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Tang B, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Di B, Su M. Determination of 13 potential anti-obesity agents in hair by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-assisted UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116236. [PMID: 38772203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
As the adulteration of dietary supplements with synthetic drugs remains a prevalent issue, the inclusion of anti-obesity agents may pose health risks, potentially leading to central nervous system or cardiovascular diseases. However, surveillance studies on the use of anti-obesity agents by the Chinese population are limited. This study aims to establish an efficient and rapid hair pretreatment method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high-speed grinding and develop a sensitive and accurate analytical method employing ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for detecting 13 potential anti-obesity agents in hair samples. Herein, hair samples were washed sequentially with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), water and acetone, and then ground at high speed using 1 mL of an extraction solution (internal standard solution-n-butanol-1.2 mol/L Na2HPO4, pH10.0, 100:400:500, v/v/v for procaterol; internal standard solution-ethyl acetate-1.2 mol/L Na2HPO4, pH8.0, 100:300:600, v/v/v for other 12 anti-obesity agents) while simultaneously performing DLLME. The developed method successfully detected 13 anti-obesity agents within 11 min, including bambuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine, clorprenaline, formoterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, procaterol, phentermine, bupropion, sibutramine, desmethyl sibutramine, and N,N-didesmethyl sibutramine, which improved the screening efficiency. The calibration curves exhibited good linearity of 0.025-5 ng/mg, achieving correlation coefficients of r ≥ 0.99. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) for the analytes were 0.025 ng/mg, demonstrating acceptable levels of accuracy and precision. Recovery rates ranged between 73.30% and 107.47% across the three concentrations of 0.075, 0.375, and 3.75 ng/mg. The validated method was successfully applied to 369 real cases and detected six analytes, including bambuterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, sibutramine, desmethyl sibutramine, and N,N-didesmethyl sibutramine. This method offers several advantages, including simple pretreatment, high extraction efficiency, rapid extraction, solvent economy, and pollution mitigation, making it highly suitable for large-scale surveillance of usage of added anti-obesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Mengxiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
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2
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Cao Z, Zhou J. Research progress on pretreatment technology for the analysis of amphetamine biological samples. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400337. [PMID: 39189599 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment technology is crucial for drug analysis and detection, because the effect of sample pretreatment directly determinates the final analysis results. In recent years, with the continuous innovation of microextraction and other technologies like material preparation technologies and assistant technologies for extraction, the sample pretreatment techniques in the process of drug analysis have become more and more mature and diverse. This article takes amphetamine (AM) or methamphetamine as an example to review the recent development of pretreatment methods for AM-containing biological samples from the perspectives of extraction techniques, extraction media and auxiliary technologies. Extraction techniques are summarized with the categories of contact microextraction, separate microextraction and membrane-based microextraction for better guidance of application according to their features. Prevailing and innovative extraction media including carbon-based material, silicon-based material, metal organic framework, molecularly selective materials, supramolecular solvents and ionic liquids are reviewed. Auxiliary technologies like magnetic field, electric field, microwave, ultrasound and so on which can enhance extraction efficiency and accuracy are also reviewed. In the last, prospects of the future development of pretreatment technology for the analysis of AM biological samples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Cao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhe Jiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Chemistry and Bioprocessing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Pelixo R, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Rosado T. Determination of Arylcyclohexylamines in Biological Specimens: Sensors and Sample Pre-Treatment Approaches. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:984. [PMID: 39203635 PMCID: PMC11356074 DOI: 10.3390/mi15080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Arylcyclohexylamine (ACH) compounds represent a predominant faction within new psychoactive substances. Due to their powerful dissociative effects, they are used in recreational contexts but also in situations of drug-facilitated sexual assault, and therefore, they are a constant target of analysis by forensic experts. In recent years, their consumption has been notably high, especially the use of ketamine, presenting daily challenges for laboratories in the determination of this and other ACH analogues. This review comprises the recent strategies that forensic specialists use to identify and quantify ACH compounds in the laboratory with more traditional analytical techniques and technology, and on the point-of-care testing via sensor technology. The study focuses on analogues of phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, and eticyclidine, highlighting the consistent need for higher sensitivity in the analysis of various samples collected from real cases and simulations of possible matrices. The review also emphasises the ongoing research to develop more sensitive, quicker, and more capable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pelixo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- AlphaBiolabs, 14 Webster Court, Carina Park, Warrington WA5 8WD, UK;
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB)-Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB)-Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
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4
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de Paula Meirelles G, Pereira E Silva J, Paranhos BAPB, Yonamine M. Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the evaluation of maternal-fetal exposure to cocaine employing human umbilical cord tissue. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:263-272. [PMID: 38551067 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Illicit drug use is a serious and complex public health problem, not only due to the severity of the health damage but also to the social implications, such as marginalization and drug trafficking. Currently, cocaine (COC) is among the most abused drugs worldwide with about 22 million users. Drug abuse has also been found in women during the pregnancy period, which has shed light on a new group for epidemiology. The diagnosis of COC use in these cases usually depends largely on the mother's reports, which in several cases omit or deny consumption. Therefore, considering physical-chemical methods of sample preparation and exposure biomarkers, the development of analytic toxicological methods can help to confirm drug use during pregnancy. Thus, the objective of the present work was to develop an analytical method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of COC analytes, using umbilical cord tissue as an alternative biological matrix, and detection by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Therefore, after optimization, the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was fully validated for quantification of COC, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, ecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester and norcocaine. The limits of detection were between 15 and 25 ng/g, the limits of quantification were 30 ng/g for ecgonine and 25 ng/g for the other analytes. Linearity ranged from the limits of quantification to 1,000 ng/g. Coefficients of variation for intra-assay precision were <18.5%, inter-assay was <8.75% and bias was <16.4% for all controls. The developed method was applied in 10 suspected positive samples, based on the mother's report and maternal urine screening and confirmation. COC, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester were quantified in four umbilical cords with concentrations that ranged from 39.6 to 420.5 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Meirelles
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Pereira E Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Aparecida Passos Bismara Paranhos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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Pego AMF, Knaven EJ, van de Plas APC, Brouwers JF, Cuypers E, Flinders B, Heeren RMA, van Asten AC, de Rooij BM. Untargeted metabolomics for lifestyle biomarker discovery in human hair. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 356:111938. [PMID: 38301432 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
There is a risk of crimes remaining unsolved when no matching DNA profiles or fingermarks are found. If this is the case, forensic investigations are faced with a significant shortage of evidence and information regarding the unknown perpetrator and/or victim as well as any missing persons. However, a rather commonly found biological trace encountered at crime scenes is human hair. As hair acts as a biochemical reservoir, it may contain valuable information regarding one's characteristics and habits. This study aimed to build an analytical method capable of determining a marker set of relevant metabolites in hair, eventually building up a profile of its donor. To find potential markers, an untargeted metabolomics approach was developed to select and identify statistically significant features. For that purpose, a total of 68 hair samples were collected at several hairdresser shops in varying neighbourhoods. Compound extraction was achieved via methanolic incubation overnight and analysis performed using a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Orbitrap Q Exactive Focus. The acquired data was uploaded and statistically evaluated using two free online software/libraries, where a total of eight compounds have given a match on both tools. Their presumptive identity was confirmed using reference standards and consequently added to a dynamic target donor profiling list. These results show the potential of using untargeted metabolomics for the search for lifestyle biomarkers capable of differentiating individuals. Such tools are of paramount importance in a forensic setting with little or no evidence available and no clear tactical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M F Pego
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands; Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, NY, USA.
| | - Edward J Knaven
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Anke P C van de Plas
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Belgium; M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben M de Rooij
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
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6
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Favero G, Pallotta M, Pagano F, Di Francesco G, Croce M, Leone ML, Muntoni IM, Sergi M. Unearthed opium: development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of Papaver somniferum alkaloids in Daunian vessels. Front Chem 2023; 11:1238793. [PMID: 37564111 PMCID: PMC10410162 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1238793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The analysis of organic residue in ancient vessels to investigate early-age civilization habits is an important archeological application that needs advanced analytical methods. However, these procedures should meet inherent requisites such as low sampling invasiveness and high sensitivity for trace analysis. This study deals with the development of advanced analytical methods for the detection of opium alkaloids in ceramic vessels and its first application to the study of Daunian pots dating back to the VIII-IV sec BC. Methods: All the stages of the analytical procedure, from sampling to analysis, were carefully optimized. Concerning sampling, the traditional scraping approach was compared with a swabbing strategy which permitted minimizing sample encroachment. Extraction was based on pressurized liquid extraction or ultrasound-assisted liquid extraction, followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, which allowed concentration enrichment. On the other hand, a UHPLC-MS/MS method was specifically developed and validated to obtain reliable data. Some Daunian pots, belonging to the Ceci-Macrini private archeological collection, were selected for sample withdrawal as their iconography could suggest opium usage. Results: Several of the analyzed samples resulted positive to thebaine and less frequently to morphine and codeine; furthermore, 70% of the analyzed items tested positive for at least one opium alkaloid. Positive findings were common to all the samples collected in the pots, suggesting that scraping and swabbing provided comparable results and validating this unusual sampling strategy. All samples were additionally analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS to further improve the confidence level of the identified compounds. The obtained results shed new light on the hypothesis of opium usage by the ancient Daunian civilization. Furthermore, this study provided suitable analytical tools for further investigations on the same topic, with a good level of confidence in the quality of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Pallotta
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martina Croce
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Italo Maria Muntoni
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Barletta—Andria—Trani e Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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7
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Serafini I, McClure KR, Ciccola A, Vincenti F, Bosi A, Peruzzi G, Montesano C, Sergi M, Favero G, Curini R. Inside the History of Italian Coloring Industries: An Investigation of ACNA Dyes through a Novel Analytical Protocol for Synthetic Dye Extraction and Characterization. Molecules 2023; 28:5331. [PMID: 37513206 PMCID: PMC10386332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of synthetic dyes completely changed the industrial production and use of colorants for art materials. From the synthesis of the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856 until today, artists have enjoyed a wider range of colors and selection of chemical properties than was ever available before. However, the introduction of synthetic dyes introduced a wider variety and increased the complexity of the chemical structures of marketed dyes. This work looks towards the analysis of synthetically dyed objects in heritage collections, applying an extraction protocol based on the use of ammonia, which is considered favorable for natural anthraquinone dyes but has never before been applied to acid synthetic dyes. This work also presents an innovative cleanup step based on the use of an ion pair dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the purification and preconcentration of historical synthetic dyes before analysis. This approach was adapted from food science analysis and is applied to synthetic dyes in heritage science for the first time in this paper. The results showed adequate recovery of analytes and allowed for the ammonia-based extraction method to be applied successfully to 15 samples of suspected azo dyes from the Azienda Coloranti Nazionali e Affini (ACNA) synthetic dye collection, identified through untargeted HPLC-HRMS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Bosi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Peruzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Bosi A, Peruzzi G, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Vincenti F, Montesano C, Postorino P, Sergi M, Favero G, Curini R. New Advances in Dye Analyses: In Situ Gel-Supported Liquid Extraction from Paint Layers and Textiles for SERS and HPLC-MS/MS Identification. Molecules 2023; 28:5290. [PMID: 37513166 PMCID: PMC10385869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, it is still not possible to obtain exhaustive information about organic materials in cultural heritage without sampling. Nonetheless, when studying unique objects with invaluable artistic or historical significance, preserving their integrity is a priority. In particular, organic dye identification is of significant interest for history and conservation research, but it is still hindered by analytes' low concentration and poor fastness. In this work, a minimally invasive approach for dye identification is presented. The procedure is designed to accompany noninvasive analyses of inorganic substances for comprehensive studies of complex cultural heritage matrices, in compliance with their soundness. Liquid extraction of madder, turmeric, and indigo dyes was performed directly from paint layers and textiles. The extraction was supported by hydrogels, which themselves can undergo multitechnique analyses in the place of samples. After extraction, Ag colloid pastes were applied on the gels for SERS analyses, allowing for the identification of the three dyes. For the HPLC-MS/MS analyses, re-extraction of the dyes was followed by a clean-up step that was successfully applied on madder and turmeric. The colour change perceptivity after extraction was measured with colorimetry. The results showed ΔE values mostly below the upper limit of rigorous colour change, confirming the gentleness of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Bosi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Peruzzi
- Institute for Complex System, National Research Council, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Lu Q, Ren T, Guo X, Di X. Switchable hydrophilicity solvent for extraction of pollutants in food and environmental samples: A review. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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10
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Gupta N, Thakur RS, Patel DK. Detection, quantification and degradation kinetic for five benzodiazepines using VAUS-ME-SFO/LC-MS/MS method for water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Talanta 2023; 260:124572. [PMID: 37121139 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines can make victims more docile, they are frequently used in drug-facilitated crimes, such as robberies and sexual assaults. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques for determining whether these chemicals are present in relation with illegal activity is crucial. Therefore, to determine the presence of five benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam) in water, alcoholic beverages, and non-alcoholic beverages, a simple and direct, miniaturized, and effective vortex assisted ultrasound based microextraction using solidification of floating organic droplets (VAUS-ME-SFO) in combination with LC-MS/MS was developed. 1-Undecanol and acetonitrile, respectively, served as the extractant and disperser solvents. Many other parameters affect the efficiency of the developed analytical procedure VAUS-ME-SFO/LC-MS/MS. These parameters were optimized using Plackett Burman Design and Central Composite Design to obtain reliable results. The optimum conditions for the extraction were: 10.0 mL of sample; 180 μL acetonitrile, as a dispersive solvent; 200 μL of 1-undecanol, as an extraction solvent; pH 7; 105 s of vortex agitation; 120 s of ultrasonication application and 3 min of centrifugation at 7000 rpm. The benzodiazepines were separated by a chromatographic separation technique carried out by a UPLC system consisting of a binary mobile phase. The solvent system comprises of 0.1% Formic acid in Milli-Q (Solvent A) and 0.1% Formic acid in ACN (Solvent B) with a gradient flow of 3.5 min total analysis time. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was studied in the range of 0.124-7.810 ng mL-1. The regression correlation coefficient (R2) value of all targeted analytes ranges from 0.993 to 0.999. The LOD and LOQ of VAUS-ME-SFO methods using LC-MS/MS analysis range from 0.316 to 0.968 ng mL-1 and 1.055-3.277 ng mL-1 respectively. The repeatability within a day varied from 0.6 to 3.5%, and the reproducibility across days varied from 2.2 to 6.3%. The recoveries ranges for water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages from 70.77 to 114.53%, 63.20-102.21% and 66.23-113.28% respectively. Further, the degradation kinetics was studied to establish the half-life of each targeted analyte in the matrix undertaken in the study. The water samples were classified based on their BDZs residues. This implies that the more health care and anthropogenic activity, the more the BDZs residue will be in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Singh Thakur
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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de Paula Meirelles G, Fabris AL, Ferreira Dos Santos K, Costa JL, Yonamine M. Green Analytical Toxicology for the Determination of Cocaine Metabolites. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 46:965-978. [PMID: 35022727 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is the third largest contributor to Green Analytical Chemistry, and there is significant participation of toxicologists in the development and improvement of environmental techniques. Currently, toxicologists have their own strategies and guidelines to promote the reduction/replacement or elimination of solvents, reduce the impacts of derivatization and save time, among other objectives, due to the peculiarities of toxicological analysis. Thus, this review aims to propose the concept of Green Analytical Toxicology and conduct a discussion about its relevance and applications specifically in forensic toxicology, using the microextraction methods developed for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Meirelles
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karina Ferreira Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Cândido Portinari, 200, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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12
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Nieddu M, Baralla E, Sodano F, Boatto G. Analysis of 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamines and 2,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamines aiming their determination in biological matrices: a review. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:1-24. [PMID: 36652064 PMCID: PMC9849320 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present review aims to provide an overview of methods for the quantification of 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamines and -phenethylamines in different biological matrices, both traditional and alternative ones. METHODS A complete literature search was carried out with PubMed, Scopus and the World Wide Web using relevant keywords, e.g., designer drugs, amphetamines, phenethylamines, and biological matrices. RESULTS Synthetic phenethylamines represent one of the largest classes of "designer drugs", obtained through chemical structure modifications of psychoactive substances to increase their pharmacological activities. This practice is also favored by the fact that every new synthetic compound is not considered illegal by existing legislation. Generally, in a toxicological laboratory, the first monitoring of drugs of abuse is made by rapid screening tests that sometimes can occur in false positive or false negative results. To reduce evaluation errors, it is mandatory to submit the positive samples to confirmatory methods, such as gas chromatography or liquid chromatography combined to mass spectrometry, for a more specific qualitative and quantitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the great need for updated comprehensive analytical methods, particularly when analyzing biological matrices, both traditional and alternative ones, for the search of newly emerging designer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Elena Baralla
- grid.11450.310000 0001 2097 9138Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- grid.11450.310000 0001 2097 9138Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Madia MAO, de Oliveira LO, Baccule NS, Sakurada JY, Scanferla DTP, Aguera RG, Moreira PP, Bando É, Junior MM, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA in hair samples from a rehabilitation facility: Validation and applicability of HF-LPME-GC-MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107212. [PMID: 36028047 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is known that drug abuse jeopardizes economic and social development. Toxicological analyses can guide prevention and treatment strategies in rehabilitation facilities. The current greatest challenge is finding easily adaptable and less costly sensitive methods that meet the principles of green chemistry. Hair, as a biological matrix, has several advantages, and its ability to detect consumption for longer periods keeping the matrix stable and unaltered stands out. This manuscript addresses the use of a miniaturized technique in an alternative matrix, by making use of a reduced amount of solvents to quantify amphetamines, aiming to guide prevention and treatment strategies in rehabilitation facilities. METHODS A Hollow Fiber Liquid-phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) technique for extracting amphetamines from hair samples with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CG-MS) was validated, adapted, and applied to ten samples from patients of a rehabilitation facility. RESULTS The technique proved to be sensitive, accurate, precise, and not affected by interference from the biological matrix and the linear range for the analytes was 0.2 to 20 ng mg -1. The three analytes were quantified in the samples analyzed. It is worth stressing that the patients were young. CONCLUSION The HF-LPME-GC-MS technique complied with the principles of green chemistry, and proved to be a sensitive technique, adaptable to the routine of common laboratories. Validation in the analysis phase with authentic samples, thus, showed that it can be an important tool for preventing and controlling drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A O Madia
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Luís O de Oliveira
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nicole S Baccule
- State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Y Sakurada
- State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Deborah T P Scanferla
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raul G Aguera
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula P Moreira
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Érika Bando
- Laboratory of Toxicology. Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology. Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Marchioni
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Simone A G Mossini
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
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Cheng JYK, Hui JWS, Chan WS, So MH, Hong YH, Leung WT, Ku KW, Yeung HS, Lo KM, Fung KM, Ip CY, Dao KL, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2019-2022. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 6:100303. [PMID: 36597440 PMCID: PMC9799715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yuk-ki Cheng
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | | | - Wing-sum Chan
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Man-ho So
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yau-hin Hong
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Wai-tung Leung
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ka-wai Ku
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hoi-sze Yeung
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kam-moon Lo
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kit-mai Fung
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chi-yuen Ip
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kwok-leung Dao
- Government Laboratory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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15
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Shan X, Cao C, Yang B. Analytical Approaches for the Determination of Buprenorphine, Methadone and Their Metabolites in Biological Matrices. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165211. [PMID: 36014451 PMCID: PMC9415157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of buprenorphine and methadone has grown into a rising worldwide issue. After their consumption, buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites can be found in the human organism. Due to the difficulty in the assessment of these compounds by routine drug screening, the importance of developing highly sensitive analytical approaches is undeniable. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is the preferable technique for the determination of buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites in biological matrices including urine, plasma, nails or oral fluids. This research aims to review a critical discussion of the latest trends for the monitoring of buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites in various biological specimens.
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Almofti N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Girela-López E. Analysis of conventional and nonconventional forensic specimens in drug-facilitated sexual assault by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 250:123713. [PMID: 35779361 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has dramatically increased in the last decades. Forensic analytical scientists continuously seek new methods and specimens to prove the incidence of intoxication for the judiciary system. Factors influencing sample selection include the ease of obtaining the samples and the window of detection of the drugs, among others. Both conventional (blood, urine) and non-conventional specimens (hair, nails, fluids) have been proposed as suitable in DFSA cases. Reported sample treatments include a variety of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction as well as dilute-and-shoot procedures and microextraction techniques. Regarding analysis, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as the preferred confirmatory technique, due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and wide-scope applicability. In this review, we critically discuss the most common specimens and sample treatments/analysis procedures (related to LC-MS/MS) that have been reported during the last ten years. As a final goal, we intend to provide a critical overview and suggest analytical recommendations for the establishment of suitable analytical strategies in DFSA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Almofti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain; Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - S Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Girela-López
- Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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18
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Hu C, Liu ZF, Feng XS, He ZW. Cocaine in Different Matrices: Recent Updates on Pretreatment and Detection Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:529-548. [PMID: 35708993 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2087467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse has attracted increased attention in the recent past since it can cause addiction and great harm to the normal human body. Due to cocaine exists in various complex matrices, the detection of it in different matrices is helpful to prevent abuse. It is thus imperative to establish efficient and accurate methods for pretreatment and detection of cocaine in different samples. The present study provides a summary of the research progress of cocaine pretreatment methods (such as different microextraction methods, QuEChERS, and solid phase extraction based on novel extraction materials) and detection approaches (such as liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography and related techniques, capillary electrophoresis and sensors). A comparison of the pros and cons of different pretreatment and detection methods is presented. The findings of this study will provide a reference for selection of the most suitable cocaine pretreatment and detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Wille SMR, Desharnais B, Pichini S, Trana AD, Busardò FP, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology: What Are the Specifics of Method Development, Validation and Quality Assurance for Comprehensive Screening Approaches? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1230-1244. [PMID: 35619258 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has increased over the past decade in clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for comprehensive screening approaches. Despite this, few guidelines of this field have specifically addressed HRMS issues concerning compound identification, validation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance. To fully implement this technique, certainly in an era in which the quality demands for laboratories are ever increasing due to various norms (e.g. the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 17025), these specific issues need to be addressed. This manuscript reviews 26 HRMS-based methods for qualitative systematic toxicological analysis (STA) published between 2011 and 2021. Key analytical data such as samples matrices, analytical platforms, numbers of analytes and employed mass spectral reference databases/libraries as well as the studied validation parameters are summarized and discussed. The article further includes a critical review of targeted and untargeted data acquisition approaches, available HRMS reference databases and libraries as well as current guidelines for HRMS data interpretation with a particular focus on identification criteria. Moreover, it provides an overview on current recommendations for the validation and determination measurement uncertainty of qualitative methods. Finally, the article aims to put forward suggestions for method development, compound identification, validation experiments to be performed, and adequate determination of measurement uncertainty for this type of wide-range qualitative HRMS-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Unit Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais St., Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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20
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Caballero-Casero N, Beza GN, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvent-based sample treatment workflow for determination of multi-class drugs of abuse in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Pang B, Jiang Y. Progress in pretreatment of methadone: an update since 2015. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:109-119. [PMID: 35369846 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2056900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methadone, a µ-opioid receptor agonist, is widely used in pain-relieving and treating opioid dependence. If not strictly controlled, as an opioid substitute, it can lead to abuse and cause more severe withdrawal responses than heroin. Also, overdose or abuse of this drug in clinical use may provide severe side effects such as apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and even death. For these reasons, simple, rapid, and efficient methods have been developed for the pretreatment of methadone. This review presents a comprehensive conclusion of the pretreatment methods used for methadone in various sample matrices, focusing on the developments since 2015. Traditionally used pretreatment methods like solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction are discussed and newly developed methods like solid-phase microextraction and liquid-liquid microextraction along with new materials applied are focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Yinru Jiang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
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Klingberg J, Keen B, Cawley A, Pasin D, Fu S. Developments in high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses of new psychoactive substances. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:949-967. [PMID: 35141767 PMCID: PMC8921034 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has necessitated the development and improvement of current practices for the detection and identification of known NPS and newly emerging derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is quickly becoming the industry standard for these analyses due to its ability to be operated in data-independent acquisition (DIA) modes, allowing for the collection of large amounts of data and enabling retrospective data interrogation as new information becomes available. The increasing popularity of HRMS has also prompted the exploration of new ways to screen for NPS, including broad-spectrum wastewater analysis to identify usage trends in the community and metabolomic-based approaches to examine the effects of drugs of abuse on endogenous compounds. In this paper, the novel applications of HRMS techniques to the analysis of NPS is reviewed. In particular, the development of innovative data analysis and interpretation approaches is discussed, including the application of machine learning and molecular networking to toxicological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Klingberg
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Bethany Keen
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Daniel Pasin
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Ingle RG, Zeng S, Jiang H, Fang WJ. Current development of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:517-529. [PMID: 36105159 PMCID: PMC9463481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is considered as the bottleneck step in bioanalysis because each biological matrix has its own unique challenges and complexity. Competent sample preparation to extract the desired analytes and remove redundant components is a crucial step in each bioanalytical approach. The matrix effect is a key hurdle in bioanalytical sample preparation, which has gained extensive consideration. Novel sample preparation techniques have advantages over classical techniques in terms of accuracy, automation, ease of sample preparation, storage, and shipment and have become increasingly popular over the past decade. Our objective is to provide a broad outline of current developments in various bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in chromatographic and spectroscopic examinations. In addition, how these techniques have gained considerable attention over the past decade in bioanalytical research is mentioned with preferred examples. Modern trends in bioanalytical sample preparation techniques, including sorbent-based microextraction techniques, are primarily emphasized. Bioanalytical sampling techniques are described with suitable applications in pharmaceuticals. The pros and cons of each bioanalytical sampling techniques are described. Relevant biological matrices are outlined.
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Novel Applications of Microextraction Techniques Focused on Biological and Forensic Analyses. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, major attention has been focused on microextraction procedures that allow high recovery of target analytes, regardless of the complexity of the sample matrices. The most used techniques included liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE). These techniques manifest a rapid development of sample preparation techniques in different fields, such as biological, environmental, food sciences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology. In the biological and forensic fields, where a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties are analyzed, the sample preparation is required to make the sample suitable for the instrumental analysis, which often includes gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass detectors or tandem mass detectors (MS/MS). In this review, we have focused our attention on the biological and forensic application of these innovative procedures, highlighting the major advantages and results that have been accomplished in laboratory and clinical practice.
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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic acid applied to urine testing. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:87-100. [PMID: 34860122 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: THC-COOH is the major metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol commonly tested in urine to determine cannabis intake. In this study, a method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed for testing THC-COOH in urine. Materials & methods: Hydrolyzed urine specimens were extracted via dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with acetonitrile (disperser solvent) and chloroform (extraction solvent). Derivatization was performed with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% trichloro(chloromethyl)silane. Analysis was performed by GC-MS/MS. Results: The method showed acceptable linearity (5-500 ng/ml), imprecision (<10.5%) and bias (<4.9%). Limits of detection and quantitation were 1 and 5 ng/ml, respectively. Twenty-four authentic samples were analyzed, with 22 samples being positive for THC-COOH. Conclusion: The proposed method is more environmentally friendly and provided good sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility.
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Trends in microextraction approaches for handling human hair extracts - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338792. [PMID: 34711317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complementary role of hair in testing scenarios has expanded across the spectrum of toxicological and clinical monitoring investigations and, over the last 20 years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition. Moreover, a great deal of attention has been paid to the miniaturisation of extraction procedures, minimising/eliminating toxic organic solvents consumption, making them user-friendly and rapid, in addition to maximising extraction efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide a critical review of the advances observed over the last 5 years in the use of miniaturised approaches for sample clean-up and drug pre-concentration in hair analysis. There have been major improvements in some well-established microextraction approaches, such as liquid phase microextraction, mainly through the use of supramolecular and ionic liquids. In addition, new developments have also been reported in solid phase microextraction, driven by d-SPE applications. In the last 5 years, a total of 69 articles have been published using some type of microextraction technique for hair specimens, thus justifying the relevance of a critical review of innovations, improvements and trends related to these miniaturised approaches for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; C4 - Cloud Computing Competence Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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27
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Oliva E, Fanti F, Vincenti M, Salomone A, Compagnone D, Curini R, Sergi M. Accelerated Extraction and Analysis of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair by Means of Pressurized Liquid Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:927-936. [PMID: 33002142 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair is an established practice to evaluate alcohol consumption habits of the donors; nevertheless, analytical variability has shown to be an important factor to be considered: measured EtG values can vary significantly as a consequence of analyte washout during decontamination, pulverization of samples, extraction solvent and incubation temperature. In the present study, we described a new method for automated hair decontamination and EtG extraction from the inner core of the hair by using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup; validation was performed according to SWGTOX guidelines. The extraction efficiency of the new method was evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained by a validated and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 accredited method; an average positive difference of + 32% was observed when the extraction was performed by PLE. The effect of hair pulverization was also studied, and a good correlation between cut and milled hair was observed, implying that PLE allowed a highly efficient extraction of EtG from the inner keratin core of the hair, no matter if it has been cut or pulverized. Finally, to verify the results, paired aliquots of 27 real hair samples were analyzed with both PLE and a protocol optimized by design-of-experiment strategies planned to maximize the extraction yield; in this case, a comparable efficiency was observed, suggesting that exhaustive EtG extraction was obtained with both approaches. This finding opens new perspectives in the eligible protocols devoted to hair EtG analysis, in terms of speed, automation and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Oliva
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federico Fanti
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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28
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New Synthetic Cathinones and Phenylethylamine Derivatives Analysis in Hair: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206143. [PMID: 34684725 PMCID: PMC8538434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of psychoactive substances in hair is of great importance for both clinical and forensic toxicologists since it allows one to evaluate past and continuative exposure to xenobiotics. In particular, a new challenge is represented by new psychoactive substances: Among this new class of drugs of abuse, synthetic cathinone and phenethylamine derivatives are often detected in biological samples. Hence, there is a growing need to develop new analytical procedures or improve old ones in order to conduct evaluations of these emerging substances. This study is a systematic review of all the instrumental and experimental data available in the literature. A total of 32 articles were included in the review. Acidic solvents proved to be the most reliable solutions for extraction. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric and high-resolution mass spectrometric systems represent the majority of the involved instrumental techniques. Sensitivity must be maintained at the pg/mg level to detect any occurrences up to occasional consumption. In total, 23 out of 32 articles reported real positive samples. The most frequently detected substance in hair was mephedrone, followed by butylone, methylone, MDPV, and α-pyrrolidinophenone-type substances.
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29
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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30
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Determinations of new psychoactive substances in biological matrices with focus on microextraction techniques: a review of fundamentals and state-of-the-art extraction methods. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Babino P, Carboni S, Napoletano S, De Sangro G, Di Rosa F, Gregori A, Curini R, Sergi M. Finding evidence at a crime scene: Sensitive determination of benzodiazepine residues in drink and food paraphernalia by HPLC-HRMS/MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Ahmad SM, Gonçalves OC, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2168. [PMID: 33918766 PMCID: PMC8070059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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33
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Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of 4-Fluoro-Furanylfentanyl and Isobutyrylfentanyl in Mouse Hepatocytes and Urine by Means of LC-HRMS. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020097. [PMID: 33578841 PMCID: PMC7916627 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is highly dynamic and the available substances change over time, resulting in forensic laboratories becoming highly engaged in NPS control. In order to manage NPS diffusion, efficient and innovative legal responses have been provided by several nations. Metabolic profiling is also part of the analytical fight against NPS, since it allows us to identify the biomarkers of drug intake which are needed for the development of suitable analytical methods in biological samples. We have recently reported the characterization of two new analogs of fentanyl, i.e., 4-fluoro-furanylfentanyl (4F-FUF) and isobutyrylfentanyl (iBF), which were found for the first time in Italy in 2019; 4F-FUF was identified for the first time in Europe and was notified to the European Early Warning System. The goal of this study was the characterization of the main metabolites of both drugs by in vitro and in vivo experiments. To this end, incubation with mouse hepatocytes and intraperitoneal administration to mice were carried out. Samples were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), followed by untargeted data evaluation using Compound Discoverer software with a specific workflow, designed for the identification of the whole metabolic pattern, including unexpected metabolites. Twenty metabolites were putatively annotated for 4-FFUF, with the dihydrodiol derivative appearing as the most abundant, whereas 22 metabolites were found for iBF, which was mainly excreted as nor-isobutyrylfentanyl. N-dealkylation of 4-FFUF dihydrodiol and oxidation to carbonyl metabolites for iBF were also major biotransformations. Despite some differences, in general there was a good agreement between in vitro and in vivo samples.
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34
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Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The misuse of psychoactive substances is attracting a great deal of attention from the general public. An increase use of psychoactive substances is observed among young people who do not have enough awareness of the harmful effects of these substances. Easy access to illicit drugs at low cost and lack of effective means of routine screening for new psychoactive substances (NPS) have contributed to the rapid increase in their use. New research and evidence suggest that drug use can cause a variety of adverse psychological and physiological effects on human health (anxiety, panic, paranoia, psychosis, and seizures). We describe different classes of these NPS drugs with emphasis on the methods used to identify them and the identification of their metabolites in biological specimens. This is the first review that thoroughly gives the literature on both natural and synthetic illegal drugs with old known data and very hot new topics and investigations, which enables the researcher to use it as a starting point in the literature exploration and planning of the own research. For the first time, the conformational analysis was done for selected illegal drugs, giving rise to the search of the biologically active conformations both theoretically and using lab experiments.
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35
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Chen X, Wu X, Luan T, Jiang R, Ouyang G. Sample preparation and instrumental methods for illicit drugs in environmental and biological samples: A review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461961. [PMID: 33582515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of illicit drugs in the environmental samples has been challenged as the consumption increases globally. Current review examines the recent developments and applications of sample preparation techniques for illicit drugs in solid, liquid, and gas samples. For solid samples, traditional sample preparation methods such as liquid-phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, and the ones with external energy including microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, and pressurized liquid extraction were commonly used. The sample preparation methods mainly applied for liquid samples were microextraction techniques including solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. Capillary microextraction of volatiles and airborne particulate sampling were primarily utilized to extract illicit drugs from gas samples. Besides, the paper introduced recently developed instrumental techniques applied to detect illicit drugs. Liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry and gas chromatograph mass spectrometry were the most widely used methods for illicit drugs samples. In addition, the development of ambient mass spectrometry techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and paper spray mass spectrometry, created potential for rapid in-situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and safety, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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36
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Application of microextraction techniques in alternative biological matrices with focus on forensic toxicology: a review. Bioanalysis 2020; 13:45-64. [PMID: 33326299 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in alternative biological matrices (e.g., hair and saliva) for forensic toxicology analysis has increased, and recent developments in sample preparation have targeted rapid, cheap, efficient and eco-friendly methods, including microextraction techniques. For this review, we have gathered information about these two hot topics. We discuss the composition, incorporation of analytes and advantages and disadvantages of different biological matrices, and also present the operation principles of the most reported microextraction procedures and their application in forensic toxicology. The outcome of this review may encourage future forensic researches into alternative samples and microextraction techniques.
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37
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Lagoutte-Renosi J, Richeval C, Phanithavong M, Wiart JF, Castex E, Vanhoy X, Hakim F, Deheul S, Tournebize J, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. Hair analysis can support the follow-up addiction care after acute New Psychoactive Substances intoxication: Illustration by two cases. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:227-234. [PMID: 33140585 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, URL 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Eugénie Castex
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Vanhoy
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France
| | - Florian Hakim
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, URL 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Deheul
- CHU Lille, Centre d'addictovigilance des Hauts-de France-CEIP-A, Lille, France
| | | | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, URL 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, URL 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
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38
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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39
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Sorribes-Soriano A, Armenta S, Esteve- Turrillas F, Herrero-Martínez J. Tuning the selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer extraction of arylcyclohexylamines: From class-selective to specific. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Fanti F, Vincenti F, Montesano C, Serafini M, Compagnone D, Sergi M. dLLME-μSPE extraction coupled to HPLC-ESI-MS/MS for the determination of F2α-IsoPs in human urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Development and validation of fast UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for 87 NPS and 32 other drugs of abuse in hair and nails: application to real cases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5125-5145. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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