1
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Beteinakis S, Papachristodoulou A, Stathopoulos P, Mikros E, Halabalaki M. A multilevel LC-HRMS and NMR correlation workflow towards foodomics advancement: Application in table olives. Talanta 2024; 280:126641. [PMID: 39142126 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Foodomics employs advanced analytical techniques to provide answers regarding food composition, authenticity control, marker identification and issues related to food quality and safety. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) are the main analytical platforms used in this field. Nevertheless, they are rarely employed in an integrated manner, and even then, the contribution of each technique remains vague. Table olives (Olea europaea L.) are a food commodity of high economic and nutritional value with an increasing production tendency over the last two decades, which, however, suffers from extensive fraud incidents and quality determination uncertainties. Thus, the current attempt aims towards two axes with the first being the multilevel integration of LC-HRMS and NMR data of the same samples and table olives being the selected matrix. In more detail, UPLC-HRMS/MS-based analysis was compared at different stages within an untargeted metabolomics workflow with an NMR-based study and the complementarity of the two platforms was evaluated. Furthermore, statistical heterospectroscopy (SHY), rarely employed in foodomics, combining the spectroscopic with spectrometric datasets and aiming to increase the confidence level of annotated biomarkers was applied. Amongst these lines, the second parallel axis of this study was the detailed characterization of table olives' metabolome in search for quality markers considering the impact of geographical (from Northern to Southern Greece) and botanical origin (Kalamon, Konservolia, Chalkidikis cultivars), as well as processing parameters (Spanish, Greek). To that end, using deep dereplication tools including statistical methods, with SHY employed for the first time in table olives, different biomarkers, belonging to the classes of phenyl alcohols, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, secoiridoids and triterpenoids were identified as responsible for the observed classifications. The current binary pipeline, focusing on biomarkers' identification confidence, could be suggested as a meaningful workflow not only in olive-based products, but also in food quality control and foodomics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Beteinakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papachristodoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Stathopoulos
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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2
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Sarmiento V, Hamre K, Arnø A, Dagogo J, Ødegård E, Elvebø O, Araujo P. Stability study and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of polyphenols in fish feed ingredients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1238:124108. [PMID: 38579397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The perception of polyphenols as a safe, healthy, and sustainable solution for replacing synthetic antioxidants has been an important factor for their rapid growing in the global food market. Therefore, it is essential to use reliable methods for their quantification in commercial products intended for animal or human consumption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of some solvents used for the extraction of selected polyphenols, explore their stability under different experimental conditions, and validate a liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method for their quantification in commercial fish feed ingredients by using the standard addition method. The regression models for gallic acid, hydroxytyrosol, catechin, oleuropein, carnosol and carnosic acid were linear in the range 0-30 μg/mL, limit of detection and quantification around 0.03 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively, and accuracy within ± 15 % of the nominal concentrations. The method was successfully applied to the determination of specific polyphenols in commercial fish feed ingredients supplemented with polyphenols from olive and rosemary extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Sarmiento
- Feed and Nutrition Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; Artic Feed Ingredients AS, AFI, Brønnøysund, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin Hamre
- Feed and Nutrition Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aleksander Arnø
- Feed and Nutrition Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53A, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Joshua Dagogo
- Feed and Nutrition Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Ødegård
- Feed and Nutrition Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Elvebø
- Artic Feed Ingredients AS, AFI, Brønnøysund, Norway
| | - Pedro Araujo
- Feed and Nutrition Group, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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3
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Kundisová I, Colom H, Juan ME, Planas JM. Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxytyrosol and Its Sulfate and Glucuronide Metabolites after the Oral Administration of Table Olives to Sprague-Dawley Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2154-2164. [PMID: 38232316 PMCID: PMC10835732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) of hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites were characterized following oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats of 3.85 and 7.70 g of destoned Arbequina table olives/kg. Plasma samples were analyzed using a fully validated method consisting of liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Noncompartmental PK analysis of hydroxytyrosol demonstrated linear PK between doses of 2.95 and 5.85 mg hydroxytyrosol/kg. Half-life was approximately 2.5 h, while mean residence time was around 4 h. Clearance occurred by conversion to two sulfate and two glucuronide conjugates. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios of metabolites versus parent hydroxytyrosol was approximately 7-9-fold for the sulfate and below 0.25 for the glucuronide, indicating sulfation as the predominant metabolic pathway. Despite extensive metabolism, hydroxytyrosol remained in plasma for up to 8 h with AUCs of 4293 and 8919 min·nmol/L for the doses of 3.85 and 7.70 g/kg, respectively. Therefore, table olives provide a more sustained plasma profile than other foods containing hydroxytyrosol, which may enhance its health-protecting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kundisová
- Grup
de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Bioquímica
i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació
and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and Food Innovation
Network (XIA), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Colom
- Grup
de Farmacocinètica, Famacodinàmia i Farmacogenòmica
Poblacional, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica,
i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències
de l’Alimentació, Universitat
de Barcelona (UB), Av.
Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Emília Juan
- Grup
de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Bioquímica
i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació
and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and Food Innovation
Network (XIA), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana M. Planas
- Grup
de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Bioquímica
i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació
and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and Food Innovation
Network (XIA), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Olmo-Cunillera A, Pérez M, López-Yerena A, Abuhabib MM, Ninot A, Romero-Aroca A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Maria Lamuela-Raventós R. Targeted metabolic profiling of the revived ancient 'Corbella' olive cultivar during early maturation. Food Chem 2024; 430:137024. [PMID: 37527576 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
'Corbella' is an ancient olive cultivar whose cultivation has recently been revived and hence little is known about its composition. This is the first work studying the metabolic profile of 'Corbella' olives during early maturation. Olives with a ripening index (RI) < 1 yielded considerably less oil content (<40%) but had more concentration of phenolic compounds (148.41-219.70 mg/kg), carotenoids (9.61-14.94 mg/kg) and squalene (521.41-624.40 mg/kg). Contrarily, the levels of α-tocopherol were higher at the RI of 1.08 and 1.96 (64.57 and 57.75 mg/kg, respectively). The most abundant phenolic compound was oleuropein aglycone (>50% of the phenolic composition), suggesting a high hydrolytic activity of β-glucosidase in the fruit. The antioxidant capacity was barely affected, while oleic/linoleic ratio reached its highest at RI of 1.96. Therefore, olives with an RI below 2 could be good candidates to produce high-quality olive oils with good level of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Olmo-Cunillera
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Pérez
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anallely López-Yerena
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed M Abuhabib
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antònia Ninot
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruit Science Program, Olive Growing and Oil Technology Research Team, 43120 Constantí, Spain
| | - Agustí Romero-Aroca
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruit Science Program, Olive Growing and Oil Technology Research Team, 43120 Constantí, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Lamuela-Raventós
- Polyphenol Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Almanza-Aguilera E, Davila-Cordova E, Guiñón-Fort D, Farràs M, Masala G, Santucci de Magistris M, Baldassari I, Tumino R, Padroni L, Katzke VA, Schulze MB, Scalbert A, Zamora-Ros R. Correlation Analysis between Dietary Intake of Tyrosols and Their Food Sources and Urinary Excretion of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol in a European Population. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:715. [PMID: 36978963 PMCID: PMC10044744 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the correlations between the acute and habitual intake of dietary tyrosols, their main food sources, and 24 h urine excretions of tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxytyrosol (OHTyr) in participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC). Participants (n = 419) were healthy men and women aged from 34 to 73 years from 8 EPIC centers belonging to France, Italy, and Germany. Acute and habitual dietary data were collected using a standardized 24 h dietary recall software and validated country-specific dietary questionnaires, respectively. The intake of 13 dietary tyrosols was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Excretions of Tyr and OHTyr in a single 24 h urine sample were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry. Urinary excretions of Tyr, OHTyr, and their sum (Tyr + OHTyr) correlated more strongly with their corresponding acute (rhopartial~0.63) rather than habitual intakes (rhopartial~0.47). In addition, individual and combined urinary excretions of Tyr and OHTyr were weakly to moderately correlated with the acute and habitual intake of other individual tyrosol precursors (rhopartial = 0.10-0.44) and especially with major food sources, such as wine (rhopartial = 0.41-0.58), olive oil (rhopartial = 0.25-0.44), and beer (rhopartial = 0.14-0.23). Urinary Tyr + OHTyr excretions were similarly correlated with the acute intake of total tyrosols but differently correlated with food sources among countries. Based on these results, we conclude that 24 h urinary excretions of Tyr + OHTyr could be proposed as biomarkers of total tyrosol intake, preferably for acute intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Almanza-Aguilera
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Estefanía Davila-Cordova
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel Guiñón-Fort
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Baldassari
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7), 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Lisa Padroni
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University, Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Via Santena 7, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Verena A Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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6
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Direct and selective determination of p-coumaric acid in food samples via layered Nb4AlC3-MAX phase. Food Chem 2023; 403:134130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Vijakumaran U, Shanmugam J, Heng JW, Azman SS, Yazid MD, Haizum Abdullah NA, Sulaiman N. Effects of Hydroxytyrosol in Endothelial Functioning: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041861. [PMID: 36838850 PMCID: PMC9966213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologists have been emphasizing and applying plant and herbal-based treatments in vascular diseases for decades now. Olives, for example, are a traditional symbol of the Mediterranean diet. Hydroxytyrosol is an olive-derived compound known for its antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. Acknowledging the merit of antioxidants in maintaining endothelial function warrants the application of hydroxytyrosol in endothelial dysfunction salvage and recovery. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an impairment of endothelial cells that adversely affects vascular homeostasis. Disturbance in endothelial functioning is a known precursor for atherosclerosis and, subsequently, coronary and peripheral artery disease. However, the effects of hydroxytyrosol on endothelial functioning were not extensively studied, limiting its value either as a nutraceutical supplement or in clinical trials. The action of hydroxytyrosol in endothelial functioning at a cellular and molecular level is gathered and summarized in this review. The favorable effects of hydroxytyrosol in the improvement of endothelial functioning from in vitro and in vivo studies were scrutinized. We conclude that hydroxytyrosol is capable to counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular aging, and arterial stiffness; thus, it is beneficial to preserve endothelial function both in vitro and in vivo. Although not specifically for endothelial dysfunction, hydroxytyrosol safety and efficacy had been demonstrated via in vivo and clinical trials for cardiovascular-related studies.
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8
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Valorization of an Underutilized Waste from Olive Oil Production by Recovery of Hydroxytyrosol. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, mainly contained in olive oil and its by-products. Here, a procedure for the preparation of an HT-enriched sample is described. An acidic aqueous extract (pH 1.25) from Olive Oil Dregs (OOD), a by-product from oil mills, was prepared by incubation at 37 °C for 1 h. The total phenolic content and HT amount were 6.24 ± 0.10 mg gallic acid equivalent/g OOD and 532.98 ± 5.78 μg/g OOD, respectively. Amberlite XAD16N and XAD7HP resins were used for the recovery of HT from the raw extract. Several elution conditions were tested with both resins, and elution with 25% ethanol provided the highest HT recovery (92.50% from XAD7HP). Antioxidant activities were assessed in the pool containing the highest quantity of HT. The results were compared with those of the raw extract. Ferric reducing antioxidant power values were comparable (95.71 ± 2.50 and 96.64 ± 13.47 μg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg for HT-enriched pool and raw extract, respectively), while the radical scavenging activity was higher for the pool (92.83% ± 0.44 and 44.12% ± 1.82, respectively). The results reported here demonstrate that HT can be recovered with a high yield from OOD, providing a preparation with high radical scavenging power. In addition, it is proved that this by-product, poorly considered up to now, can be usefully exploited.
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Gallardo-Fernández M, Gonzalez-Ramirez M, Cerezo AB, Troncoso AM, Garcia-Parrilla MC. Hydroxytyrosol in Foods: Analysis, Food Sources, EU Dietary Intake, and Potential Uses. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152355. [PMID: 35954121 PMCID: PMC9368174 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic compound with proven biological properties present in a limited number of foods such as table olives, virgin olive oil (VOO) and wines. The present work aims to evaluate the dietary intake of HT in the European (EU) population by compiling scattered literature data on its concentration in foods. The consumption of the involved foods was estimated based on the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The updated average contents of HT are as follows: 629.1, 5.2 and 2.1 µg/g for olives, olive oil and wine, respectively. The HT estimated intake in the European Union (EU) adult population falls within 0.13–6.82 mg/day/person, with table olives and wine being the main contributors. The estimated mean dietary intake of HT in EU countries is 1.97 ± 2.62 mg/day. Greece showed the highest HT intake (6.82 mg/day), while Austria presented the lowest (0.13 mg/day). Moreover, HT is an authorized novel food ingredient in the EU that can be added to different foods. Since the estimated HT intake is substantially low, the use of HT as a food ingredient seems feasible. This opens new possibilities for revalorizing waste products from olive oil and olive production which are rich HT sources.
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10
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Buffon E, Stradiotto NR. Using a disposable platform based on reduced graphene oxide, iron nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted polymer for voltammetric determination of vanillic acid in fruit peels. Food Chem 2022; 397:133786. [PMID: 35908470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the development and application of a disposable electrochemical platform for vanillic acid (VA) detection using screen-printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, iron nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted poly(pyrrole) film. The electrochemical platform was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Using optimized conditions, the proposed disposable platform presented linear concentration ranges of 1.0 × 10-9 to 1.5 × 10-7 mol/L. The limits of detection and quantification obtained for the device were 3.1 × 10-10 and 1.0 × 10-9 mol/L, respectively. The electrochemical platform was found to be selective for VA recognition and presented voltammetric responses with good repeatability and stability. The analytical methodology developed was applied for VA determination in banana and orange peels. The results obtained showed that the proposed electrochemical platform has a good accuracy when applied for the determination of VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edervaldo Buffon
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Bioenergy Research Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Ramos Stradiotto
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Bioenergy Research Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Wang N, Pei D, Liu Y, Wei J, Huang X, Di D. Preparation of highly purified oleuropein by combinative technology off line of HSCCC-PHPLC based on dual wavelength. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4457-4465. [PMID: 34519046 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oleuropein is the main active substance in foods or functional foods produced from olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves. In the present study, the combinative technology off line of HSCCC-PHPLC based on dual wavelength was used to separate highly purified oleuropein from oleuropein extract. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of HSCCC. Furthermore, a large amount of higher purified oleuropein was obtained through HSCCC at the wavelength of 254 nm, and oleuropein with the purity greater than 98.5% was obtained by PHPLC at the wavelength of 300 nm. Finally, the purity and structure identification of highly purified oleuropein were determined by various methods and its stability was investigated. As a result, oleuropein was stable in solution, and had good stability under the condition of dark storage at 4°C within a week or under the condition of dark storage at -20°C within one year. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, an efficient method for purification and refining of oleuropein by combinative technology off line of HSCCC-PHPLC based on dual wavelength was established. Oleuropein with the purity greater than 98.5% was macro-obtained via the technology. The highly purified oleuropein could be used to control the quality of olive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry & New Materials, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dong Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry & New Materials, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yewei Liu
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jianteng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry & New Materials, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry & New Materials, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Duolong Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry & New Materials, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China
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12
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Albogami S, Hassan AM. Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf ( Olea europaea L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models. Molecules 2021; 26:4069. [PMID: 34279409 PMCID: PMC8272070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most serious public health issues worldwide, ranking second only to cardiovascular diseases as a cause of death. Numerous plant extracts have extraordinary health benefits and have been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments with few side effects. Olive leaves have a long history of medicinal and therapeutic use. In this study, the anti-cancer properties of an olive leaf extract were investigated in vitro using colorectal and prostate cancer cell lines (HT29 and PC3, respectively). A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the olive leaf extract contained a high chlorogenic acid content. Accordingly, chlorogenic acid may be related to the observed effects of the aqueous extract on cancer cells, including increased inhibition of cancer cell growth, migration, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle arrest at the S phase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and altered gene expression. The effects of the extracts were greater in HT29 than in PC3 cells. These results suggest that chlorogenic acid, the main constituent in the olive extract, is a promising new anti-cancer agent. Further analyses should focus on its in vivo effects on colorectal tumor models, both alone and in combination with established agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
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Abstract
Plants, through the photosynthesis process, produce the substances necessary for all the life cycles of nature, which are called "primary metabolites." Moreover, there are some plants that synthesize, in addition to these, other substances with more specific functions, which are known as "secondary metabolites." It is inside this group that flavonoids are located, whose main function is to protect organisms from damage caused by different oxidizing agents. Luteolin (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-flavone) belongs to the sub-class of flavonoids known as flavones and is one of 10,000 flavonoids currently known, being one of the most bio-active flavonoids. Its various beneficial properties for health, together with the increasing reduction in the use of synthetic antioxidants, make the study of luteolin a very active field. Within this, the quantification of this molecule has become a subject of very special interest given that it is transversal to all fields. In this review article, we aim to give the reader a broad and deep vision of this topic, focusing on the events reported in the last 5 years and covering all possible techniques related to analytical determinations. We will discuss in terms of advantages and disadvantages between techniques, selectivity, sensitivity, costs, time consumption, and reagents as well as in the complexity of operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Y Tesio
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy (CIDMEJu), Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico General Savio, Palpalá, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Sebastian N Robledo
- Departamento de Tecnología Química, Grupo GEANA, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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14
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Qin C, Hu S, Zhang S, Zhao D, Wang Y, Li H, Peng Y, Shi L, Xu X, Wang C, Liu J, Cheng Y, Long J. Hydroxytyrosol Acetate Improves the Cognitive Function of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice in ERβ-dependent Manner. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000797. [PMID: 33296142 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the aging population; however, no effective therapy has been established. It has been previously demonstrated that daily intake of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenol in olive oil, at a daily dietary level mildly improves cognition in AD mice. In the present study, HT acetate (HT-ac), which is a natural derivative of HT in olive oil that exhibits better bioactivity than HT improves cognition. METHODS AND RESULTS HT-ac to APP/PS1 is orally administered to transgenic mice and used Aβ-treated neuronal cultures to explore the neuroprotective effects of HT-ac in preventing AD progression. It is found that HT-ac remarkably improved the escape latency, escape distance, and the number of platform crossings of AD mice in the water maze test by ameliorating neuronal apoptosis and decreasing inflammatory cytokine levels. It is further demonstrated that HT-ac stimulated the transcription of ERβ and enhanced neuronal viability and electrophysiological activity in primary neurons but that these beneficial effects of HT-ac are abolished upon ERβ deficiency. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that as the bioactive component of olive oil, HT-ac is a promising neuroprotective nutrient that may be used to alleviate AD-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shaoqin Hu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Daina Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yongyao Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hua Li
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Le Shi
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Pharmacy School, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) has featured as a significant part of medicinal history, used to treat a variety of ailments within folk medicine. The Mediterranean diet, which is rich in olive products, is testament to Olea europaeas positive effects on health, associated with reduced incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease. This review aims to summarise the current literature regarding the therapeutic potential of Olea europaea products in cancer, detailing the possible compounds responsible for its chemotherapeutic effects. RECENT FINDINGS Much of the existing research has focused on the use of cell culture models of disease, demonstrating Olea europaea extracts, and specific compounds within these extracts, have efficacy in a range of in vitro and in vivo cancer models. The source of Olea europaeas cytotoxicity is yet to be fully defined; however, compounds such as oleuropein and verbascoside have independent cytotoxic effects on animal models of cancer. Initial results from animal models are promising but need to be translated to a clinical setting. Treatments utilising these compounds are likely to be well tolerated and represent a promising direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Antoniou
- grid.6518.a0000 0001 2034 5266Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY UK
| | - Jonathon Hull
- grid.6518.a0000 0001 2034 5266Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY UK
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16
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Impact of thermal sterilization on the physicochemical-sensory characteristics of Californian-style black olives and its assessment using an electronic tongue. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kundisová I, Juan ME, Planas JM. Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Their Bioavailability after the Ingestion of Table Olives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10213-10222. [PMID: 32833444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role attributed to polyphenols on human health needs to be correlated with their plasmatic concentrations after food consumption. Then, a method based on liquid-liquid extraction followed by highly sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was developed to determinate 16 phenolic compounds in plasma. Validation gave appropriate recovery, matrix effect (80%-120%), linear correlation (R2 > 0.995), precision (<15%), LOQ (0.04-2.51 nM), and short chromatographic run. The method was verified after the administration of Arbequina table olives to rats. A single dose of destoned olives was given by gavage, and plasmatic concentrations of polyphenols were analyzed at 30 min. Interestingly, the profile found in plasma greatly differed from that of the olives. Plasmatic concentrations, from highest to lowest, were salidroside, p-coumaric acid, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, tyrosol, luteolin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. In conclusion, a simple and robust method was developed, enabling the identification and quantification of unaltered polyphenols in plasma after olives consumption, thus demonstrating its suitability for pharmacokinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kundisová
- Departament de Bioquı́mica i Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Emília Juan
- Departament de Bioquı́mica i Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana M Planas
- Departament de Bioquı́mica i Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Şenocak A. Fast, Simple and Sensitive Determination of Coumaric Acid in Fruit Juice Samples by Magnetite Nanoparticles‐zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Material. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Şenocak
- Department of Chemistry Gebze Technical University 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
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19
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Beteinakis S, Papachristodoulou A, Gogou G, Katsikis S, Mikros E, Halabalaki M. NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling of Edible Olives-Determination of Quality Parameters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153339. [PMID: 32717850 PMCID: PMC7436060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible olive drupes (from Olea europaea L.) are a high-value food commodity with an increasing production trend over the past two decades. In an attempt to prevent fraud issues and ensure quality, the International Olive Council (IOC) issued guidelines for their sensory evaluation. However, certain varieties, geographical origins and processing parameters are omitted. The aim of the present study was the development of a method for the quality assessment of edible olives from the Konservolia, Kalamon and Chalkidikis cultivars from different areas of Greece processed with the Spanish or Greek method. A rapid NMR-based untargeted metabolic profiling method was developed along with multivariate analysis (MVA) and applied for the first time in edible olives' analysis complemented by the aid of statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY). Specific biomarkers, related to the classification of olives based on different treatments, cultivars and geographical origin, were identified. STOCSY proved to be a valuable aid towards the assignment of biomarkers, a bottleneck in untargeted metabolomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Beteinakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.B.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Anastasia Papachristodoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.B.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Georgia Gogou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.B.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (S.K.)
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias av., 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Katsikis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.B.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.B.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-7274781
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Moreno-González R, Juan ME, Planas JM. Profiling of pentacyclic triterpenes and polyphenols by LC-MS in Arbequina and Empeltre table olives. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Recent Trends in the Application of Chromatographic Techniques in the Analysis of Luteolin and Its Derivatives. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110731. [PMID: 31726801 PMCID: PMC6921003 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a flavonoid often found in various medicinal plants that exhibits multiple biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. Commercially available medicinal plants and their preparations containing luteolin are often used in the treatment of hypertension, inflammatory diseases, and even cancer. However, to establish the quality of such preparations, appropriate analytical methods should be used. Therefore, the present paper provides the first comprehensive review of the current analytical methods that were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of luteolin and its C- and O-derivatives including orientin, isoorientin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside and others. It provides a systematic overview of chromatographic analytical techniques including thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography (LC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and counter-current chromatography (CCC), as well as the conditions used in the determination of luteolin and its derivatives in plant material.
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