABOLISM AND BIOANALYSIS LETTERS 2022; 15:166-177. [PMID: 36098409 DOI: 10.2174/2949681015666220912104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found to be present in nature and abundant in flowers and fruits. Flavonoidal class phytochemicals have gained interest in the scientific field because of their important pharmacological activities. Several scientific studies have revealed anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, analgesic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-parasitic and anti-allergic activities of flavonoidal class phytochemicals. Prunetin is an O-methylated isoflavone that belongs to the phytochemical phytoestrogen class, found to be present in licorice, red cherry, soybean and legumes. METHODS Biological potential and pharmacological activities of prunetin have been investigated in the present work through scientific data analysis of numerous scientific research works. Numerous literature databases have been searched in order to collect the scientific information on prunetin in the present work. Pharmacological activities of prunetin have been investigated in the present work through literature data analysis of different scientific research works. Scientific data have been collected from Google Scholar, Google, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Analytical data on prunetin has been collected from literature sources and analyzed in the present work. RESULTS Scientific data analysis revealed the biological importance of prunetin in medicine. Prunetin was found to be present in the pea, peach, Oregon cherry, skimmed cheese, cheese, cow kefir and goat kefir. Prunetin is also present in the Prunus avium, Andira surinamensis, Butea superba, Dalbergia sympathetica, Ficus nervosa, Pterospartum tridentatum and Pycnanthus angolensis. Pharmacological data analysis revealed the biological importance of prunetin on bone disorders, cancers, especially hepatocellular carcinoma, urinary bladder cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, human airway, gut health and enzymes. Scientific data analysis revealed biological effectiveness of prunetin for their angiogenic effects, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, estrogenic and vasorelaxant potential. Analytical data revealed the importance of modern analytical techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of prunetin in the scientific fields. CONCLUSION Scientific data analysis in the present investigation revealed the biological importance and pharmacological activities of prunetin in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pardesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pardesh, India
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Isolation of Mirificin and Other Bioactive Isoflavone Glycosides from the Kudzu Root Lyophilisate Using Centrifugal Partition and Flash Chromatographic Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196227. [PMID: 36234764 PMCID: PMC9570587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi is a legume taxon native to Southeast Asia and widely used in traditional medicine systems of that region. The therapeutic applications of the underground parts of this species (known as kudzu root) are related to its high content of isoflavones, mainly the characteristic C-glycoside derivatives. Within this group, the most explored compound both phytochemically and pharmacologically is puerarin. However, current scientific findings document important anti-biodegenerative effects for some of the minor isoflavones from kudzu roots. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to develop an original preparative method that allowed the efficient isolation of closely related hydrophilic daidzein C-glycosides, including mirificin, from vacuum-dried aqueous-ethanolic extracts of kudzu roots. For this purpose, the combined centrifugal partition (CPC) and flash chromatographic (FC) techniques were elaborated and used. The optimized biphasic solvent system in CPC, with ethyl acetate, ethanol, water, and 0.5% (V/V) acetic acid as a mobile phase modifier, enabled the purification and separation of the polar fraction containing bioactive isoflavones and ultimately the isolation of mirificin, 3′-hydroxy- and 3′-methoxypuerarin, puerarin, and daidzin using FC. The identity of isoflavones was confirmed using spectroscopic (UV absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance) and mass spectrometric methods. The determined purity of isolated mirificin was 63%.
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Xu P, Wang X, Lin T, Shao Q, Peng J, Chu C, Tong S. A Strategy for Pinpointing Natural Bioactive Components Using Two-Dimensional Bioassay Profilings Combined with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Countercurrent Chromatography × High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12715-12722. [PMID: 36076186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the interpretation of two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, an efficient strategy was proposed for pinpointing bioactive components from complex natural products. An off-line comprehensive countercurrent chromatography (CCC) × high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to achieve a 2D chemical chromatogram, and 2D bioassay profilings were obtained from bioassays of the eluent of the first dimension (1D) CCC and the eluent of the second dimension (2D) HPLC. Then 2D chemical chromatograms and 2D bioassay profilings were matched for pinpointing bioactive natural components from complex matrices. Thus, bioactive components in a complex matrix could be efficiently analyzed, separated, and bioactivity-determined. This experimental scheme was successfully demonstrated with a traditional medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. The feasibility of this 2D strategy was verified with tyrosinase inhibition assay, α-glucosidase inhibition assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and ABTS•+ decolorization assay. Eight natural inhibitors were successfully pinpointed and identified from P. cuspidatum. Both pieceid-2″-O-gallate (10) and vanicoside B (20) were screened and identified as natural tyrosinase inhibitors for the first time. Meanwhile, vanicoside B (20) was also found as the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitor among all the isolated components. Most of the compounds exhibited much higher radical scavenging activities. Compared with traditional methodology based on one-dimensional chromatographic separation, the present 2D strategy would be more precise, efficient, and convenient to screen and separate bioactive compounds from complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310032 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310032 Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Lishui People's Hospital, 323000 Lishui, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310032 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310032 Hangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Anthocyanins in Different Food Matrices: Recent Updates on Extraction, Purification and Analysis Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-32. [PMID: 36045567 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ANCs), a kind of natural pigments, are widely present in food substrates. Evidence has shown that ANCs can promote health in terms of anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation. However, the oxidative stability of ANCs limits accurate quantitation and analysis. Therefore, faster, more accurate, and highly sensitive extraction and determination methods are necessary for understanding the role of ANCs in medicine and food. This review presents an updated overview of pretreatment and detection techniques for ANCs in various food substrates since 2015. Liquid-liquid extraction and various green solvent extraction methods, such as accelerated solvents extraction, deep eutectic solvents extraction, ionic liquids extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, are commonly used pretreatment methods for extraction and purification of ANCs. Liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors (tandem mass spectrometry and UV detectors) and spectrophotometry methods are some of the determination methods for ANC. This study has updated, compared, and discussed different pretreatment and analysis methods. Moreover, the advanced methods and development prospects in this field are comprehensively summarized, which can provide references for further utilization of ANCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Ohtsuki T, Friesen JB, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Pauli GF. Selective Preparation and High Dynamic-Range Analysis of Cannabinoids in "CBD Oil" and Other Cannabis sativa Preparations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:634-646. [PMID: 34990123 PMCID: PMC8957589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Much confusion exists about the chemical composition of widely sold Cannabis sativa products that utilize the cannabidiol (CBD) acronym and related terms such as "CBD oil", "CBD plus hemp oil", "full spectrum CBD", "broad spectrum CBD", and "cannabinoids". Their rational chemical and subsequent biological assessment requires both knowledge of the chemical complexity and the characterization of significant individual constituents. Applicable to hemp preparations in general, this study demonstrates how the combination of liquid-liquid-based separation techniques, NMR analysis, and quantum mechanical-based NMR interpretation facilitates the process of natural product composition analysis by allowing specific structural characterization and absolute quantitation of cannabinoids present in such products with a large dynamic range. Countercurrent separation of a commercial "CBD oil" yielded high-purity CBD plus a more polar cannabinoid fraction containing cannabigerol and cannabidivarin, as well as a less polar cannabinoid fraction containing cannabichromene, trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cis-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol. Representatives of six cannabinoid classes were identified within a narrow range of polarity, which underscores the relevance of residual complexity in biomedical research on cannabinoids. Characterization of the individual components and their quantitation in mixed fractions were undertaken by TLC, HPLC, 1H (q)NMR spectroscopy, 1H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA), 13C NMR, and 2D NMR. The developed workflow and resulting analytical data enhance the reproducible evaluation of "CBD et al." products, which inevitably represent complex mixtures of varying molecular populations, structures, abundances, and polarity features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtsuki
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Malca-Garcia GR, Liu Y, Nikolić D, Friesen JB, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Investigation of red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavonoid residual complexity by off-line CCS-qHNMR. Fitoterapia 2022; 156:105016. [PMID: 34416305 PMCID: PMC8742771 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of Trifolium pratense L. as a dietary supplement and its use in traditional medicine prompted the preparation of a thorough metabolite profile. This included the identification and quantitation of principal constituents as well as low abundant metabolites that constitute the residual complexity (RC) of T. pratense bioactives. The purity and RC of isoflavonoid fractions from standardized red clover extract (RCE) was determined using an off-line combination of countercurrent separation (CCS) and two orthogonal analytical methodologies: quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy with external calibration (EC-qHNMR) and LC-MS. A single-step hydrostatic CCS methodology (Centrifugal Partition Chromatography [CPC]) was developed that fractionated the isoflavonoids with a hexanes-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat) 5.5/4.5/5/5, v/v solvent system (SS) into 75 fractions containing 3 flavonolignans, 2 isoflavonoid glycosides, as well as 17 isoflavonoids and related compounds. All metabolites were identified and quantified by qHNMR spectroscopy. The data led to the creation of a complete isoflavonoid profile to complement the biological evaluation. For example, fraction 69 afforded 90.5% w/w biochanin A (17), with 0.33% w/w of prunetin (16), and 0.76% w/w of maackiain (15) as residual components. Fraction 27 with 89.4% w/w formononetin (13) as the major component had, in addition, a residual complexity consisting of 3.37%, 0.73%, 0.68% w/w of pseudobaptigenin (11), kaempferol (10) and pratensein (8), respectively. Despite the relatively high resolving power of CPC, and not unexpectedly, the chromatographic fractions retained varying degrees of the original metabolomic diversity. Collectively, the extent of metabolomic diversity should be recognized and used to guide the development of isolation strategies, especially when generating samples for bioactivity evaluation. The simultaneous structural and quantitative characterization enabled by qNMR, supported by LC-MS measurements, enables the evaluation of a relatively large number of individual fractions and, thereby, advances both the chemical and biological evaluation of active principles in complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo R Malca-Garcia
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 W. Division Street, River Forest, IL 60305, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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9
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Research Progress of NMR in Natural Product Quantification. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206308. [PMID: 34684890 PMCID: PMC8541192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fields of medicine and health, traditional high-performance liquid chromatography or UV-visible spectrophotometry is generally used for substance quantification. However, over time, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has gradually become more mature. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has certain advantages in the quantitative analysis of substances, such as being nondestructive, having a high flux and short analysis time. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been included in the pharmacopoeiae of various countries. In this paper, the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the recent progress in the quantitative study of natural products by NMR are reviewed, and its application in the quantitative study of natural products is proposed. At the same time, the problems of using NMR alone to quantify natural products are summarized and corresponding suggestions are put forward.
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Tang Y, Friesen JB, Nikolić DS, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Tandem of Countercurrent Separation and qHNMR Enables Gravimetric Analyses: Absolute Quantitation of the Rhodiola rosea Metabolome. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11701-11709. [PMID: 34461730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Off-line combination of countercurrent separation (CCS) and quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR) methodologies enabled the systematic dissection and gravimetric quantification of a chemically complex Rhodiola rosea crude extract (RCE). The loss-free nature and high selectivity of CCS achieved the quantitative discrimination of fatty acids (FAs), sugars, and proanthocyanidins (PACs) from ten other metabolite classes: phenylpropanoids, phenylethanoids, acyclic monoterpenoid glycosides, pinene derived glycosides, benzyl alcohol glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, gallic acids, methylparabens, and cuminol glycosides. The ability of CCS to remove ("knockout") PACs completely resolved challenges with baselines that plague NMR and UHPLC analyses and produce inaccurate integral and AUC quantitation, respectively. NMR analysis of the non-PAC fractions enabled unambiguous identification of metabolites and their characteristic resonances for subsequent multitarget absolute quantification by qHNMR using a single, nonidentical internal calibrant (IC). An orthogonal LC-MS/MS method validated the gravimetric nature of the CCS-qHNMR analytical tandem. Underlying this LC-based cross-validation, comprehensive phytochemical isolation and characterization established 19 single-compound reference standards that represented all ten metabolite classes. Finally, quantum mechanical 1H iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA) of each standard provided a blueprint for future structural dereplication, identification, and quantification of Rhodiola marker constituents. The combination of two gravimetric analytical methods, loss-free CCS and IC-qHNMR, realizes the first chemical standardization of a botanical material that comprehensively captures a metabolome and permits absolute quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - Dejan S Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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11
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Kim SB, Bisson J, Friesen JB, Bucchini L, Gafner S, Lankin DC, Chen SN, Pauli GF, McAlpine JB. The Untargeted Capability of NMR Helps Recognizing Nefarious Adulteration in Natural Products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:846-856. [PMID: 33710886 PMCID: PMC8049841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcuma longa (turmeric) has an extensive history of ethnomedical use for common ailments, and "curcumin"-containing dietary supplements (CDS) are a highly visible portion of today's self-medication market. Owing to raw material cost pressure, CDS products are affected by economically motivated, nefarious adulteration with synthetic curcumin ("syncumin"), possibly leading to unexpected toxicological issues due to "residual" impurities. Using a combination of targeted and untargeted (phyto)chemical analysis, this study investigated the botanical integrity of two commercial "turmeric" CDS with vitamin and other additives that were associated with reported clinical cases of hepatotoxicity. Analyzing multisolvent extracts of the CDS by 100% quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR), alone and in combination with countercurrent separation (CCS), provided chemical fingerprints that allowed both the targeted identification and quantification of declared components and the untargeted recognition of adulteration. While confirming the presence of curcumin as a major constituent, the universal detection capability of NMR spectroscopy identification of significant residual impurities, including potentially toxic components. While the loss-free nature of CCS captured a wide polarity range of declared and unwanted chemical components, and also increased the dynamic range of the analysis, (q)HNMR determined their mass proportions and chemical constitutions. The results demonstrate that NMR spectroscopy can recognize undeclared constituents even if they represent only a fraction of the mass balance of a dietary supplement product. The chemical information associated with the missing 4.8% and 7.4% (m/m) in the two commercial samples, exhibiting an otherwise adequate curcumin content of 95.2% and 92.6%, respectively, pointed to a product integrity issue and adulteration with undeclared synthetic curcumin. Impurities from synthesis are most plausibly the cause of the observed adverse clinical effects. The study exemplifies how the simultaneously targeted and untargeted analytical principle of the 100% qHNMR method, performed with entry-level high-field instrumentation (400 MHz), can enhance the safety of dietary supplements by identifying adulterated, non-natural "natural" products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Beom Kim
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jonathan Bisson
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | | | - Stefan Gafner
- American Botanical Council, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - David C Lankin
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- Center for Natural Products Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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12
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Malca-Garcia GR, Liu Y, Dong H, Nikolić D, Friesen JB, Lankin DC, McAlpine J, Chen SN, Dietz BM, Pauli GF. Auto-hydrolysis of red clover as "green" approach to (iso)flavonoid enriched products. Fitoterapia 2021; 152:104878. [PMID: 33757846 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal parameters for the auto-hydrolysis of (iso)flavone glycosides to aglycones in ground Trifolium pratense L. plant material were established as a "green" method for the production of a reproducible red clover extract (RCE). The process utilized 72-h fermentation in DI water at 25 and 37 °C. The aglycones obtained at 25 °C, as determined by UHPLC-UV and quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR), increased significantly in the auto-hydrolyzed (ARCE) (6.2-6.7% w/w biochanin A 1, 6.1-9.9% formononetin 2) vs a control ethanol (ERCE) extract (0.24% 1, 0.26% 2). After macerating ARCE with 1:1 (v/v) diethyl ether/hexanes (ARCE-d/h), 1 and 2 increased to 13.1-16.7% and 14.9-18.4% w, respectively, through depletion of fatty components. The final extracts showed chemical profiles similar to that of a previous clinical RCE. Biological standardization revealed that the enriched ARCE-d/h extracts produced the strongest estrogenic activity in ERα positive endometrial cells (Ishikawa cells), followed by the precursor ARCE. The glycoside-rich ERCE showed no estrogenic activity. The estrogenicity of ARCE-d/h was similar to that of the clinical RCE. The lower potency of the ARCE compared to the prior clinical RCE indicated that substantial amounts of fatty acids/matter likely reduce the estrogenicity of crude hydrolyzed preparations. The in vitro dynamic residual complexity of the conversion of biochanin A to genistein was evaluated by LC-MS-MS. The outcomes help advance translational research with red clover and other (iso)flavone-rich botanicals by inspiring the preparation of (iso)flavone aglycone-enriched extracts for the exploration of new in vitro and ex vivo bioactivities that are unachievable with genuine, glycoside-containing extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo R Malca-Garcia
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 W. Division, River Forest, IL 60305, United States
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James McAlpine
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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13
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Zhang H, Zhao J, Shang H, Guo Y, Chen S. Extraction, purification, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:750-760. [PMID: 31978472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hot water extraction was applied to extract red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides (RCP) and the extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). An RCP yield of 12.72 ± 0.14% was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extracting time of 95 min, extracting temperature of 93 °C, and solvent-material ratio of 21 mL/g. A component named RCP-1.1 with the molecular weight of 7528.81 kDa was purified from RCP. RCP-1.1 was composed of glucose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, and galactose, with molar percentages of 52.54, 1.04, 16.31, and 30.11%, respectively. At the determination concentration of 10 mg/mL, the α-glucosidase inhibition ability of RCP-1.1 reached 86.72% of that of acarbose. The scavenging rates of RCP-1.1 (3.0 mg/mL) for DPPH and ABTS radicals reached 91.82% and 98.95% of that of ascorbic acid (3.0 mg/mL), respectively. Based on these results, RCP-1.1 possesses the potential to be used as a natural hypoglycemic agent or an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, AR, USA
| | - Hongmei Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shilun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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