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Liang S, Fu K, Li X, Wang Z. Unveiling the spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane fouling: A focused review on dynamic fouling characterization techniques and future perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 328:103179. [PMID: 38754212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Membrane technology has emerged as a crucial method for obtaining clean water from unconventional sources in the face of water scarcity. It finds wide applications in wastewater treatment, advanced treatment, and desalination of seawater and brackish water. However, membrane fouling poses a huge challenge that limits the development of membrane-based water treatment technologies. Characterizing the dynamics of membrane fouling is crucial for understanding its development, mechanisms, and effective mitigation. Instrumental techniques that enable in situ or real-time characterization of the dynamics of membrane fouling provide insights into the temporal and spatial evolution of fouling, which play a crucial role in understanding the fouling mechanism and the formulation of membrane control strategies. This review consolidates existing knowledge about the principal advanced instrumental analysis technologies employed to characterize the dynamics of membrane fouling, in terms of membrane structure, morphology, and intermolecular forces. Working principles, applications, and limitations of each technique are discussed, enabling researchers to select appropriate methods for their specific studies. Furthermore, prospects for the future development of dynamic characterization techniques for membrane fouling are discussed, underscoring the need for continued research and innovation in this field to overcome the challenges posed by membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kunkun Fu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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2
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Yan Z, Chen X, Chang H, Pang H, Fan G, Xu K, Liang H, Qu F. Feasibility of replacing proton exchange membranes with pressure-driven membranes in membrane electrochemical reactors for high salinity organic wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121340. [PMID: 38428235 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) shows superiority to electrochemical oxidation (EO) in high salinity organic wastewater (HSOW) treatment, but requirement of proton exchange membranes (PEM) increases investment and maintenance cost. In this work, the feasibility of using low-cost pressure-driven membranes as the separation membrane in MER system was systematically investigated. Commonly used pressure-driven membranes, including loose membranes such as microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), as well as dense membranes like nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), were employed in the study. When tested in a contamination-free solution, MF and UF exhibited superior electrochemical performance compared to PEM, with comparable pH regulation capabilities in the short term. When foulant (humic acid, Ca2+ and Mg2+) presented in the feed, UF saved the most energy (43 %) compared to PEM with similar removal rate of UV254 (∼85 %). In practical applications of MER for treating nanofiltration concentrate (NC) of landfill leachate, UF saved 27 % energy compared to PEM per cycle with the least Ca2+ and Mg2+ retention in membrane and none obvious organics permeation. For fouled RO and PEM with ion transport impediment, water splitting was exacerbated, which decreased the percentage of oxidation for organics. Overall, replacing of PEM with UF significantly reduce the costs associated with both the investment and operation of MER, which is expected to broaden the practical application for treating HSOW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Heliang Pang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Kaiqin Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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3
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Kogler A, Sharma N, Tiburcio D, Gong M, Miller DM, Williams KS, Chen X, Tarpeh WA. Long-Term Robustness and Failure Mechanisms of Electrochemical Stripping for Wastewater Ammonia Recovery. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:89-105. [PMID: 38525023 PMCID: PMC10958661 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen in wastewater has negative environmental, human health, and economic impacts but can be recovered to reduce the costs and environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and chemical production. To recover ammonia/ammonium (total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) from urine, we operated electrochemical stripping (ECS) for over a month, achieving 83.4 ± 1.5% TAN removal and 73.0 ± 2.9% TAN recovery. With two reactors, we recovered sixteen 500-mL batches (8 L total) of ammonium sulfate (20.9 g/L TAN) approaching commercial fertilizer concentrations (28.4 g/L TAN) and often having >95% purity. While evaluating the operation and maintenance needs, we identified pH, full-cell voltage, product volume, and water flux into the product as informative process monitoring parameters that can be inexpensively and rapidly measured. Characterization of fouled cation exchange and omniphobic membranes informs cleaning and reactor modifications to reduce fouling with organics and calcium/magnesium salts. To evaluate the impact of urine collection and storage on ECS, we conducted experiments with urine at different levels of dilution with flush water, extents of divalent cation precipitation, and degrees of hydrolysis. ECS effectively treated urine under all conditions, but minimizing flush water and ensuring storage until complete hydrolysis would enable energy-efficient TAN recovery. Our experimental results and cost analysis motivate a multifaceted approach to improving ECS's technical and economic viability by extending component lifetimes, decreasing component costs, and reducing energy consumption through material, reactor, and process engineering. In summary, we demonstrated urine treatment as a foothold for electrochemical nutrient recovery from wastewater while supporting the applicability of ECS to seven other wastewaters with widely varying characteristics. Our findings will facilitate the scale-up and deployment of electrochemical nutrient recovery technologies, enabling a circular nitrogen economy that fosters sanitation provision, efficient chemical production, and water resource protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kogler
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Neha Sharma
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94205, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Diana Tiburcio
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Meili Gong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dean M. Miller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kindle S. Williams
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A. Tarpeh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Shan W, Zi Y, Chen H, Li M, Luo M, Oo TZ, Lwin NW, Aung SH, Tang D, Ying G, Chen F, Chen Y. Coupling redox flow desalination with lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121205. [PMID: 38301527 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical redox flow desalination is an emerging method to obtain freshwater; however, the costly requirement for continuously supplying and regenerating redox species limits their practical applications. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is a growing challenge for their sustainable utilization. Existing battery recycling methods often involve massive secondary pollution. Here, we demonstrate a redox flow system to couple redox flow desalination with lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries. The spontaneous reaction between a battery cathode material (LiFePO4) and ferricyanide enables the continuous regeneration of the redox species required for desalination. Several critical operating parameters are optimized, including current density, the concentrations of redox species, salt concentrations of brine, and the amounts of added LiFePO4. With the addition of 0.5920 g of spent LiFePO4 in five consecutive batches, the system can operate over 24 h, achieving 70.46 % lithium recovery in the form of LiCl aqueous solution at the concentration of 6.716 g·L-1. Simultaneously, the brine (25 mL, 10000 ppm NaCl) was desalinated to freshwater. Detailed cost analysis shows that this redox flow system could generate a revenue of ¥ 13.66 per kg of processed spent lithium-ion batteries with low energy consumption (0.77 MJ kg-1) and few greenhouse gas emissions indicating excellent economic and environmental benefits over existing lithium-ion battery recycling technologies, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. This work opens a new approach to holistically addressing water and energy challenges to achieve sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shan
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yang Zi
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hedong Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Minzhang Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Min Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Than Zaw Oo
- Department of Physics, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Nyein Wint Lwin
- Department of Physics, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Su Htike Aung
- Department of Physics, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 05032, Myanmar
| | - Danling Tang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Fuming Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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5
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He J, Zhou J, Yang K, Luo L, Wang P, Wang Z, Ma J. Pulsed electric field drives chemical-free membrane stripping for high ammonia recovery from urine. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121129. [PMID: 38237457 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Recovering ammonia from waste streams (e.g., urine) is highly desirable to reduce natural gas-based NH3 production and nitrogen discharge into the water environment. Electrochemical membrane stripping is an attractive alternative because it can drive NH4+ transformation to NH3 via cathodic OH- production; however, the conventional configurations suffer from relatively low ammonia recovery (<80 %) and significant acid/material usage for ammonia adsorption. To this end, we develop a novel stack system that simply uses an oxygen evolution reaction to in-situ produce acid from water, enabling chemical-free ammonia recovery from synthetic urine. In batch mode, the percentage removal and recovery increased respectively from 74.5 % to 97.9 % and 81.8 % to 92.7 % when the electrode pairs increased from 2 to 4 in the stack system. To address the gas-sparging issue that deteriorated ammonia recovery in continuous operation, pulsed electric field (PEF) mode was applied, resulting in ∼100 % recovery under optimized conditions. At an ammonia removal rate of 35.1 g-N m-2 h-1 and electrical energy consumption of 28.9 kWh kg-N-1, our chemical-free system in PEF mode has achieved significantly higher ammonia recovery (>90 %) from synthetic urine. The total cost to recover 1 kg of NH3-N from real human urine was $15.9 in the proposed system. Results of this study demonstrate that this novel approach holds great promise for high ammonia recovery from waste streams, opening a new pathway toward sustainable nitrogen management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou He
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jieqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Liang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Advanced Membrane Technology Center of Tongji University, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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6
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Wang J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Wang H, Tang X, Bai L, Zhang H, Tian Y, Li G, Liang H. Three-compartment membrane electrolyzer combining simultaneous desalination and oxidative degradation in treating nanofiltration concentrate. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121037. [PMID: 38142506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The complex organic and inorganic solutes present in nanofiltration's purification by-product (NF concentrate, NFC) pose challenges to the water processing procedure. To address this, a three-compartment membrane electrolyzer was proposed that facilitates electro-driven ion migration for crystallization alongside synchronous anodic oxidation for organic degradation. With a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 min and a current exceeding 50 mA, the system effectively separated over 25 % of inorganic salts and accomplished reclamation through crystallization in the concentration compartment. Simultaneously, it achieved oxidation of pollutants by more than 35 % based on the total nitrogen index and removed upwards of 15 % of organic carbon. Notably, the efficiency of pollutant removal correlated strongly with the intensity of the current. Furthermore, this study uncovered two issues encountered during the electrochemical process: membrane fouling and electrode fouling. During concentration, metal cations readily formed organic pollution by complexing with organic pollutants, while the crystallization of inorganics on the surface of anion exchange membranes emerged as a pivotal factor hindering current enhancement, similar to the formation of deposited salt in a solution. Long HRT can lead to electrode contamination and corrosion which subsequently affect current efficiency. Energy consumption verified the feasibility of the electrolyzer for NFC processing. Based on our findings, a current intensity of 100 mA (equivalent to a density of 8 mA/cm2) was deemed optimal, striking a balance between pollutant removal and various limiting factors associated with each pollutant. Consequently, this innovative advancement in membrane electrolyzers helps in overcoming limitations in synergistic desalination, ion recovery, and organic removal, establishing a fundamental component of the abbreviated flow process for future NFC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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7
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Cao TD, Snyder SW, Lin YI, Lin YJ, Negi S, Pan SY. Unraveling the Potential of Electrochemical pH-Swing Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:20979-20995. [PMID: 38107749 PMCID: PMC10722509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Global warming, driven by the accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, in the atmosphere, has garnered significant attention due to its detrimental environmental impacts. To combat this critical issue, the deployment of CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) strategies has been considered as one of the technology-based solutions, leading to extensive scientific and engineering research. Electrochemical pH-swing (EPS) processes offer a promising approach to diverse CCU pathways, such as the delivery of pure CO2 gas, the delivery of bicarbonate (e.g., for microalgae cultivation), and the formation of carbonate minerals. In this study, we discuss several CCU pathways using EPS and provide an in-depth analysis of its mechanisms and potential applications, outlining its limitations from both thermodynamic and kinetic standpoints. The EPS process has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, achieving a CO2 capture efficiency of over 90% and unlocking valuable opportunities for CCU applications. We also develop an initial techno-economic assessment and provide the perspectives and challenges for future development and deployment of EPS. This study sheds light on the integration of EPS with CCU, closing the carbon cycle by effectively utilizing the products generated through the process, such as carbonate minerals and bicarbonate solution. For instance, the bicarbonate product can serve as a viable feedstock for bicarbonate-based microalgae production systems, with the added benefit of reducing costs by 40-80% compared to traditional gaseous CO2 delivery approaches. By integration of electrochemical technologies with CCU methods, this study underscores the immense potential for mitigating CO2 emissions and advancing sustainable practices to combat global warming. This study not only addresses the urgent need for effective solutions but also paves the way for a greener and more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh
Ngoc-Dan Cao
- Department
of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and
Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Seth W Snyder
- Energy
and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls 83415, Idaho United States
| | - Yu-I Lin
- Department
of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and
Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yupo J Lin
- Applied
Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United Statesa
| | - Suraj Negi
- Department
of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and
Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department
of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and
Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROC
- Agricultural
Net-Zero Carbon Technology and Management Innovation Research Center,
College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
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8
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Kharina A, Eliseeva T. Tyrosine Amino Acid as a Foulant for the Heterogeneous Anion Exchange Membrane. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:844. [PMID: 37888017 PMCID: PMC10608749 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The features of organic fouling have been revealed for highly basic anion exchange membranes during prolonged electrodialysis in solutions containing the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. With increased operation time when using MA-41 heterogeneous membranes in tyrosine solution, an increase in hydrophobicity and roughness characteristics of the material surface is detected. A reduction in tyrosine flux through the membrane occurs which is caused by its pores plugging and deposition of the amino acid at the membrane surface induced by tyrosine adsorption and local supersaturation of the solution in the membrane phase. The long-term contact of the anion exchange membrane with a solution of tyrosine leads to some structural changes in the anion exchange material. An accumulation of the studied amino acid with phenolic fragment and tyrosine oxidation products (DOPA, DOPA-quinone) is found and confirmed by IR- and UV-spectroscopy techniques. The organic fouling is accompanied by an increase in density and a decrease in moisture content of the studied membrane. A comparative analysis of the chemical and electrochemical cleaning results for fouled samples of the MA-41 membrane demonstrates a partial restoration of the material transport characteristics using electrochemical cleaning in the intensive current mode of electrodialysis. The best efficiency of regeneration is reached when carrying out chemical cleaning with a solution of hydrochloric acid, providing almost complete restoration of the membrane characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Eliseeva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya pl., Voronezh 394018, Russia;
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9
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Yao Y, Mu J, Li Y, Ma Y, Xu J, Shi Y, Liao J, Shen Z, Shen J. Rechargeable Multifunctional Anti-Bacterial AEMs for Electrodialysis: Improving Anti-Biological Performance via Synergistic Antibacterial Mechanism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303588. [PMID: 37697634 PMCID: PMC10602572 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Constructing a functional layer on the surface of commercial membrane (as a substrate) to inhibit the formation of biofilms is an efficient strategy to prepare an antibacterial anion exchange membrane (AEM). Herein, a rechargeable multifunctional anti-biological system is reported by utilizing the mussel-inspired L-dopa connection function on commercial AEMs. Cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) and N-chloramine compounds are deposited on the AEM surface by a two-step modification procedure. The anti-biofouling abilities of the membranes are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by adopting common Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus & Bacillus) bacteria as model biofouling organisms. The optimized membrane exhibits a high stability concerning the NaCl solution separation performance within 240 min. Meantime, the mechanism of the anti-adhesion is un-veiled at an atomic level and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation are conducted to measure the interaction, adsorption energy and average loading by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli. In view of the superior performance of antibacterial surfaces, it is believed that this work could provide a valuable guideline for the design of membrane materials with resistance to biological contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Yao
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Junjie Mu
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Yuan Li
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceInstitutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefei230601China
| | - Yanjing Ma
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceInstitutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefei230601China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Yuna Shi
- College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310014China
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10
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Min KJ, An HJ, Park KY. Cadmium-treatment efficiency and membrane fouling during electrodialysis of wastewater discharged from zinc smelting. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138881. [PMID: 37164203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc smelting wastewater contains high concentrations of Cd. Here, the treatment efficiency of Cd using electrodialysis was evaluated. In addition, scale accumulation of ion-exchange membrane (IEM) was analyzed, and fouling control was studied. The results showed that spacers effectively improved the limiting current density but accelerated foulant accumulation. The Cd-treatment efficiency improved to 85.4% without a spacer. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and hydrophobic DOC levels in diluted water decreased by 0.65 mg L-1 and 2.1 mg L-1, respectively; in contrast, hydrophilic DOC level increased by 1.45 mg L-1. Some of the hydrophobic DOC in the diluted water was converted to hydrophilic DOC and subsequently to low-molecular-weight (LMW) DOC. DOC level in the concentrated water did not change substantially, but the LMW fraction of the hydrophilic DOC increased. In the cation-exchange membrane, a material composed of calcium sulfate accumulated in the bottom layer, and hydroxides of divalent and trivalent ions accumulated on top of it. In contrast, the anion-exchange membrane was fouled by humic substances. In terms of fouling control, physical and acid cleaning of IEMs was more effective than the reversal operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Min
- Department of Tech Center for Research Facilities, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Jin An
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Young Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kozmai AE, Mareev SA, Butylskii DY, Ruleva VD, Pismenskaya ND, Nikonenko VV. Low-frequency impedance of ion-exchange membrane with electrically heterogeneous surface. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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12
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Synergistically enhancing the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of anion exchange membrane by chemically assembling gentamicin and N-chloramine layers. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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13
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Ahmed MA, Amin S, Mohamed AA. Fouling in reverse osmosis membranes: monitoring, characterization, mitigation strategies and future directions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14908. [PMID: 37064488 PMCID: PMC10102236 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity has been a global challenge for many countries over the past decades, and as a result, reverse osmosis (RO) has emerged as a promising and cost-effective tool for water desalination and wastewater remediation. Currently, RO accounts for >65% of the worldwide desalination capacity; however, membrane fouling is a major issue in RO processes. Fouling reduces the membrane's lifespan and permeability, while also increases the operating pressure and chemical cleaning frequency. Overall, fouling reduces the quality and quantity of desalinated water, and thus hinders the sustainable application of RO membranes by disturbing its efficacy and economic aspects. Fouling arises from various physicochemical interactions between water pollutants and membrane materials leading to foulants' accumulation onto the membrane surfaces and/or inside the membrane pores. The current review illustrates the main types of particulates, organic, inorganic and biological foulants, along with the major factors affecting its formation and development. Moreover, the currently used monitoring methods, characterization techniques and the potential mitigation strategies of membrane fouling are reviewed. Further, the still-faced challenges and the future research on RO membrane fouling are addressed.
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Jiménez-Robles R, Martínez-Soria V, Izquierdo M. Fouling characterisation in PVDF membrane contactors for dissolved methane recovery from anaerobic effluents: effect of surface organofluorosilanisation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29164-29179. [PMID: 36409410 PMCID: PMC9995407 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of the fouling attached to PVDF membranes treating an anaerobic effluent for dissolved CH4 recovery was carried out. A commercial flat-sheet PVDF membrane and a PVDF functionalised by grafting of organofluorosilanes (mPVDF) that increased its hydrophobicity were subjected to a continuous flux of an anaerobic reactor effluent in long-term operation tests (> 800 h). The fouling cakes were studied by the membrane autopsy after these tests, combining a staining technique, FTIR, and FESEM-EDX, and the fouling extraction with water and NaOH solutions. Both organic and inorganic fouling were observed, and the main foulants were proteins, polysaccharides, and different calcium and phosphate salts. Also, a significant amount of live cells was detected on the fouling cake (especially on the non-modified PVDF). Although the fouling cake composition was quite heterogeneous, a stratification was observed, with the inorganic fouling mainly in the bulk centre of the cake and the organic fouling mainly located in the lower and upper surfaces of the cake. The mPVDF suffered a more severe fouling, likely owing to a stronger hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction with the foulants. Irreversible fouling remained on both membranes after the extraction, although a higher irreversible fouling was detected in the mPVDF; however, a complete polysaccharide removal was observed. Regarding the operation performance, PVDF showed a lower stability and suffered a severe degradation, resulting in a lower thickness and perforations. Finally, the decrease in the methane recovery performance of both membranes was associated with the fouling depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Jiménez-Robles
- Research Group in Environmental Engineering (GI2AM), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Valencia, Avda, Universitat S/N, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Soria
- Research Group in Environmental Engineering (GI2AM), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Valencia, Avda, Universitat S/N, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Marta Izquierdo
- Research Group in Environmental Engineering (GI2AM), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Valencia, Avda, Universitat S/N, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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15
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Luo X, Sun L, Shou Q, Liang X, Liu H. Electrodialysis Deacidification of Acid Hydrolysate in Hemicellulose Saccharification Process: Membrane Fouling Identification and Mechanisms. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:256. [PMID: 36984643 PMCID: PMC10053187 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acid saccharification of hemicelluloses offers promising pathways to sustainably diversify the revenue of the lignocellulose biorefinery industry. Electrodialysis to separate inorganic acids from acid hydrolysate in the hemicellulose saccharification process could realize the recovery of sulfuric acid, and significantly reduced the chemical consumption than the traditional ion exchange resins method. In this work, the deacidification of corncob acid hydrolysate was conducted by a homemade electrodialysis apparatus. The results showed that: (1) more than 99% of acid can be removed through the electrodialysis process; (2) A non-negligible membrane fouling occurred during the electrodialysis process, which aggravated with the repeated batch running The final global system resistance rose from 15.8 Ω (1st batch) to 43.9 Ω (10th batch), and the treatment ending time was delayed from 120 min (1st batch) to 162 min (10th batch); (4) About 90% of protein, 70% of ferulate acid, and 80% of p-coumarate acid precipitated from the corncob acid hydrolysate during the electrodialysis process. The zeta potential of corncob acid hydrolysate changed from a positive value to a negative value, and an isoelectric point around pH 2.3 was reached. HSQC, FTTR, and GPC, along with SEM and EDS analysis, revealed that the fouling layers mostly consisted of hydrolysates of protein and lignin. The result of HSQC indicated that the membrane foulant may exist in the form of lignin-carbohydrate complexes, as the lignin component of the membrane foulant is in the form of p-coumarate and ferulate. From the result of FTIR, a strong chemical bonding, such as a covalent linkage, existed between the lignin and protein in the membrane foulant. Throughout the electrodialysis process, the increased pH decreased the stability of colloidal particles, including lignin and proteins. Destabilized colloidal particles started to self-aggregate and form deposits on the anion exchange membrane's surface. Over time, these deposits covered the entire membrane surface and the spaces between the membranes. Eventually, they attached to the surface of the cation exchange membrane. In the end, a suggestion to control and minimize membrane fouling in this process was discussed: lower pH as a process endpoint and a post-treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Qinghui Shou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiangfeng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Baklouti L, Larchet C, Hamdi A, Hamdi N, Baraket L, Dammak L. Research on Membranes and Their Associated Processes at the Université Paris-Est Créteil: Progress Report, Perspectives, and National and International Collaborations. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:252. [PMID: 36837755 PMCID: PMC9959974 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on membranes and their associated processes was initiated in 1970 at the University of Paris XII/IUT de Créteil, which became in 2010 the University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC). This research initially focused on the development and applications of pervaporation membranes, then concerned the metrology of ion-exchange membranes, then expanded to dialysis processes using these membranes, and recently opened to composite membranes and their applications in production or purification processes. Both experimental and fundamental aspects have been developed in parallel. This evolution has been reinforced by an opening to the French and European industries, and to the international scene, especially to the Krasnodar Membrane Institute (Kuban State University-Russia) and to the Department of Chemistry, (Qassim University-Saudi Arabia). Here, we first presented the history of this research activity, then developed the main research axes carried out at UPEC over the 2012-2022 period; then, we gave the main results obtained, and finally, showed the cross contribution of the developed collaborations. We avoided a chronological presentation of these activities and grouped them by theme: composite membranes and ion-exchange membranes. For composite membranes, we have detailed three applications: highly selective lithium-ion extraction, bleach production, and water and industrial effluent treatments. For ion-exchange membranes, we focused on their characterization methods, their use in Neutralization Dialysis for brackish water demineralization, and their fouling and antifouling processes. It appears that the research activities on membranes within UPEC are very dynamic and fruitful, and benefit from scientific exchanges with our Russian partners, which contributed to the development of strong membrane activity on water treatment within Qassim University. Finally, four main perspectives of this research activity were given: the design of autonomous and energy self-sufficient processes, refinement of characterization by Electrochemical Scanning Microscopy, functional membrane separators, and green membrane preparation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassaad Baklouti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Larchet
- ICMPE, CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Abdelwaheb Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leila Baraket
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lasâad Dammak
- ICMPE, CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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17
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Multifunctional Heterogeneous Ion-Exchange Membranes for Ion and Microbe Removal in Low-Salinity Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040843. [PMID: 36850126 PMCID: PMC9962874 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, multifunctional heterogeneous ion-exchange metal nanocomposite membranes were prepared for surface water desalination and bacterial inactivation under low-pressure (0.05 MPa) filtration conditions. Ultrafiltration (UF) heterogeneous ion exchange membranes (IEMs) were modified with different concentrations of AgNO3 and CuSO4 solutions using the intermatrix synthesis (IMS) technique to produce metal nanocomposite membranes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the metal nanoparticles (MNPs) (Ag and Cu) were uniformly distributed on the surface and the interior of the nanocomposite membranes. With increasing metal precursor solution concentration (0.01 to 0.05 mol·L-1), the metal content of Ag and Cu nanocomposite membranes increased from 0.020 to 0.084 mg·cm-2 and from 0.031 to 0.218 m·cm-2 respectively. Results showed that the hydrodynamic diameter diameters of Ag and Cu nanoparticles (NPs) increased from 62.42 to 121.10 nm and from 54.2 to 125.7 nm respectively, as the metal precursor concentration loaded increased. The leaching of metals from metal nanocomposite membranes was measured in a dead-end filtration system, and the highest leaching concentration levels were 8.72 ppb and 5.32 ppb for Ag and Cu, respectively. The salt rejection studies indicated that ionic selectivity was improved with increasing metal content. Bacterial filtration showed higher antibacterial activity for metal nanocomposite membranes, reaching 3.6 log bacterial inactivation.
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18
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Chen C, Dai Z, Li Y, Zeng Q, Yu Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Han L. Fouling-free membrane stripping for ammonia recovery from real biogas slurry. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119453. [PMID: 36509033 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic gas permeable membranes (GPMs) exhibit great potential in stripping or recovering ammonia from wastewater, but they also suffer from severe fouling issues due to the complex water matrix, since the related process is often operated under highly alkaline conditions (pH > 11). In this study, we proposed a novel membrane stripping process by integrating a cation exchange membrane (CEM) in alkali-driven Donnan dialysis prior to GPM for efficient and robust ammonia recovery from real biogas slurry. During the conventional stripping for diluted biogas slurry, the ammonia removal across GPM finally decreased by 15% over 6 consecutive batches, likely due to the obvious deposition of inorganic species and penetration of organic compounds (rejection of 90% only). In contrast, a constant ammonia removal of 80% and organic matter rejection of more than 99%, as well as negligible fouling of both membranes, were found for the proposed novel stripping process operated over 120 h. Our results demonstrated that additional divalent cations clearly aggravated the fouling of GPM in conventional stripping, where only weak competition across CEM was found in the CEM-GPM hybrid mode. Then, for raw biogas slurry, the new stripping achieved a stable ammonia removal up to 65%, and no fouling occurrence was found, superior to that in the control (declined removal from 87% to 55%). The antifouling mechanism by integrating CEM prior to GPM involves size exclusion and charge repulsion towards varying foulants. This work highlighted that the novel membrane stripping process of hybrid CEM-GPM significantly mitigated membrane fouling and can be regarded as a potential alternative for ammonia recovery from high-strength complex streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zhinan Dai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Changyong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Le Han
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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19
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Khetsomphou E, Deboli F, Donten ML, Bazinet L. Impact of Hierarchical Cation-Exchange Membranes' Chemistry and Crosslinking Level on Electrodialysis Demineralization Performances of a Complex Food Solution. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:107. [PMID: 36676914 PMCID: PMC9863283 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical cation-exchange membranes (hCEMs) fabricated by blade coating and UV crosslinking of ionomer on top of a porous substrate demonstrated promising results in performing NaCl demineralization. In the food industry, complex solutions are used and hCEMs were never investigated before for these food applications. The performances of two different coating chemistries (urethane acrylate based: UL, and acrylic acid based: EbS) and three crosslinking degrees (UL5, UL6, UL7 for UL formulations, and EbS-1, EbS-2, EbS-3 for EbS formulations) were formulated. The impacts of hCEMs properties and crosslinking density on whey demineralization performances by electrodialysis (ED) were evaluated and compared to CMX, a high performing CEM for whey demineralization by ED. The crosslinking density had an impact on the hCEMs area specific resistance, and on the ionic conductance for EbS membrane. However, 70% demineralization of 18% whey solution was reached for the first time for hCEMs without any fouling observed, and with comparable performances to the CMX benchmark. Although some properties were impacted by the crosslinking density, the global performances in ED (limiting current, demineralization duration, global system resistance, energy consumption, current efficiency) for EbS and UL6 membranes were similar to the CMX benchmark. These promising results suggest the possible application of these hCEMs (UL6, EbS-2, and EbS-3) for whey demineralization by ED and more generally complex products as an alternative in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Khetsomphou
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Science and Technology Research Centre (STELA) and Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ÉlectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francesco Deboli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Amer-Sil S.A., 8281 Kehlen, Luxembourg
| | | | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Science and Technology Research Centre (STELA) and Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ÉlectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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20
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Eliseeva T, Kharina A. Current-Voltage and Transport Characteristics of Heterogeneous Ion-Exchange Membranes in Electrodialysis of Solutions Containing a Heterocyclic Amino Acid and a Strong Electrolyte. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:98. [PMID: 36676905 PMCID: PMC9861098 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The alterations in current-voltage and transport characteristics of highly basic and strongly acidic ion-exchange membranes, during the electrodialysis of solutions containing a heterocyclic amino acid and a strong electrolyte, were studied. An increase in the catalytic activity of the water splitting process at the surface of heterogeneous MK-40 and MA-41 membranes upon prolonged contact with proline and tryptophan solutions was found. A significant effect of electroconvection on the components mass transfer through the cation-exchange membrane in the intensive current mode of electrodialysis was revealed for the solution containing a heterocyclic amino acid along with mineral salt (NaCl). This led to a reduction in the length of the "plateau" of the membrane's current-voltage characteristics, in comparison with the characteristics for an individual sodium chloride solution with the same concentration. The changes in the characteristics of the studied ion-exchange membranes caused by contact with solutions containing heterocyclic amino acids during electrodialysis were reversible when applying electrochemical regeneration (cleaning in place) using the overlimiting current mode, corresponding to the region of facilitated transport for these ampholytes.
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21
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Pasechnaya E, Tsygurina K, Ponomar M, Chuprynina D, Nikonenko V, Pismenskaya N. Comparison of the Electrodialysis Performance in Tartrate Stabilization of a Red Wine Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Commercial and Modified Ion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13010084. [PMID: 36676891 PMCID: PMC9862077 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of electrodialysis for tartrate stabilization and reagent-free acidity correction of wine and juices is attracting increasing interest. New aliphatic membranes CJMC-3 and CJMA-3 and aromatic membranes CSE and ASE were tested to determine their suitability for use in these electrodialysis processes and to evaluate the fouling of these membranes by wine components for a short (6-8 h) operating time. Using IR spectroscopy, optical indication and measurement of surface contact angles, the chemical composition of the studied membranes, as well as some details about their fouling by wine components, was clarified. The current-voltage charsacteristics, conductivity and water-splitting capacity of the membranes before and after electrodialysis were analyzed. We found that in the case of cation-exchange membranes, complexes of anthocyanins with metal ions penetrate into the bulk (CJMC-3) or are localized on the surface (CSE), depending on the degree of crosslinking of the polymer matrix. Adsorption of wine components by the surface of anion-exchange membranes CJMA-3 and ASE causes an increase in water splitting. Despite fouling under identical conditions of electrodialysis, membrane pair CJMC-3 and CJMA-3 provided 18 ± 1 tartrate recovery with 31 · 10-3 energy consumption, whereas CSE and ASE provided 20 ± 1% tartrate recovery with an energy consumption of 28 · 10-3 Wh, in addition to reducing the conductivity of wine by 20 ± 1%. The casting of aliphatic polyelectrolyte films on the surface of aromatic membranes reduces fouling with a relatively small increase in energy consumption and approximately the same degree of tartrate recovery compared to pristine CSE and ASE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kseniia Tsygurina
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Maria Ponomar
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Daria Chuprynina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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22
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Li C, Song K, Hao C, Liang W, Li X, Zhang W, Wang Y, Song Y. Fabrication of S-PBI cation exchange membrane with excellent anti-fouling property for enhanced performance in electrodialysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Liu W, He J, Yan J, Tian Z, Li Q, Wang H, Li C, Wang Y, Yan H. Simultaneous salt recovery and zwitterionic stachydrine purification from saline eluent via two-stage electrodialysis system. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Solonchenko K, Kirichenko A, Kirichenko K. Stability of Ion Exchange Membranes in Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:52. [PMID: 36676859 PMCID: PMC9866250 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During electrodialysis the ion exchange membranes are affected by such factors as passage of electric current, heating, tangential flow of solution and exposure to chemical agents. It can potentially cause the degradation of ion exchange groups and of polymeric backbone, worsening the performance of the process and necessitating the replacement of the membranes. This article aims to review how the composition and the structure of ion exchange membranes change during the electrodialysis or the studies imitating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Solonchenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Anna Kirichenko
- Department of Electric Engineering, Thermotechnics, Renewable Energy Sources, Faculty of Energetics, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, 13 Kalinina St., 350004 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ksenia Kirichenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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25
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Arandia K, Karna NK, Mattsson T, Larsson A, Theliander H. Fouling characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose during cross-flow microfiltration: Insights from fluid dynamic gauging and molecular dynamics simulations. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Bipolar membrane electrodialysis integration into the biotechnological production of itaconic acid: a proof-of-concept study. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Swanckaert B, Loccufier E, Geltmeyer J, Rabaey K, De Buysser K, Bonin L, De Clerck K. Sulfonated silica-based cation-exchange nanofiber membranes with superior self-cleaning abilities for electrochemical water treatment applications. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Tsygurina K, Pasechnaya E, Chuprynina D, Melkonyan K, Rusinova T, Nikonenko V, Pismenskaya N. Electrodialysis Tartrate Stabilization of Wine Materials: Fouling and a New Approach to the Cleaning of Aliphatic Anion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1187. [PMID: 36557094 PMCID: PMC9785266 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) is an attractive method of tartrate stabilization of wine due to its rapidity and reagentlessness. At the same time, fouling of ion-exchange membranes by the components of wine materials is still an unsolved problem. The effect of ethanol, polyphenols (mainly anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins) and saccharides (fructose) on the fouling of aliphatic ion-exchange membranes CJMA-6 and CJMC-5 (manufactured by Hefei Chemjoy Polymer Materials Co. Ltd., Hefei, China) was analyzed using model solutions. It was shown that the mechanism and consequences of fouling are different in the absence of an electric field and during electrodialysis. In particular, a layer of colloidal particles is deposited on the surface of the CJMA-6 anion-exchange membrane in underlimiting current modes. Its thickness increases with increasing current density, apparently due to the implementation of a trap mechanism involving tartaric acid anions, as well as protons, which are products of water splitting and "acid dissociation". A successful attempt was made to clean CJMA-6 in operando by pumping a water-alcohol solution of KCl through the desalination compartment and changing electric field direction. It has been established that such a cleaning process suppresses the subsequent biofouling of ion-exchange membranes. In addition, selective recovery of polyphenols with high antioxidant activity is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Tsygurina
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | | | - Daria Chuprynina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Karina Melkonyan
- Central Research Laboratory, Kuban State Medical University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Tatyana Rusinova
- Central Research Laboratory, Kuban State Medical University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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Binding mechanism of strontium to biopolymer hydrogel composite materials. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStrontium-90 is a radionuclide of concern that is mobile in soil and groundwater and is a threat to life. Activated hydrogel biopolymer composites were fabricated for strontium remediation from groundwater. Batch uptake demonstrated a maximal stontium uptake capacity of 109 mg g−1, much higher than unactivated hydrogel controls. Activation also more than doubled the decontamination factor at environmentally relevant concentrations. EXAFS was used to investigate the binding mechanism, revealing inner sphere complexation of strontium for the first time. Biopolymer composities synthesized for these studies are sustainable and cheap remediation materials that exhibit good strontium uptake and inner sphere binding.
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Rybalkina O, Solonchenko K, Chuprynina D, Pismenskaya N, Nikonenko V. Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on the Electrodialysis Performance of Phosphate-Containing Solutions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1107. [PMID: 36363662 PMCID: PMC9693851 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of mass transfer characteristics and energy consumption was carried out for the electrodialysis recovery of PV from of NaH2PO4 solutions and multicomponent (0.045 M NaxH(3-x)PO4, 0.02 M KCl, 0.045 M KOH, 0.028 M CaCl2, and 0.012 M MgCl2, pH 6.0 ± 0.1) solution in conventional continuous current (CC) and pulsed electric field (PEF) modes. The advantages of using PEF in comparison with CC mode are shown to increase the current efficiency and reduce energy consumption, as well as reduce scaling on heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes. It has been shown that PEF contributes to the suppression of the "acid dissociation" phenomenon, which is specific for anion-exchange membranes in phosphate-containing solutions. Pulse and pause lapse 0.1 s-0.1 s and duty cycle 1/2 were found to be optimal among the studied PEF parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Rybalkina
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ksenia Solonchenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Daria Chuprynina
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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31
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Gil V, Oshchepkov M, Ryabova A, Trukhina M, Porozhnyy M, Tkachenko S, Pismenskaya N, Popov K. Application and Visualization of Fluorescent-Tagged Antiscalants in Electrodialysis Processing of Aqueous Solutions Prone to Gypsum Scale Deposition. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1002. [PMID: 36295761 PMCID: PMC9607176 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane scaling is a serious problem in electrodialysis. A widely used technique for controlling scale deposition in water treatment technologies is the application of antiscalants (AS). The present study reports on gypsum scale inhibition in electrodialysis cell by the two novel ASs: fluorescent-tagged bisphosphonate 1-hydroxy-7-(6-methoxy-1,3-dioxo-1Hbenzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)heptane-1,1-diyl-bis(phosphonic acid), HEDP-F and fluorescein-tagged polyacrylate, PAA-F2 (molecular mass 4000 Da) monitored by chronopotentiometry and fluorescent microscopy. It was found that cation-exchange membrane MK-40 scaling is sufficiently reduced by both ASs, used in 10-6 mol·dm-3 concentrations. PAA-F2 at these concentrations was found to be more efficient than HEDP-F. At the same time, PAA-F2 reveals gypsum crystals' habit modification, while HEDP-F does not noticeably affect the crystal form of the deposit. The strong auto-luminescence of MK-40 hampers visualization of both PAA-F2 and HEDP-F on the membrane surface. Nevertheless, PAA-F2 is proved to localize partly on the surface of gypsum crystals as a molecular adsorption layer, and to change their crystal habit. Crystal surface coverage by PAA-F2 appears to be nonuniform. Alternatively, HEDP-F localizes on the surface of a deposit tentatively in the form of [Ca-HEDP-F]. The proposed mechanisms of action are formulated and discussed. The application of antiscalants in electrodialysis for membrane scaling mitigation is demonstrated to be very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Gil
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Maxim Oshchepkov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Trukhina
- JSC “Fine Chemicals R&D Centre”, Krasnobogatyrskaya, Str. 42, b 1, 107258 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Porozhnyy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Sergey Tkachenko
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- JSC “Fine Chemicals R&D Centre”, Krasnobogatyrskaya, Str. 42, b 1, 107258 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Konstantin Popov
- JSC “Fine Chemicals R&D Centre”, Krasnobogatyrskaya, Str. 42, b 1, 107258 Moscow, Russia
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Xiang W, Yao J, Velizarov S, Han L. Unravelling the fouling behavior of anion-exchange membrane (AEM) by organic solute of varying characteristics. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Liang X, Zhang Y. Controllable recovery and regeneration of bio-derived ionic liquid choline acetate for biomass processing via bipolar membrane electrodialysis-based methodology. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
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35
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Resin-Loaded Heterogeneous Polyether Sulfone Ion Exchange Membranes for Saline Groundwater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080736. [PMID: 36005651 PMCID: PMC9416794 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Arid areas often contain brackish groundwater that has a salinity exceeding 500 mg/L. This poses several challenges to the users of the water such as a salty taste and damage to household appliances. Desalination can be one of the key solutions to significantly lower the salinity and solute content of the water. However, the technology requires high energy inputs as well as managing waste products. This paper presents the fabrication of ultrafiltration heterogeneous ion exchange membranes for brackish groundwater treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a relatively uniform resin particle distribution within the polymer matrix. The mean roughness of the cation exchange membrane (CEM) and anion exchange membrane (AEM) surfaces increased from 42.12 to 317.25 and 68.56 to 295.95 nm, respectively, when resin loading was increased from 1 to 3.5 wt %. Contact angle measures suggested a more hydrophilic surface (86.13 to 76.26° and 88.10 to 74.47° for CEM and AEM, respectively) was achieved with greater resin loading rates. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the prepared membranes was assessed using synthetic groundwater in a dead-end filtration system and removal efficiency of K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were 56.0, 93.5, and 85.4%, respectively, for CEM with the highest resin loading. Additionally, the anion, NO3− and SO42− removal efficiency was 84.2% and 52.4%, respectively, for the AEM with the highest resin loading. This work demonstrates that the prepared ultrafiltration heterogeneous ion exchange membranes have potential for selective removal for of ions by ion exchange, under filtration conditions at low pressure of 0.05 MPa.
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36
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Mitigation of an anion exchange membrane fouling by coupling electrodialysis to anodic oxidation. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Ge S, Chen Q, Zhang Z, She S, Xu B, Liu F, Afsar NU. A Comprehensive Analysis of Inorganic Ions and Their Selective Removal from the Reconstituted Tobacco Extract Using Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060597. [PMID: 35736304 PMCID: PMC9228951 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Many tobacco stalks, dust, and fines are discharged in the tobacco industry, rich in inorganic minerals ions and nicotine salts. The high salinity and nicotine salts are challenging to be addressed by traditional treatment and are a severe threat that ought to be overcome. Thus, proper techniques can regenerate the tobacco stalks into reconstituted tobacco flakes used as cigarette filler. The electrodialysis process has been a viable approach to removing the inorganic ingredients in wastewater. We studied concentration, pH, and co-related influences with the nicotine and sugar/nicotine contents on the desalination performance. The results show that the inorganic ions such as Cl-, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions were successfully removed. When the feed concentration ranges from 3 to 15%, the removal ratio of the K+ ions is higher than Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. As we reported previously, the K+ and Ca2+ ions are unfavorable for the total particulate matter emission but beneficial to decreasing the HCN delivery in mainstream cigarette smoke. Selective ED is a robust technology to reduce the harmful component delivery in cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Ge
- IAT USTC-AHZY Joint Laboratory of Chemistry & Combustion, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China;
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Anhui Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., 9 Tianda Road, Hefei 230088, China; (Z.Z.); (B.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Qian Chen
- Applied Engineering Technology Research Center for Functional Membranes, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China;
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Anhui Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., 9 Tianda Road, Hefei 230088, China; (Z.Z.); (B.X.); (F.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Combustion & Pyrolysis Study of CNTC, Anhui Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., 9 Tianda Road, Hefei 230088, China;
| | - Shike She
- Key Laboratory of Combustion & Pyrolysis Study of CNTC, Anhui Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., 9 Tianda Road, Hefei 230088, China;
| | - Bingxia Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Anhui Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., 9 Tianda Road, Hefei 230088, China; (Z.Z.); (B.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Anhui Tobacco Industrial Co., Ltd., 9 Tianda Road, Hefei 230088, China; (Z.Z.); (B.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Noor Ul Afsar
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence:
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38
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Apel PY, Velizarov S, Volkov AV, Eliseeva TV, Nikonenko VV, Parshina AV, Pismenskaya ND, Popov KI, Yaroslavtsev AB. Fouling and Membrane Degradation in Electromembrane and Baromembrane Processes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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A review on ion-exchange nanofiber membranes: properties, structure and application in electrochemical (waste)water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Two mechanisms of H+/OH− ion generation in anion-exchange membrane systems with polybasic acid salt solutions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Zhou Z, Lin Y, Jin Y, Guan K, Matsuyama H, Yu J. Removal of heat-stable salts from lean amine solution using bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Pulsed Electric Field Mode and Solution Flow Rate on Protein Fouling during Bipolar Membrane Electroacidificaiton of Caseinate Solution. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020193. [PMID: 35207114 PMCID: PMC8877438 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A one-dimensional non-stationary model was developed for a better understanding of the protein fouling formation mechanism during electroacidification of caseinate solution using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) in pulsed electric field (PEF) mode. Four different PEF modes were investigated with pulse–pause durations of 10 s–10 s, 10 s–20 s, 10 s–33 s, 10 s–50 s. For each current mode 3 different flow rates were considered, corresponding to Reynolds numbers, Re, equal to 187, 374 and 560. The processes are considered in the diffusion boundary layer between the surface of the cation-exchange layer of bipolar membrane and bulk solution of the desalination compartment. The Nernst–Planck and material balance equation systems describe the ion transport. The electroneutrality condition and equilibrium chemical reactions are taken into account. The calculation results using the developed model are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data obtained during the previous experimental part of the study. It is confirmed that both the electrical PEF mode and the flow rate have a significant effect on the thickness (and mass) of the protein fouling during EDBM. Moreover, the choice of the electric current mode has the main impact on the fouling formation rate; an increase in the PEF pause duration leads to a decrease in the amount of fouling. It was shown that an increase in the PEF pause duration from 10 s to 50 s, in combination with an increase in Reynolds number (the flow rate) from 187 to 560, makes it possible to reduce synergistically the mass of protein deposits from 6 to 1.3 mg/cm2, which corresponds to a 78% decrease.
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43
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Meng J, Shi L, Hu Z, Hu Y, Lens P, Wang S, Zhan X. Novel electro-ion substitution strategy in electrodialysis for ammonium recovery from digested sludge centrate in coastal regions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Kim N, Jeon J, Chen R, Su X. Electrochemical separation of organic acids and proteins for food and biomanufacturing. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Gujjala LKS, Dutta D, Sharma P, Kundu D, Vo DVN, Kumar S. A state-of-the-art review on microbial desalination cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132386. [PMID: 34606888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in population has increased the demand for potable water. Available technologies for its generation are the desalination of sea water through reverse osmosis, electrodialysis etc., which are energy and cost intensive. In this context, microbial desalination cell (MDC) presents a low-cost and sustainable option which can simultaneously treat wastewater, desalinate saline water, produce electrical energy and recover nutrients from wastewater. This review paper is focussed on presenting a detailed analysis of MDCs starting from the principle of operation, microbial community analysis, basic architecture, evolution in design, operational challenges, effect of process parameters, scale-up studies, application in multiple arenas and future prospects. After thorough review, it can be inferred that MDCs can be used as a stand-alone option or pre-treatment step for conventional desalination techniques without the application of external energy. MDCs have been used in multiple applications ranging from desalination, remediation of contaminated water, recovery of energy and nutrients from wastewater, softening of hardwater, biohydrogen production to degradation of waste engine oil. Although, MDCs have been used for multiple applications, still a number of operational challenges have been reported viz., interference of co-existing ions during desalination, membrane fouling, pH imbalance and limited potential of exoelectrogens. However, the re-circulation of anolytes with electrodialysis chamber has led to the maintenance of optimal pH for favourable microbial growth leading to improvement in the overall performance of MDCs. In future, genetic engineering may be used for improving the electrogenic activity of microbial community, next generation materials may be used as anode and cathode, varied sources of wastewater may be explored as anolytes, life cycle analysis and exergy analysis may be carried out to study the impact on environment and detailed pilot scale studies have to be carried out for assessing the feasibility of operation at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohit Kumar Srinivas Gujjala
- Waste Re-processing Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Deblina Dutta
- Waste Re-processing Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Waste Re-processing Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Debajyoti Kundu
- Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755 414, Viet Nam
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Waste Re-processing Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
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Titorova V, Moroz I, Mareev S, Pismenskaya N, Sabbatovskii K, Wang Y, Xu T, Nikonenko V. How bulk and surface properties of sulfonated cation-exchange membranes response to their exposure to electric current during electrodialysis of a Ca2+ containing solution. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Recovery of Salts from Synthetic Erythritol Culture Broth via Electrodialysis: An Alternative Strategy from the Bin to the Loop. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability and circularity are currently two relevant drivers in the development and optimisation of industrial processes. This study assessed the use of electrodialysis (ED) to purify synthetic erythritol culture broth and for the recovery of the salts in solution, for minimising the generation of waste by representing an efficient alternative to remove ions, ensuring their recovery process contributing to reaching cleaner standards in erythritol production. Removal and recovery of ions was evaluated for synthetic erythritol culture broth at three different levels of complexity using a stepwise voltage in the experimental settings. ED was demonstrated to be a potential technology removing between 91.7–99.0% of ions from the synthetic culture broth, with 49–54% current efficiency. Besides this, further recovery of ions into the concentrated fraction was accomplished. The anions and cations were recovered in a second fraction reaching concentration factors between 1.5 to 2.5 times while observing low level of erythritol losses (<2%), with an energy consumption of 4.10 kWh/m3.
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Review of New Approaches for Fouling Mitigation in Membrane Separation Processes in Water Treatment Applications. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review investigates antifouling agents used in the process of membrane separation (MS), in reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), microfiltration (MF), membrane distillation (MD), and membrane bioreactors (MBR), and clarifies the fouling mechanism. Membrane fouling is an incomplete substance formed on the membrane surface, which will quickly reduce the permeation flux and damage the membrane. Foulant is colloidal matter: organic matter (humic acid, protein, carbohydrate, nano/microplastics), inorganic matter (clay such as potassium montmorillonite, silica salt, metal oxide, etc.), and biological matter (viruses, bacteria and microorganisms adhering to the surface of the membrane in the case of nutrients) The stability and performance of the tested nanometric membranes, as well as the mitigation of pollution assisted by electricity and the cleaning and repair of membranes, are reported. Physical, chemical, physico-chemical, and biological methods for cleaning membranes. Biologically induced biofilm dispersion effectively controls fouling. Dynamic changes in membrane foulants during long-term operation are critical to the development and implementation of fouling control methods. Membrane fouling control strategies show that improving membrane performance is not only the end goal, but new ideas and new technologies for membrane cleaning and repair need to be explored and developed in order to develop future applications.
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Nasruddin NISM, Abu Bakar MH. Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A biofuel cell (BFC) system can transform chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions and biochemical pathways. However, BFC faced several obstacles delaying it from commercialization, such as biofouling. Theoretically, the biofouling phenomenon occurs when microorganisms, algae, fungi, plants, or small animals accumulate on wet surfaces. In most BFC, biofouling occurs by the accumulation of microorganisms forming a biofilm. Amassed biofilm on the anode is desired for power production, however, not on the membrane separator. This phenomenon causes severities toward BFCs when it increases the electrode’s ohmic and charge transfer resistance and impedes the proton transfer, leading to a rapid decline in the system’s power performance. Apart from BFC, other activities impacted by biofouling range from the uranium industry to drug sensors in the medical field. These fields are continuously finding ways to mitigate the biofouling impact in their industries while putting forward the importance of the environment. Thus, this study aims to identify the severity of biofouling occurring on the separator materials for implementation toward the performance of the BFC system. While highlighting successful measures taken by other industries, the effectiveness of methods performed to reduce or mitigate the biofouling effect in BFC was also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mimi Hani Abu Bakar
- Institute of Fuel Cell, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
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Ma Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Ji X, Xu Y, Wang Q, Sun Y, Wang X, Wang J, Xue J, Gao X. Influential Mechanism of Natural Organic Matters with Calcium Ion on the Anion Exchange Membrane Fouling Behavior via xDLVO Theory. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:968. [PMID: 34940470 PMCID: PMC8706472 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fouling mechanism of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) induced by natural organic matter (NOM) in the absence and presence of calcium ions was systematically investigated via the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (xDLVO) approach. Sodium alginate (SA), humic acid (HA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were utilized as model NOM fractions. The results indicated that the presence of calcium ions tremendously aggravated the NOM fouling on the anion exchange membrane because of Ca-NOM complex formation. Furthermore, analysis of the interaction energy between the membrane surface and foulants via xDLVO revealed that short-range acid-base (AB) interaction energy played a significant role in the compositions of interaction energy during the electrodialysis (ED) process. The influence of NOM fractions in the presence of calcium ions on membrane fouling followed the order: SA > BSA > HA. This study demonstrated that the interaction energy was a dominating indicator for evaluating the tendency of anion exchange membranes fouling by natural organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Ma
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaosheng Ji
- Sanya Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Yongchao Sun
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.M.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Jian Wang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Tianjin 300192, China;
| | - Jianliang Xue
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
| | - Xueli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
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